相比之下,同样活塞排量的旧式自吸气柴油机所用的燃油量只是汽油机的70%到80%,并且还能够避免黑烟产生。
就柴油机来说,它的利用效率(也就是“无烟燃烧性能”)会根据燃烧系统的不同而有所变化。例如,柴油机都有一个特色,就是它的预燃室系统或是说间接喷射功能(IDI),利用率都可达80%左右;而早期的自吸式柴油机,这种利用率多在70%—80%之间。而对于有直喷式涡轮增压系统(DI)的内燃机,这种利用率只有大约50%—70%。
采用最新设计的轻型直喷式柴油机在很多方面都得到了很大的改进,而这种改进,是先进的燃烧室技术和电控技术的应用以及人们对尾气排放限制的需求而产生的必然结果。
间接喷射系统会把燃油喷入一个小型的预燃室,小预燃室内产生点火,然后火苗会进入到大预燃室内。而相反,直喷式发动机却没有预燃室。由于间接喷射式发动机和直喷式发动机在增压速度、燃烧室形状、以及燃烧速度方面存在差异,间接喷射式发动机的响声很特别,尤其是对一个专业的柴油机爱好者来说,间接喷射式发动机每个燃烧室的响声都是不一样的。
通用公司出的Duramax型柴油机运行的时候,可以说是异常地“安静”,而有趣的是, 在Duramax系列的最新版本中,他们又采用了更低的压缩比,来“限制”柴油机运行时产生的噪音。
柴油机的压缩比通常都会体现它的燃烧室设计。由于表面积体积比的增加以及在热效率方面固有的负面影响,间接喷射型柴油机通常采用更高的静态压缩比,这个比值一般为20:1,甚至更高。相反,直喷型柴油机的表面积体积比通常要小一些,这样,直喷型的静态压缩比达到15:1或者17:1就足够了。此外,相比直喷型,间接型喷射柴油机在汽车尾气的净化方面,对强制增压进气系统的依赖性要更高。
任何四冲程柴油机的输出功率都是由活塞的吸气量决定的,这就需要更高的转速产生马力;转速越高,产生的马力就越大。从某种成都上说,这是由于人们对于“马力”定义的理解,而产生了这种认识。
发动机产生动力的时间越快,它的马力就越大,而自吸式柴油每立方英寸燃油的功率是有限的。原因很简单,相比于汽油发动机,柴油的燃烧率要慢得多。受燃料化学成分自然特性所限,柴油机的转速要慢,而最大转速也很有限。由于这些原因,多数柴油机用涡轮增压或强制进气装置。
(如果采用过大的表面积体积比值,效率反而特别的差;混合燃料可以用在汽油机上,汽油机在进气歧管处有一个化油器或燃油喷射器装置,混合燃料会被充分混合,几达均匀。)
(我不是高手,但希望能帮到你)
uac channel-utilization threshold。
命令功能
uac channel-utilization threshold命令用来配置基于信道利用率的CAC门限。
undo uac channel-utilization threshold命令恢复基于信道利用率的CAC门限为缺省值。
缺省情况下,基于信道利用率的CAC接入门限为80%,漫游门限为80%。
命令格式
uac channel-utilization threshold access access-threshold [ roam roam-threshold ]。
undo uac channel-utilization threshold。
capacity utilization。
产能利用率
双语对照
词典结果:
capacity utilization。
[英][kəˈpæsiti ˌju:tɪlaɪˈzeɪʃɵn][美][kəˈpæsɪti ˌjutɪlaɪˈzeʃən]。
生产能力利用系数,生产能力的利用; 。
以上结果来自金山词霸
例句:
1.
Today the company has 178000 employees and 80 plants worldwide, which has helped topush capacity utilization to a healthy 85%. 。
如今公司有178000个雇员和80个工厂,这也使得公司的产能利用率达到较为正常的85%。
-----------------------------------。
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GAL7, GAL10, and GAL1 are three related enzymes that enzymes used to convert galactose to glucose. They are clustered close together on chromosome 2. These genes are induced by galactose and are controlled by the positive regulator gene gal4 and the negative regulator gene gal80.。
A galactose-specific upstream activating sequence (UASG) that serves as a binding site for a galactose-specific transcription enhancing factor (the GAL4 gene product) is associated with the promoter for each of these genes. The binding domain is a 17 bp palindrome, which is repeated four times in the UAS.。
Transcription of all three of these genes (and also of the GAL2 gene, which is on a separate chromosome) requires the binding of GAL4 to the UAS to be activated above a very low basal level. The GAL4 protein has the expected properties of a transcription activating factor. These include a DNA-binding domain that is specific for UASG, and two separate transcriptional activation domains that must both be intact for full activity. However, the GAL4 protein does not interact directly with galactose. Instead, it has a binding site for the GAL80 protein, and is maintained in an inactive condition when galactose is not present by being bound to that protein.。
The GAL80 gene product is the only protein involved in induction of the lactose utilization genes that is capable of direct interaction with galactose. In a sense, the GAL80 protein functions as a repressor, but it does not do so by binding an operator site. Insterad, in the absence of galactose, the GAL80 protein binds to the GAL4 transcriptional activator protein and blocks its ability to interact with the UASG and enhance transcription of the lactose utilization genes. When galactose enters the cell, it binds to the GAL80 protein and causes it to undergo an allosteric change, which in turn causes dissociation of the GAL 80 protein from the GAL4 protein and allows the GAL4 protein to function as a positive-acting transcription factor for the galactose utilization genes. The increase in transcription is presumed to be accomplished by an interaction between the activation domains of GAL 4 and the RNA polymerase II initiation complex, as depicted in Figure 19.13 for classical enhancers.。
In the absence of galactose, GAL80 binds to GAL4 and prevents it from acting as a transcription-enhancing factor for GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10. When galactose is present, it binds to GAL80, causing it to dissociate from GAL4. GAL4 then binds to the UASG associated with each of GAL1, GAL7, and GAL10 and stimulates transcription of all three of these genes.。
Hope these helps. See the website for more information.。
选人 select talents -> selection。
用人 utilize talents -> utilization。
育人 educate talents -> education。
留人 retain talents -> retention。
HR is a subject with respect to selection, utilization, education and retention of talents.。