意义:宾语是一个句子的重要组成部分,它可以由名词,代词,名词短语或句子充当。当由一个句子充当宾语时,我们就叫它为宾语从句。它和主语间由从属连词连接。
1引导词
引导词可分为三类
(1)that引导的宾语从句在句中可常省略。
(2)if/whether引导的宾语从句常用在疑问句中,if常放在疑问句前,但当引导词前有or not或放在不定式前只能用whether。
(3)疑问词引导的宾语从句由疑问代词what,which,who,whose.疑问副词when,how,where,why。
(2)语序:宾语从句用陈述句语述。
(3)(重点)时态
当主句的谓语动词是一般现在时从句不受主句影响,当主句的谓语是一般过去时从句用相应的过去时(除谓语为一般现在时,其他的从句都用相应的时态)
注:如果宾语所表达的时客观真理或客观事实从句中动词的时态不受主句影响。
宾语从句英语语法
宾语从句(一)
在复合句中用作宾语的从句叫做宾语从句。宾语从句是初中英语中最重要的一种从句,它内容完整,句型结构较为复杂,主句和从句时态搭配要求严格,在中考试题中频频出现。而且学好宾语从句也可为到高中学习间接引语、主语从句、表语从句及同位语从句打下良好的基础。
宾语从句常由that引导,在口语中常省略。当主句中谓语动词是现在或将来时态时,从句中谓语动词不受主句中谓语动词时态的影响,按需要可以使用任何时态。如:。
She says (that) she works from Monday to GPT-3伪原创. 她说她从周一至周五上班。(从句是一般现在时)。
She says (that) she will leave a message on his desk. 她说她要在他桌子上留个便条。(从句是一般将来时)。
She says (that) she has never been to Mount Emei. 她说她从来没有去过峨眉山。(从句是现在完成时)。
当主句谓语是过去时态,从句中的时态一般用表示过去的某种时态。如:。
He said there were no classes yesterday afternoon. 他说昨天下午没有课。(从句是一般过去时)。
He said (that) he was going to take care of the baby. 他说他会去照看这个婴儿。(从句是过去将来时)。
He said (that) they were having a meeting at that time. 他说他们那时正在开会。(从句是过去进行时)。
当主句谓语是过去时态,而宾语从句叙述某一客观真理(事实)时,宾语从句的时态则用一般现在时。如:。
The teacher told us(that) nothing is difficult if you put your heart into it.。
老师告诉我们世上无难事只怕有心人。
She said (that) her father is twenty-eight years older than her.她说她父亲比她大二十八岁He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光传播比声音传播快得多。
宾语从句(二)
由连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句。
引出名词性从句的连词whether和if,在引出宾语从句时,用法和意义相同。但是只能引出宾语从句和不在句首的主语从句,而whether除了引出宾语从句外,还可引出主语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。
例如:We don't know whether (if) it is right. 我们不知道它是否正确。
he question is whether she should do that. 问题在于她是否应该做那件事。
Whether it is true remains a question. 是真是假还是个问题。
试比较:
当if从句处在主句之后作“是否”讲时,引出的是宾语从句。例如:。
I don't know if it is true. 我不知道这事是否真实。
当if从句在主句之前作“如果”讲,则引出状语从句。例如:。
I shall go there if I have time. 如果我有时间,我将到那儿去。
初中英语宾语从句小结
一、当由陈述句充当宾语从句时,用that引导,that无词义,在口语或非正式文体中常省略。如:。
She said that she would leave the message on the headmaster's desk.她说她会把留言条放在校长桌子上。
He said that he could finish his work before supper.他说他会在晚饭前完成工作。
二、当由一般疑问句充当宾语从句时,用if或whether引导,意为“是否”。如:。
Alice wanted to know if/whether her grandmother liked the bag.爱丽斯想知道她祖母是否喜欢这个包。 I don't know whether he'll come the day after tomorrow.我不知道他后天是否会来。
但直接与or not连用时,往往用whether(if…or not也可以使用)。如:。
Let me know whether / if he will come or not.(= Let me know whether or not he will come )让我知道他是否能来。
I don't know whether / if he does any washing or not.(= I don't know whether or not he does any washing. )我不知道他在家洗不洗衣服。
I wonder whether we stay or whether we go.我想知道我们是去还是留。
三、如果宾语从句原来是特殊疑问句,只需用原来的疑问词引导。如:。
Could you tell me where we will have the meeting this afternoon?你能告诉我我们今天下午将在哪儿开会吗?。
I don't know who bought the present for me. Is it Jack?我不知道谁给我买了礼物。是杰克吗?。
下面的表格可以帮助大家理解这一部分内容。
句式
连词
语序
陈述句
that
不变
一般疑问句
If/whether
改为陈述语序
特殊疑问句
特殊疑问词
改为陈述语序
宾语从句的时态问题
主句
一般现在时态
一般过去时态
从句
保留原来时态
改为过去的某个时态
客观事实和自然现象除外。
所谓过去的某个时态指的是如下的变化。
一般现在时态
一般过去时态
现在进行时态
过去进行时态(was/were doing)。
现在完成时态
过去完成时态(had +过去分词)。
一般将来时态
过去将来时态(would do;was/were going to do)。
宾语从句使用--四注意
我们在学习和运用宾语从句时,应该注意以下四点: 。
一、引导词的使用
1. 当宾语从句由陈述句变化而来时,用that来引导从句,that常无具体意义,一般可省略。例如:。
Lin Tao thought(that)the TV play was very boring.。
2. 当宾语从句是由一般疑问句变化而来时,要用if或whether来引导从句。例如:。
David asked his mother if/ whether she liked the dinner last night.。
3. 当宾语从句是由特殊疑问句变化而来时,原句中的疑问词充当连接代词(如who, whose, what, which)或连接副词(如when, where, why, how),引导宾语从句。例如:。
Do you know what we can do on the island?。
I don’t know why Jane was late for school this morning.。
二、语序的陈述化
宾语从句一般要用陈述句语序。例如:。
When did he leave? I want to know. →I want to know when he left.。
Does the shop close at six every day? Do you know? →Do you know if/ whether the shop closes at six every day?。
三、时态的呼应
1. 如果主句是一般现在时、一般将来时或祈使句时,宾语从句可根据情况使用各种时态。例如:。
I hear she is here today(she was here yesterday/ she will be here tomorrow.)。
2. 如果主句是一般过去时,宾语从句应使用过去时态的某种形式。例如:。
He said he was watching TV(he had swept the floor/ he would play football after school)。
3. 如宾语从句所叙述的是客观事实、自然现象或科学真理等,从句不受主句时态限制,仍用一般现在时。例如: Our teacher told us that light travels faster than sound.。
四、否定转移
当主句的谓语动词为think, believe, suppose等动词,且主语为第一人称时,从句的否定要转移到主句上。例如:。
I don’t believe he is here on time, is he?。
I don’t think Tom is the best student in his class, is he?。
宾语从句要点盘点
一、宾语从句的语序必须是陈述语序。如:� 。
Do you know why winter is colder than summer?你知道为什么冬季比夏季冷吗?� 。
二、宾语从句与主句的时态要相互呼应。� 。
主句是现在或将来时态时,从句可用任何所需要的时态。主句是过去时态时,从句要用表示过去的相应的时态。但如果从句中有明确表示过去的时间状语,则从句应用一般过去时,不用过去完成时;如从句表达的是客观规律或真理时,用一般现在时。如:� 。
He said he had finished his studies when the war broke out.他说战争爆发时,他已经完成了学业。
He said he would spend his holiday in Dalian.他说他将在大连度假。� 。
She said that the earth moves around the sun.她说地球围绕太阳转。� 。
三、如宾语从句有自己的宾语补足语,则用it作形式宾语,而把宾语从句后置。其句型为:“主语+谓语+it+补足语+宾语从句”。如:
We think it important that we should master at least one foreign language.。
我们认为掌握至少一门外语是重要的。� 。
注意:
(1)连词that引导的名词性从句很少作介词的宾语,只用在except,but和in等少数几个介词后。其它一些介词的宾语从句如由连词that引导,则需用it先行一步,作形式宾语。如:
He is a good student except that he is careless.他是个好学生,只不过有点粗心。� 。
See to it that children don’t catch cold.当心孩子别感冒了。�。
(2)that引导表语从句时,在句中无词义,只起连接作用,但不可省去。His idea is that we should go there at once.他主张我们立即去那儿。� 。
四、连词whether可引导主语从句、宾语从句和表语从句,不可省。if引导宾语从句。
(1)宾语从句是肯定句时,whether,if可互换;但whether常和or not连用,宾语从句是否定句时,一般用if引导。如:� 。
I don’t know if/whether I should tell you.不知我是否应告诉你。� 。
I wonder whether it is true or not.不知这是不是真的。� 。
I don’t care if it doesn’t rain.天下不下雨我不会在乎。� 。
(2)作介词宾语时,只能用whether,不能用if。如:� 。
Everything depends on whether we have enough experience.一切都取决于我们是否有足够的经验。
五、that引导宾语从句时不可省的几种情况:�。
1.that宾语从句的状语部分位于从句前部时。� 。
I promised that if anyone could set me free,I would make him king over the earth.。
我曾许诺如果有人把我放了,我就让他成为全世界的国王。� 。
2.当主句的状语部分位于that宾语从句前时。� 。
Abraham Lincoln later said himself that he only went to school a little now and a little then.。
亚伯拉罕•林肯自己后来说他只不过是时断时续地接受教育。� 。
3.主句的谓语动词与宾语从句之间有插入语时。� 。
When he got to England,he found,however,that his English was too limited.。
然而当他到英国时,他发现他的英语很有限。� 。
4.当一个谓语动词带两个或两个以上的that引导的宾语从句时。
Then he said that French was the most beautiful tongue in the world,and that we must keep it among us and never forget it.。
他说,法语是世界上最美的语言,我们必须坚持说法语,永远也不要忘记它。� 。
5.宾语从句是双宾语中的直接宾语时。� 。
I must never tell anyone that I could not see the cloth.。
我决不能告诉任何人我看不到那布。� 。
6.宾语从句的主语是this/that,或用this/that修饰主语时。� 。
He said that that was a good idea.他说那是个好主意。� 。
7.在直接引语中,主句和宾语从句被隔开时。� 。
“I’m sorry to tell you,”he said,“that you didn’t watch carefully enough what I did.”
我很遗憾的告诉大家,你们没有仔细观察我所做的一切。� 。
8.宾语从句的主语是非谓语动词或主语从句时。� 。
The old lady then explained that what she was looking for was a pair of gloves for a girl.。
那位老太太解释说她在为一个女孩找一双手套。
宾语从句概念:在句子中起宾语作用的从句被称为宾语从句。宾语从句可分为三类,动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
1、动词后的宾语从句只要有三种情况,一是动词后面直接带宾语从句;二是有些“动词+副词”结构后可以带宾语从句;三是动词短语后可带宾语从句。
例句:I hope you can join us in the game.我希望你能和我们一起参加这场比赛。(动词后面直接带宾语从句)
Can you figure out what the poet really means in the poem?你能理解诗人在这首诗中的真正用意吗?(动词+副词结构后加宾语从句)
Make sure that there are no mistakes in your papers before you turn them in.在上交试卷前确保没有错误。(动词短语后加宾语从句)
2、介词后的宾语从句
例句:She is always thinking of how she can do more for others.她总想着如何才能为别人做的更多。
3、形容词后的宾语从句
例句:I am sure that they will make it in spite of the terrible weather.我确信尽管天气恶劣,他们也会取得成功。
扩展资料:
宾语从句的引导词包括that、if/weather、wh-类连接词。其中that引导宾语从句时无词义,在从句中不做任何成分,口语中一般可以省略;if/weather引导宾语从句时,在句子不做任何成分,但是有具体含义,意为是否,不可省略;wh-类连接词包括连接代词(who、whom、what、which、whoever、whichever等)和连接副词(when、where、why、how、whenever、wherever、however等)。
现在完成时的用法
have(has)+过去分词 。
1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生活或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. 。
I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) 。
Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.) 。
Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) 。
He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) 。
2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用. 。
Mary has been ill for three days. 。
I have lived here since 1998. 。
3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等: 。
He has already obtained a scholarship. 。
I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). 。
We have seen that film before. 。
Have they found the missing child yet 。
4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: 。
Have you ever been to Beijing 。
I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. 。
I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. 。
George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 。
5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等: 。
Peter has written six papers so far. 。
Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. 。
There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year. 。
The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. 。
Up to the present everything has been successful. 。
6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性. 。
Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) 。
Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句) 。
7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. 。
We have had four texts this semester. 。
=================== 。
现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”
1.现在完成时的"完成用法" 。
现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。
例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。) 。
现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。
例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗?
2.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 。
现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。
例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) 。
I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 。
此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。
例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。
(2)现在完成时常见两种句型:
①主语+have / has been+for短语 。
②It is+一段时间+ since从句 。
例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了。
宾语从句,即:在主句中担当宾语的从句。学习宾语从句要抓住三要素:连接词、语序和时态。
连接词一般都是that(指事务或人),which(指事),who(指人)
1.从句为陈述句,常选择连接词that或将that省略,直接与主句相连。
2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择连接词if或whether。在whether…ornot结构中不能用if替换。
3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代、副词作连接词。
注意:当who为主语时,句式为:who+谓语+其他三:判断时态情况:
1。主句是一般现在时,从句为各种时态情况 。
2。主句是一般过去时,从句为各种相应过去时态注意:从句描绘客观事实,用一般现在时。
宾语从句与中考试题
学习宾语从句并不难,只要你能过好下面的三道关:
第一关,选好连接词(也有人叫关联词)。
引导宾语从句的连接词,课本上写有三类,但从学习的角度看分为四类更为实用。
1.连词that:只起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,也无词汇意义,在口语中或非正式文体中常被省略。例如: 1)He knew(that)he should work hard. 。
2)I am glad(that)you've passed the exam. 。
2.连词whether或if:它们起连接作用,在从句中不作句子成分,作“是否”解,口语中多用if。例如: 3)Do you know whether he will ride here at 8 tomorrow morning?
4)Tom didn't know if/whether his grandpa liked the present. 。
作“是否”解的if和whether在具体用法上差别较大,同学们不易掌握。在宾语从句中用whether没有用if时受到那么多限制。例如:
5)He asked me whether or not I was coming.他问我是否要来。(该句中的whether不能换成if,因为if不能与or连用。)
3.连接代词who,whom ,whose,what, which:它们起连接作用,作句子成分,各有其自己的意义。例如:
6)The teacher asked the new student which class he was in?(武汉市)(which引导宾语从句,在从句中作定语,修饰class,意为“哪个”。)
7)Can you tell me whom he is waiting for?(天津市)
4.连接副词when,where, why,how:起连接作用,分别作时间、地点、原因、方式状语,各有其自己的意义。例如:
8)I wonder where he got so much money.对他从哪里弄到那么多钱我感到疑惑。(where在从句中作地点状语,修饰got,意为“哪里;什么地方”。)
9)He didn't tell me how old his friend was.(四川省)(how引导宾语从句,作程度状语,修饰old,意为“怎样;如何”等意。)
第二关,牢记宾语从句的语序是陈述句语序,即“连接词+主语+谓语+其他”。这里特别强调的是,它的主语和谓语的语序是陈述句的语序,不是疑问句的倒装语序。例如: 10)You must remember what your teacher said. 。
11)—Dad,do you know when the football game will start?
—In half an hour.(宁波市)
12)汉译英:你能不能告诉我,我们去看望谁?
误:Can you tell me who(m)do we have to see?
正:Can you tell me who(m)we have to see?
错句的错误出在宾语从句中误用了疑问句的结构——主语前加了个助动词do。因为我们已经习惯了特殊疑问句,如W hat time does the plane arrive in Paris?就顺口说出“Do you know what time does the plane arrive in Paris?”这种错误句子来。但是一旦我们注意了,我们不久就习惯于说“Do you know what time the plane arrives in Paris?”了。
第三关,注意时态的呼应。 宾语从句中谓语动词的时态,常常受主句谓语时态的制约,这种现象称为“时态的呼应”。例如:
13)汉译英:我原以为你今天有空的。 误:I thought(that)you are free today. 。
正:I thought(that)you would be free today. 。
错句中宾语从句用are很可能是因为有 today,但因为主句谓语是thought,所以从句谓语就该用过去将来时would be了。
这种时态的呼应,如果主句谓语是现在时或将来时,宾语从句的谓语时态不受限制,如上述例句2),3),7),8),10),11),12)。如果主句时态是过去时,宾语从句一般要随着改为相应的过去时(即一般过去时、过去进行时、过去完成时、过去将来时等)。例如: 14)He thought he was working for the people. 。
15)I heard she had been to the Great W all. 。
16)John hoped that he would find a job soon. 。
但宾语从句如果表示定理法则、永恒真理等,则不变化:
17)The teacher told us that the earth moves around the sun. 。
巩固与检测请做下列2002年中考题:
1.In the bookshop,a reader asked the shop keeper _____Who Moved My Cheese was an interesting book.(北京市东城区)
A.that B.how C.what D.if 。
2.—I don't know _____ Mr.Green will come to see us. 。
—He will help us with our English.(杭州市)
A.why B.when C.how D.where 。
3.—We never know _____ the old m an is. —They say he is a teacher. A.what B.who C.which D.where 。
4.I was told _____ Bill Gates was thirteen he began to play with computers. A.that how B.how that C.when that D.that when 。
5.—Do you know _____ ?I'm going to see him. —Sorry,I don't know.(北京市海淀区) A.where does Mr.Li live B.where did Mr.Li live 。
C.where Mr.Li lives D.where Mr.Li lived 。
6.—W here do you think _____ he _____ the computer?
—Sorry,I have no idea.(南京市)
A./;bought B.has;bought C.did;buy D.does;buy 。
7.I don't feel very well.Mum asked me _____this morning.(重庆市)
A. what the matter is B.what is wrong 。
C.what the matter was D.what wrong was 。
8.—Where is Jack?
—He is away to spend his holiday.He's gone either to Hangzhou or to Wuhan,but I'm not sure _____ .(南昌市)
A.that B.which C.where D.there 。
Key: 宾语从句与中考试题 1—4 D A A D 5—8 C A C C。
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