1、表示与现在事实相反的情况
从句:If+主语+动词一般过去时(Be动词用were)。
主句:主语+ should/would/might/could+do:
2、对过去假设:从句用过去完成时,主句用would/should/could/might+have+过去分词。
对现在假设:从句用过去时(be动词用were),主句用would/should/could/might+动词原型。
对将来假设:从句用过去时/were+to do/should,主句用would/should/could/might+动词原型。
应用条件
在表示假想的虚假的、与事实相反的或难以实现的情况时用虚拟语气,表示主观愿望或某种强烈情感时,也用虚拟语气。即当一个人说话时欲强调其所说的话是基于自己的主观想法,愿望,假想,猜测,怀疑或建议,而不是根据客观实际,就用虚拟语气。主要是英语语法的一种表达。
以上内容参考:百度百科-虚拟语气。
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同学您好:
对过去的虚拟,表示与过去的事实相反的假设时,条件状语从句的谓语动词用过去完成时, 主句的谓语动词用would (should,could, might)+过去分词。
条件状语从司的动词形式:If+主语+had+过去分词。
主句的动词形式:I (we)should+have+过去分词,主语+could (might,could)+have +过去分词。
例句:
·If you had taken my advice, you wouldn’thave failed in the examination. (fact:You did not take my advice, so you have failed in the examination.)。
·I would have checked my paper again if Ihad had more time at yesterday’s examination. (fact: I did not have more time at yesterday’s exam, so I didn’t checkmy paper again.)。
·He would have already recovered from hisillness if he had seen the doctor in time. (fact: He didn’t see the doctor intime, so he has not recovered from his illness.)。
·If we had known that she was to arriveyesterday, we could have met her at the station. (fact: We didn’t know that shewas to arrive yesterday, so we could not meet her at the station.)。
·You didn’t let me drive. If we haddriven in turn, you wouldn’t have got so tired. (fact: We didn’t drive in turn,so you have got so tired.) 。
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过去虚拟语气如下:
1.与现在事实相反:条件句的谓语动词用一般过去式(be一般用were) ,主句谓语用would /should /could /might +动词原形。
如:
If I were you, I would never do that. 如果我是你,我决不做那件事。
If it weren’t for (=But for) your help, I would still be homeless. 若不是你帮忙,我现在还是无家可归。
If I had more money, I would buy a car. 我要是有再多一点钱,我就买汽车了。
注:在口语中,在第一、三人称后,也有人用was。如:
If I was(were) rich, I would buy a car. 我要是有钱,我就买汽车了。
2. 与将来事实相反:条件句中的谓语可用一般过去式、或者“were to /should+动词原形”,主句谓语用would /should /could /might +动词原形。
如:
If it rained/should rain/were to rain tomorrow, I would not go there. 要是明天下雨,我就不去那里。
3. 与过去事实相反:条件句的谓语动词用过去完成式,主句谓语用would /should /could /might + have +过去分词。
如:
If he had taken my advice, he might not have made such a bad mistake. 要是他当初听从我的劝告就不会犯这么严重的错误了。
If it hadn’t been for Margaret, I might not have understood. 要不是有玛格丽特,我可能还不明白。
用 were 的话,是把视角定为在当时,并不是你现在看过去,是当时看当时的视角。
he came(当时) out of behind the counter as if he were(当时) the owner of this shop.。
这样说话,有身临其境的感觉,我这是随便举的例子,一些小说里有更复杂的场景描述,也是用的当时视角作虚拟语气的描述。
另外一个是,过去时要比过去完成时简单一些,对过去的虚拟语气口语里经常也直接用过去时,你要习惯真实的英语和学校学的英语不同。
是对过去的虚拟,应该选择would have been,意为:否则/要不 我们早迟到了(是否迟到这件事已经过去了,所以是对过去的虚拟。)(实际我们当时并没有迟到)。
对于这类题,可以采用这个方法,若上文使用过去时态,otherwise后面就用对过去的虚拟;若上文使用现在时,则对应使用对现在的虚拟。
另外,otherwise后面也并不一定用虚拟语气,例如将这句话改为:
We have to take a taxi to the airport, otherwise we'll be late.。
这句话是对当下实际情形的陈述,所以不用虚拟语气。