vassalage
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
翻译 历史
中世纪早期特别是当时的法兰克王国加洛林王朝称为vassalage的附庸关系 (译为采邑制) 通常被学者认为是早期的封建制度的典范。据称这种关系的萌芽始于纪元初的罗马帝国时代。最初，国王或者领主可以将土地及其上面的农民一起分封给有功劳的人，以服骑兵役为条件，供其终身享用，但是不能世袭。这些被封者在拉丁文中称为vassallus或者vassus (复数形式为vassalli或者vassi，英文、法文为vassal，意大利文为vassallo)，而领主则称为dominus (英文为lord)。领主有保护下层领主土地的责任，而vassal有义务为领主提供auxilium (兵役服务) 和consiloium (法庭服务)。而这些vassals又可以把自己的土地分封给自己的下属，让他们变成低一个层次的vassus，称为vavassor或者arrivière-vassal (英文为subvassal或者rear-vassal)，而自己则变成低一个层次的领主。这样一来，就形成了一个以土地为纽带的主仆的关系 (lord-vassal/fief relation)。
抱起亚轩找小葵
"man"有几种解释?
青铜时代：
殷商和西周
中国的青铜时代开始后不久， 2000年bce ，由1200 bce 。
有青铜为基础的文明在几个地区的中国。最佳 。
众所周知，这些被集中在安阳市在北中环的中国，那里尚 。
王朝制定了一个复杂的国家与写作和大型定居点。该题词 。
甲骨文发现于安阳证实，传统的关于尚统治者传下来的，在早期的文本。
在1045 b.c.e.殷商王朝被推翻，由一个昔日的盟友-的附庸，国 。
周。早期周人的是众所周知的，不仅从考古证据，但也从转交的案文，
提供了周版的正义战胜腐朽尚。周统治者发出了vassals建立定居点，在遥远的地区，建立一个封建- like系统。
大圣杰锅是
man的意思
参看以下英汉双解
man
n.（名词）
【复数】 men
An adult male human being.。
成年男子
A human being regardless of sex or age; a person.。
人类，人：不论性别或年龄的人；人。
A human being or an adult male human being belonging to a specific occupation, group, nationality, or other category. Often used in combination:。
特定类别的人：属于某一特定职业、集团、民族或其它种类的人或成年男子。通常用于复合词当中：
a milkman; a congressman; a freeman.。
牛奶工；议员；自由人
The human race; mankind:。
人类种族；全人类：
man's quest for peace.。
人类对和平的渴求
Zoology A member of the genus Homo, family Hominidae, order Primates, class Mammalia, characterized by erect posture and an opposable thumb, especially a member of the only extant species, Homo sapiens, distinguished by a highly developed brain, the capacity for abstract reasoning, and the ability to communicate by means of organized speech and record information in a variety of symbolic systems. 。
【动物学】 人种：哺乳纲，灵长目，人科人 属的成员，其特点是直立和具有可相对的拇指，尤指仅存的 智人 种的成员，其显著特点为高度发达的大脑、抽象思维的能力、以及可以通过有组织的语言和由一系列象征符号体系记录下来的信息进行交流的能力 。
A male human being endowed with qualities, such as strength, considered characteristic of manhood.。
男子汉：一个被认为具有男性特征的男子，如具有力量的男人。
Theology In Christianity and Judaism, a being composed of a body and a soul or spirit.。
【神学】 身心合一的个体：基督教或犹太教中肉体和灵魂或精神相结合的物体。
Informal
【非正式用语】
A husband.
丈夫
A lover or sweetheart.。
爱人，情人
Workers.
工人，雇工
Enlisted personnel of the armed forces:。
士兵，士卒：军事力量中的正式成员：
officers and men.。
军官与士兵
A male representative, as of a country or company:。
使节，代表：男性代表人，如某国或某公司的：
our man in Tokyo.。
我们在东京的代表
A male servant or subordinate.。
男仆，男下属
Informal Used as a familiar form of address for a man:。
【非正式用语】 家伙：用于称呼某个男人的一种亲切称谓形式：
See here, my good man!。
看这儿，亲爱的
One who swore allegiance to a lord in the Middle Ages; a vassal.。
封臣，家臣：中世纪时宣誓效忠某个主人的人；家臣。
Games Any of the pieces used in a board game, such as chess or checkers.。
【游戏】 棋子：在棋盘游戏中，如在国际象棋或西洋跳棋中所使用的任何一个子。
Nautical A ship. Often used in combination:。
【航海】 舰，船：船。通常用于复合词中：
a merchantman; a man-of-war.。
商船；战舰
Often Man Slang A person or group felt to be in a position of power or authority. Used with the : 。
常作 Man 【俚语】 头头，老板：被认为是处于权力或权威的人或集团。与the 连用：
“Their writing mainly concerns the street life—the pimp, the junky, the forces of drug addiction, exploitation at the hands of ‘the man’”(Black World)。
“他们的作品主要关心的是街头的生活——老鸨、烟毒者、毒品的泛滥，还有那些大人物的剥削”(黑色世界)。
v.tr.（及物动词）
manned， man.ning， mans。
To supply with men, as for defense or service:。
给…配备人员：给如防务机构或服务机构提供人员：
man a ship.
分配船上的船员
To take stations at, as to defend or operate:。
担任，操作：工作在如防务或操作岗位上：
manned the guns.。
配置炮台
To fortify or brace:。
振作精神：鼓起勇气来或振作起精神来：
manned himself for the battle ahead.。
使自己振作以应付眼前的战斗
interj.（感叹词）
Used as an expletive to indicate intense feeling:。
啊，呀：用作表示强烈感情的感叹词：
Man! That was close.。
嘿！那儿太近了
小韩在追星
用英语介绍中国的代表事物
man
[mAn]
n.
男人, 人类, 人, 丈夫, 雇工。
vt.
为...配备人手, 操纵, 在...就位, 使振奋。
MAN
=Magnetic Automatic Navigation 磁性自动导航。
man
man
AHD:[m²n]
D.J.[m#n]
K.K.[m#n]
n.（名词）
【复数】 men[mµn]
An adult male human being.。
成年男子
A human being regardless of sex or age; a person.。
人类，人：不论性别或年龄的人；人。
A human being or an adult male human being belonging to a specific occupation, group, nationality, or other category. Often used in combination:。
特定类别的人：属于某一特定职业、集团、民族或其它种类的人或成年男子。通常用于复合词当中：
a milkman; a congressman; a freeman.。
牛奶工；议员；自由人
The human race; mankind:。
人类种族；全人类：
man's quest for peace.。
人类对和平的渴求
Zoology A member of the genus Homo, family Hominidae, order Primates, class Mammalia, characterized by erect posture and an opposable thumb, especially a member of the only extant species, Homo sapiens, distinguished by a highly developed brain, the capacity for abstract reasoning, and the ability to communicate by means of organized speech and record information in a variety of symbolic systems. 。
【动物学】 人种：哺乳纲，灵长目，人科人 属的成员，其特点是直立和具有可相对的拇指，尤指仅存的 智人 种的成员，其显著特点为高度发达的大脑、抽象思维的能力、以及可以通过有组织的语言和由一系列象征符号体系记录下来的信息进行交流的能力 。
A male human being endowed with qualities, such as strength, considered characteristic of manhood.。
男子汉：一个被认为具有男性特征的男子，如具有力量的男人。
Theology In Christianity and Judaism, a being composed of a body and a soul or spirit.。
【神学】 身心合一的个体：基督教或犹太教中肉体和灵魂或精神相结合的物体。
Informal
【非正式用语】
A husband.
丈夫
A lover or sweetheart.。
爱人，情人
men
men
Workers.
工人，雇工
Enlisted personnel of the armed forces:。
士兵，士卒：军事力量中的正式成员：
officers and men.。
军官与士兵
A male representative, as of a country or company:。
使节，代表：男性代表人，如某国或某公司的：
our man in Tokyo.。
我们在东京的代表
A male servant or subordinate.。
男仆，男下属
Informal Used as a familiar form of address for a man:。
【非正式用语】 家伙：用于称呼某个男人的一种亲切称谓形式：
See here, my good man!。
看这儿，亲爱的
One who swore allegiance to a lord in the Middle Ages; a vassal.。
封臣，家臣：中世纪时宣誓效忠某个主人的人；家臣。
Games Any of the pieces used in a board game, such as chess or checkers.。
【游戏】 棋子：在棋盘游戏中，如在国际象棋或西洋跳棋中所使用的任何一个子。
Nautical A ship. Often used in combination:。
【航海】 舰，船：船。通常用于复合词中：
a merchantman; a man-of-war.。
商船；战舰
Often Man Slang A person or group felt to be in a position of power or authority. Used with the : 。
常作 Man 【俚语】 头头，老板：被认为是处于权力或权威的人或集团。与the 连用：
“Their writing mainly concerns the street life—the pimp, the junky, the forces of drug addiction, exploitation at the hands of ‘the man’”(Black World)。
“他们的作品主要关心的是街头的生活——老鸨、烟毒者、毒品的泛滥，还有那些大人物的剥削”(黑色世界)。
v.tr.（及物动词）
manned， man.ning， mans。
To supply with men, as for defense or service:。
给…配备人员：给如防务机构或服务机构提供人员：
man a ship.
分配船上的船员
To take stations at, as to defend or operate:。
担任，操作：工作在如防务或操作岗位上：
manned the guns.。
配置炮台
To fortify or brace:。
振作精神：鼓起勇气来或振作起精神来：
manned himself for the battle ahead.。
使自己振作以应付眼前的战斗
interj.（感叹词）
Used as an expletive to indicate intense feeling:。
啊，呀：用作表示强烈感情的感叹词：
Man! That was close.。
嘿！那儿太近了
as one man
In complete agreement; unanimously.。
一致地：全体同意地；一致地
With no exception:。
无例外地：
They objected as one man.。
他们毫无例外地都反对
one's own man
Independent in judgment and action.。
独立自主的：在判断和行为上独立的。
to a man
Without exception:。
一致地，无例外地：
All were lost, to a man.。
全都丧失了
小韩在追星
求出师表的英语翻译？
长城 Great Wall of China 。
The Great Wall of China (simplified Chinese: 长城; traditional Chinese: 长城; pinyin: Chángchéng; literally "long city/fortress") or (simplified Chinese: 万里长城; traditional Chinese: 万里长城; pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng; literally "The long wall of 10,000 Li (里)") is a series of stone and earthen fortifications in China, built, rebuilt, and maintained between the 5th century BC and the 16th century to protect the northern borders of the Chinese Empire from Xiongnu attacks during the rule of successive dynasties. Several walls, referred to as the Great Wall of China, were built since the 5th century BC. One of the most famous is the wall built between 220–206 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang; little of it remains; it was much farther north than the current wall, which was built during the Ming Dynasty.。
The Great Wall stretches over approximately 6,400 km (4,000 miles) from Shanhaiguan in the east to Lop Nur in the west, along an arc that roughly delineates the southern edge of Inner Mongolia, but stretches to over 6,700 km (4,160 miles) in total. At its peak, the Ming Wall was guarded by more than one million men. It has been estimated that somewhere in the range of 2 to 3 million Chinese died as part of the centuries-long project of building the wall.。
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故宫 Forbidden City 。
The Forbidden City was the Chinese imperial palace from the Ming Dynasty to the end of the Qing Dynasty. It is located in the middle of Beijing, China, and now houses the Palace Museum. For almost five centuries, it served as the home of the Emperor and his household, as well as the ceremonial and political centre of Chinese government.。
Built from 1406 to 1420, the complex consists of 980 surviving buildings with 8,707 bays of rooms and covers 720,000 square metres (7,800,000 square feet). The palace complex exemplifies traditional Chinese palatial architecture, and has influenced cultural and architectural developments in East Asia and elsewhere. The Forbidden City was declared a World Heritage Site in 1987, and is listed by UNESCO as the largest collection of preserved ancient wooden structures in the world.。
Since 1925, the Forbidden City has been under the charge of the Palace Museum, whose extensive collection of artwork and artefacts were built upon the imperial collections of the Ming and Qing dynasties. Part of the museum's former collection is now located in the National Palace Museum in Taipei. Both museums descend from the same institution, but were split after the Chinese Civil War.。
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中国茶 Chinese tea。
In China, the Chinese drink tea at every meal for good health and simple pleasure. Chinese tea consists of tea leaves which have been processed using methods inherited from China. According to popular legend, tea was discovered by Chinese Emperor Shennong in 2737 BCE when a leaf from a Camellia sinensis tree fell into water the emperor was boiling. Tea is deeply woven into the history and culture of China. The beverage is considered one of the seven necessities of Chinese life, along with firewood, rice, oil, salt, sauce[clarification needed] and vinegar.。
Some writers classify tea into four categories, white, green, oolong and black. Others add categories for red, scented and compressed teas. All of these come from varieties of the Camellia sinensis plant. Chinese flower tea (花茶), while popular, is not a true tea. Most Chinese tea is consumed in China and is not exported. Green tea is the most popular type of tea used in China.。
Within these main categories of tea are vast varieties of individual beverages. Some researchers have counted more than 700. Others put the number at more than 1,000. Some of the variations are due to different strains of the Camilla plant. The popular Tie Guan Yin 铁观音, for example, is traced back to a single plant discovered in Anxi 安溪 in the Fujian province. Other teas draw some of their characteristics from local growing conditions. The largest factor in the wide variations comes from differences in processing after the tea is harvested. White and green teas are cooked soon after picking to prevent oxidization, often called fermentation, caused by natural enzymes in the leaves. Oolong teas are partially oxidized. Black and red teas are fully oxidized. Other differences come from variations in the processing steps.。
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纸的发明 The Invention of Paper。
Papermaking is considered to be one of the Four Great Inventions of Ancient China, since the first papermaking process was developed in China during the early 2nd century CE by the Han court eunuch Cai Lun. China used paper as an effective and cheap alternative to silk, letting them sell more silk, leading to a Golden Age. The use of paper spread from China through the Islamic world, and entered production in Europe in the early 12th century. Mechanized production of paper in the early 19th century caused significant cultural changes worldwide, allowing for relatively cheap exchange of information in the form of letters, newspapers and books for the first time.。
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秦始皇 Emperor Qin Shi Huang。
Qin Shi Huang (Chinese: 秦始皇; pinyin: Qín Shǐhuáng; Wade-Giles: Ch'in Shih-huang) (259 BCE – 210 BCE), personal name Ying Zheng (Chinese: 嬴政; pinyin: Yíng Zhèng), was king of the Chinese State of Qin from 246 BC to 221 BC during the Warring States Period. He became the first emperor of a unified China in 221 BC. He ruled until his death in 210 BCE at the age of 50.。
Qin Shi Huangdi remains a controversial figure in Chinese history. After unifying China, he and his chief adviser Li Si passed a series of major economic and political reforms. He undertook gigantic projects, including the first version of the Great Wall of China, the now famous city-sized mausoleum guarded by a life-sized Terracotta Army, and a massive national road system, all at the expense of many lives. To ensure stability, Qin Shi Huang outlawed Confucianism and buried many scholars alive. All books other than those officially decreed were banned and burned in what is known as the great Confucian purge. Despite the tyranny of his autocratic rule, Qin Shi Huang is regarded as a pivotal figure.。
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青铜器 Bronze Ware。
The bronze ware were unique national treasures for China in ancient times for their impressive designs, classical decorative ornamentation, and wealth of inscriptions.。
The ancient Chinese society fell into the Stone Tool Age and the Iron Tool Age. The earliest stoneware in China was found in 3000 B.C. The Shang and Zhou dynasties ushered China into the height of the Bronze Age. During this period the making of bronze ware reached its zenith. After the Spring and Autumn and WarringStates periods China entered the Iron Tool Age.。
Bronze is the alloy of copper and zinc or copper and lead that is bluish grey. The museums across China and some important museum outside China, have all collected Chinese bronze ware dating back to the Shang and Zhou dynasties. Some of them are part of the cultural heritage passed down through the generations, but most of them were dug up from underneath the earth.。
Ancient Chinese bronze ware fall into three types: ritual vessels, weapons, and miscellaneous objects.。
Ritual vessels refer to those objects employed by aristocrats in sacrificial ceremonies or audiences. Therefore there is something distinctively religious and shamanist about them. These vessels include food containers, wine vessels, water pots and musical instruments.。
Bronze weapons come in such varieties as knife, sword, spear, halberd, axe, and dagger.。
The miscellaneous objects refer to bronze utensils for daily use.。
In ancient China the making of bronze ware was dominated by the imperial families and aristocrats. And the possession of such wares was regarded as a status symbol.。
In comparison with counterparts in other parts of the world, the Chinese bronze ware stand out for their inscriptions which are regarded as major chapters in the Chinese history.。
希望以上资料对你有帮助。