aldrich-90

aldrich什么意思

科尔·阿尔德里奇（Cole Aldrich），1988年10月31日出生于美国明尼苏达州伯恩斯维尔（Burnsville, MN），美国职业篮球运动员，司职中锋，效力于NBA纽约尼克斯队。

中文名：科尔·阿尔德里奇

外文名：Cole Aldrich。

国籍：美国

出生地：美国明尼苏达州伯恩斯维尔。

出生日期：1988年10月31日。

毕业院校：堪萨斯大学(Kansas)。

身高：2.11米/6英尺11英寸。

体重：111公斤/245磅

运动项目：篮球

所属运动队：纽约尼克斯队

球衣号码：45号

NBA选秀：2010年第1轮第11位被黄蜂队选中。

中文全名：科尔·大卫·阿尔德里奇。

英文全名：Cole David Aldrich。

早年经历

堪萨斯大学三年级中锋科尔·阿尔德里奇曾被誉为美国本土白人内线的新希望。尽管身高只有6尺11，但臂展居然达到了7尺6。

大学时期

大一时，科尔·阿尔德里奇并不出彩，基本上被当作苦力使用。

大二时，由于萨沙·考恩（Sasha Kaun）的毕业，科尔·阿尔德里奇迅速占据主力位置，场均14.9分和11.1个篮板，并在锦标赛中强势表现，展现了自己的实力。

选秀评析

阿尔德里奇知道自己需要磨练的还有很多。低位技术娴熟，细腻，进攻手段多样，投篮手感柔和，扎实的外线投篮，射程能延伸到三分线，稳定的篮板球手，盖帽能力较为出色，传球功力和运动力在同类型白人内线中突出，同时还有着较高的篮球智商，和坚韧的场上斗志。

阿尔德里奇十分低调，不爱张扬，就像堪萨斯大学的整体气质。有人说他是下一个布拉德·米勒，也有人说他只不过是乔尔·普尔兹比拉的进攻加强版，各大选秀网站已经他排在了2010年选秀榜的前五位。

优点：高大的身材和四平八稳的大个子技术，扎实的基本功，较强篮球的理解能力和高机动性能。他的攻击强度能够保证他在篮下的威慑力，有效的勾手与面框攻击相结合，又在罚球上有所提高，可以说在大学很突出。技术全面具备柔和手感的大个子，坚韧且球商出众。具备不错的中投能力，篮板和封盖都很优秀。有着一手出色的传球技术，投篮节奏感轻快。作为一个地板型球员，他的运动力实际上被低估了。

缺点：不具有爆发性的速度和弹跳一般，他非正统的风格（一贯大范围运动），横向移动速度较慢。最主要的是他在大学可以说是绝对优秀的球员，但是面对NBA的禁区野兽他还能有多少把握发挥出他的技术特点呢，他还需要更强硬。各项身体素质数据都像一个凡人，运动能力也是如此。爆发力不足，速度平庸，在节奏越来越快的NBA，似乎发展空间一般。不适合快攻球队，由守转攻时存在感不足，回防时有可能跟不住整体节奏。

中国现代四大发明英文介绍

Aldrich化学试剂公司（美国sigma-aldrich是全球最大的化工试剂生产商,Sigma-Aldrich 是一个生物/ 化学试剂领先的高科技企业，Aldrich是它的子公司）

sigma aldrich是集团。 Sigma-Aldrich公司已在36个国家建立直销公司，在全世界有7900多雇员提供服务。

钱的发展史，英文版！

中国现代四大发明一般指新四大发明，所谓“新四大发明“是指“高铁、扫码支付、共享单车和网购”。2017年5月，来自“一带一路”沿线的20国青年评选出了“中国的新四大发明”：高铁、扫码支付、共享单车和网购。

1、High-speed rail。

On October 1, 1964, Tokaido Shinkansen Line was officially opened to traffic. The operation speed is as high as 210 km/h. So the first real high-speed railway in the world was invented by Japan. This marks the arrival of a new era of high-speed railway in the world.。

As a pioneer of high-speed railway in the world, Japan has accumulated rich experience for other countries, including China, which have not yet developed or are developing high-speed railway, and transferred some technology to these countries to help them develop high-speed railway system faster and more conveniently.。

In March 2006, the CRH2A train Retrofitted from E2 series 1000 sets sailed from Kobe Port to Qingdao, China, and transferred some technology to China, thus ushering in the era of high-speed railway in China.。

中文翻译：

1、高铁

1964年10月1日，日本东海道新干线正式通车。运营速度高达210公里/小时。故世界上第一条真正意义上的高速铁路由日本发明。这标志着世界高速铁路新纪元的到来。

日本作为世界高速铁路的先驱为包括中国在内的其他尚未或正在发展高速铁路的国家积累了丰富的经验，并有偿转让了部分技术予这些国家，以帮助其更快、更方便地发展高速铁路系统。

2006年3月，由E2系1000番台改造而来的CRH2A型列车从神户港装船出发前往中国青岛，并转让部分技术予中国，由此开启了中国的高铁时代。

2、Sweep Payment。

The scanner payment model is based on the concept of mobile payment, and the earliest batch of payments made by mobile devices occurred in Finland in 1997. Finnish local media reported that Finland Telecom has launched a service to operate jukeboxes and beverage vending machines by dialing a pay phone number, which can buy Coca-Cola at Helsinki Airport.。

The scanned two-dimensional code was invented by Japan DW Company in 1994.。

2、扫码支付

扫码支付的模式建立在移动支付的概念上，而最早一批由移动设备完成的付款发生在1997年的芬兰。芬兰当地媒体报道，芬兰电信启用了通过拨打一个付费电话号码来操作点唱机和饮料自动售货机的服务，这项服务可以在赫尔辛基机场买可口可乐。

扫描的二维码则是1994年由日本DW公司发明。

3、Shared bicycle。

As early as 1965, Amsterdam Municipal Government of the Netherlands put forward the "White Plan", according to which 50 bicycles were purchased by the government and painted with white paint and scattered around the city for people to use.。

This is the earliest unmanned shared bicycle system in the world, so the shared bicycle was invented by the Netherlands. In 2007, France also had the freedom of bicycle travel. Later, it became popular and innovative in China, and promoted overseas.。

3、共享单车

早在1965年，荷兰的阿姆斯特丹市政府提出了“白色计划”，根据该计划由政府购置50辆自行车并将其刷上白漆作为记号散放在城市各处供人使用，这是世界上最早的无人管理的共享单车系统，故共享单车由荷兰发明。2007年，法国也有单车自由行，到后来才中国风靡和创新模式发展，并推广海外。

4、online shopping。

Online shopping belongs to the category of electronic commerce. In 1979, British Michael Aldrich invented the concept of online shopping. Aldridge used a technology called Videotex to connect ordinary televisions to local retailers'computers over telephone lines.。

By the 1990s, after Amazon and eBay launched their websites in 1995, e-commerce began to be popular around the world.。

4、网购

网购属于电子商务的范畴。在1979年，英国人麦克·奥德里奇（Michael Aldrich）发明了网上购物的概念。奥德里奇利用一种被称为Videotex的技术，通过电话线将普通电视机连接到了当地零售商的电脑。

到20世纪90年代，亚马逊和eBay在1995年推出了他们的网站后，电子商务开始在全球流行。

扩展资料：

1、中国古代四大发明

四大发明，是关于中国科学技术史的一种观点，是指中国古代对世界具有很大影响的四种发明，是中国古代劳动人民的重要创造，是指造纸术、指南针、火药及印刷术。

此一说法最早由英国汉学家艾约瑟提出并为后来许多中国的历史学家所继承，普遍认为这四种发明对中国古代的政治、经济、文化的发展产生了巨大的推动作用，且这些发明经由各种途径传至西方，对世界文明发展史也产生了很大的影响。

2、历史意义

造纸术的发明：为人类提供了经济﹑便利的书写材料，掀起一场人类文字载体革命。

雕版印刷术的发明：大大促进了文化的传播。

指南针的发明：为欧洲航海家的航海活动，提供了条件。

火药武器的发明：火药武器的使用，改变了作战方式，帮助欧洲资产阶级摧毁了封建堡垒，加速了欧洲的历史进程。

参考资料：中国现代四大发明-百度百科。

西格玛奥德里奇厉害吗

http://www.ex.ac.uk/~RDavies/arian/money.html。

Money, Value, and Monetary History。

after Milton Friedman。

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One of the rights which the freeman has always guarded with most jealous care is that of enjoying the rewards of his own industry. Realizing the power to tax is the power to destroy, and that the power to take a certain amount of property or of income is only another way of saying that for a certain proportion of his time a citizen must work for the government, authority to impose a tax upon the people must be carefully guarded.... It condemns the citizen to servitude.。

President Calvin Coolidge, 1924。

Practices of the unscrupulous money-changers stand indicted in the court of public opinion....Yes, the money-changers have fled from their high seats in the temple of our civilization. We may now restore that temple to the ancient truths. The measure of that restoration lies in the extent to which we apply social values more noble than mere monetary profit.。

Franklin Roosevelt [1], First Inaugural Address, 1933。

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As Milton Friedman says in Money Mischief [HBJ, 1992], anything can be money: stones, iron, gold, tobacco, silver, shells, cigarettes, copper, paper, nickel, etc. What makes these things money is not what they are, but what they are used for. They may have value in themselves, like gold ("commodity" money), or they may not ("credit" money, which means banknotes, bank deposits, tokens, markers, etc.); but their value as money is separate from their intrinsic value. What gives money value as such is that it is, or can be, used for exchange, replacing the original human system of trade, which was barter. The value of money is thus the value people attribute to what they want to exchange, no more, no less. As a medium of exchange, all money is in effect "credit" money: credit on an incomplete barter, like an IOU. An IOU can also be anything, as long as it is recognized as a contractual obligation on an incomplete exchange. Commodity money was originally the most natural money, but the value of money is not always the same as its value as a commodity. The intrinsic value of commodity money and its value as money can actually interfere with each other.[2] As a medium of exchange, money also establishes a standard of value (e.g. items A and B may both be worth $5, £5, ¥5, etc.), and as money is held in between exchanges, money becomes a store of value.。

What the value of money actually is (i.e. what units of the standard will buy, in general) depends on 1) how much money there is, 2) how much money is held out of circulation, and 3) how many exchanges circulating money is used to cover. This is the "quantity theory of money" and can be expressed in a famous equation by the American astronomer and economist Simon Newcomb: MV = PT. "M" signifies the actual quantity of money; "V" signifies the "velocity," which is the rate at which money circulates or how long money is held out of circulation; "T" is the number of transactions, or exchanges; and "P" is the level of prices. This equation easily illuminates most questions about inflation or deflation, which is how money becomes less or more valuable over time. The evidence for the "quantity theory" is that historically inflation and deflation have occurred independently of economic growth and recession, as can be seen in the data from Friedman and Schwartz given below.[3]。

Inflation is where the aggregate level of prices goes up and deflation where the aggregate level of prices goes down. Inflation will occur if V and T remain constant but M goes up, i.e. the supply of money increases without any other changes. Inflation can also occur if V goes up (people spend money more quickly) or T declines (the economy shrinks), as the other variables are constant. Most inflations, however, occur because of independent increases in the money supply. That can happen either with commodity money or credit money. A flood of silver from the New World caused a devastating inflation in 16th and 17th century Spain; and gold strikes in California, Australia, South Africa, and the Yukon produced inflations in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Now inflations are always the result of increases in the supply of credit money: it is easy to print paper, and governments that have begun issuing paper money have always eventually fallen to the temptation of just printing and spending new money.[4] Paper money achieved legitimacy in the first place only because the Bank of England, which was privately owned (founded in 1694 and nationalized in 1946),[5] was the first note issuing agency in history that behaved responsibly and restrained its issue of paper money. Consequently, Bank of England notes were "as good as gold." Inflation does not occur because of a "wage-price spiral," an "overheated" economy, excessive economic growth, or through any other natural mechanism of the market. A government debasing the currency would not have fooled anyone a century ago. Now, through deception, a government can try to blame inflation on anything but its own irresponsible actions.。

Deflation usually occurs from one of two causes. Either the economy grows and the volume of transactions (T) increases, or the quantity of money (M) decreases. After the Civil War, when the United States issued hundreds of millions of dollars in paper money ("greenbacks") to spend on the war,[6] greenbacks and gold dollars circulated side by side: but gold dollars were worth several greenback dollars.。

UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Milton Friedman, Money Mischief, Episodes in Monetary History, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1992; and Milton Friedman and Anna. J. Schwartz, Monetary Trends in the United States and the United Kingdom, U. of Chicago Press, 1982, pp.122-137]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.。

40% 45% 50% 55% 60% 65% 70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105%。

1865------Withdrawl of Greenbacks started----------86.5。

1866 82.6

1867 77.6

1868-------------------------------------76.2---Withdrawl of Greenbacks。

1869 72.7 stopped。

1870 68.7

1871 69.8

1872 66.3

1873-----banking Panic--------65.5----Gold Standard adopted。

1874 64.8

1875 Depression 63.3 Era of Greenback agitation。

1876 1873-79 60.4。

1877 58.2

1878--------------53.9---Bland-Allison Act, silver dollars & certificates;。

1879 52.0 Greenbacks redeemed in gold.。

1880 57.4

1881 56.3

1882 58.1 Depression 1882-85。

1883 57.4

1884---Panic-------54.4-----hydraulic gold mining ended in California。

1885 50.8

1886-----------50.1----gold discovered in South Africa; Haymarket Riot。

1887 50.6

1888 51.5 Era of Free Silver agitation。

1889 51.8

1890-----------50.8---Sherman Silver Purchase Act。

1891 50.3 Depression 1893-94, 95-97。

1892---------48.3-------Homestead Strike。

1893--Panic---49.5------Sherman Act repealed; 156 railroads go bankrupt。

1894-------46.4----18.4% unemployment; Pullman Strike。

1895 45.7

1896-----44.4---"Cross of Gold" William Jennings Bryan defeated; end of。

1897 44.6 free silver agitation; gold discovered in the Yukon。

1898 45.9

1899 47.1

1900----------49.6-------Gold Standard Act, reaffirms Gold Standard。

1901 49.3

1902 51.0

1903 51.5

1904 52.3

1905 53.4

1906---------------54.5----1.7% unemployment; Upton Sinclair's The Jungle。

1907-----------------56.8----banking Panic。

1908-----------------56.7-----Aldrich-Vreeland Act expands money supply。

1909 58.7

1910 60.2

1911 59.7

1912 62.3

1913-----------------------62.6-----Federal Reserve Act creates。

1914 63.5 Federal Reserve System。

1915 65.5

1916 74.0

1917-----World War I Inflation--------------------------91.4。

1918 World War I, 1917-1918 105.1。

1919 106.7

The government determined to deflate the greenbacks until they could trade at par with gold.[7] There was considerable political opposition to this. Deflation is bad for borrowers, whose debts become worth more over time. They would rather have inflation, which reduces the value of debts over time.[8] This turned farmers, who are commonly in debt and were a significant part of the population in those days, in favor of the Greenback Party, which promoted paper inflation, and the Free Silver movement, which wanted both gold and silver used for money (instead of just gold, as on the Gold Standard).[9] This political opposition prevented too many greenbacks from actually being withdrawn from circulation, but deflation occurred anyway because the economy grew into the money supply. By 1878 greenbacks traded at par with gold dollars, and the Treasury began to redeem them in gold ("resumed specie payments"). The entire period from the Civil War to the late 1890's was a era of deflation, simply because the economy grew so much (see table). Nevertheless, this was not well appreciated at the time. Falling prices mean falling wages; and it was hard for workers to understand that if their wages were being cut, those same wages might nevertheless be worth more. That is what happened, but the fact of falling wages led to terrible labor strife. Employers knew that they had to cut wages, but even they didn't understand quite why, and wouldn't have been believed anyway.。

Deflation also occurs because the money supply shrinks. One way that can happen is because of trade. If there are more imports into an economy than exports out of it, then there will be a net outflow of money to pay for the imports. In the Merchantilist 17th century and the protectionist 20th century this has been regarded as bad; but David Hume (in "Of the Balance of Trade," 1752) had already recognized that it really didn't make any difference: the outflow of money would inflate foreign prices and deflate domestic prices, rendering foreign goods less attractive and domestic goods more attractive, both for domestic and foreign markets. Thus, before too long, imports would naturally decrease and exports would naturally increase, until money flowed back in to rebalance prices. As Hume put it in a letter to Montesquieu in 1749: "It does not seem that money, any more than water, can be raised or lowered anywhere much beyond the level it has in places where communication is open, but that it must rise and fall in proportion to the goods and labor contained in each state." A trade deficit is thus a sign of nothing except the export of a certain kind of commodity, money. When money can simply be printed by the government, exporting it is an extraordinarily profitable business.。

Another way that deflation can occur is because of banking. A bank receives money on deposit, holds part of it as a cash reserve, and loans out the rest. In effect this increases the supply of money since both the loaned cash and the credited deposit at the bank function as money. The result could be inflationary, but the system tends to be self-balancing because bank loans, especially commercial loans which are used to create or expand businesses, multiply transactions. A loan is also a kind of deposit, as a bank credits itself with the money it has loaned. A bad loan, to an unsuccessful person or business, cannot be paid off and so at some point must be written off as a loss by the bank. Thus the bank's "deposit" is simply lost, and the money supply thereby decreases by that amount. Banking therefore can stimulate the growth of an economy through loans but usually will not produce an inflation, as bad loans balance the transactions created by the good loans. Instead of inflation, sometimes loans and credit get overextended and their abrupt collapse can decrease the money supply to produce a conspicuous deflation.[10] This was particularly severe in 1929. Such credit crises previously had healed themselves in a year or two, as bad loans were written off and the extension of new loans began again, without causing a Depression.[11] Herbert Hoover and Franklin Roosevelt, however, both thought that high wages were the key to healing the economy. They promoted high wages all through the Thirties. But, in a deflationary period, that far overvalued labor, which in effect was priced out of the market. People with jobs, especially union jobs, were very well paid in the Thirties, but unemployment peaked at 28.3% in 1933 and was still up at 20% in 1939 -- it had previously never been higher than 18.4% (in 1894). The inflation and price controls of World War II broke the logjam of wages, and unemployment didn't return after the War (to everyone's surprise).。

UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Friedman & Schwartz, op. cit.; unemployment figures from Richard K. Vedder & Lowell E. Gallaway, Out of Work, Unemployment and Government in Twentieth-Century America, Holmes & Meier, 1993]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.。

70% 75% 80% 85% 90% 95% 100% 105% 110% 115% 120% 125% 130% 135%。

1920 121.7

1921---11.7% Unemployment-------------103.7---Recession。

1922 98.6

1923----2.4% Unemployment----------100.9。

1924----5.0% Unemployment---------99.6。

1925 Roaring Twenties 101.6。

1926----1.8% Unemployment------------102.1。

1927 99.4

1928 100.1

1929----3.2% Unemployment----------100.0。

1930----8.0% Unemployment-----95.5。

1931---------------84.0----Great Depression Deflation。

1932 74.3

1933----73.3-------24.9% Unemployment。

1934 78.1

1935 77.1 Great Depression, 1929-1940。

1936 80.3

1937 81.0

1938-----------80.6----19.0% Unemployment。

1939-----------80.0----17.2% Unemployment。

1940-----------80.9----14.6% Unemployment。

1941------------------87.3-----9.9% Unemployment。

1942---4.7% Unemployment---------98.7----World War II Inflation。

1943 111.7

1944 World War II, 1941-1945 120.0。

1945 125.3

1946------4.0% Unemployment----------------------------------126.4。

1947------3.9% Unemployment-------Post-War Inflation-------------------136.6。

Actual prices of individual commodities depend on how much they are wanted (demand) and how much is available (supply). This then is a relationship whose terms cannot be set by suppliers or consumers independently. Suppliers, of course, always want higher prices, as consumers want lower prices. The price that consumers are willing or able to pay for a certain volume of a commodity that coincides with the price that suppliers are willing or able to sell that volume for is the "equilibrium" or "market clearing" price. The free market allows prices to move towards market clearing levels. Price fixing, which never works without an application of force (either government force or gangsterism), produces either surpluses or shortages: surpluses (as in "farm surpluses" and unemployment, a surplus of labor) occur where prices are set too high and there is excess supply; shortages (as with rental housing in Santa Monica and New York City, or with everything in the Soviet Union) occur where prices are set too low and there is deficient supply.。

The return of prosperity in the 50's and early 60's meant good economic growth but with a couple of qualifications: There was steady, if low, inflation; and unemployment, although negligible by Depression standards, was not as low as in previous periods of growth. There also occurred three recessions in a ten year period. It now appears that the high tax rates of the time, retained by President Eisenhower for the fiscally responsible purpose of paying down the debt from World War II, may have been responsible for the recessions. But the steady inflation, almost invisible at the time, may also have been a wise corrective to the political power of the labor unions, who otherwise exercised steady pressure to drive up wages. The result, overall, was optimism and growth such as had not been seen since the 20's and, at last, a decisive answer on the part of the democracies to the claims that had been made for economic success by the totalitarian regimes. Unfortunately, this success at the same time nurtured a generation that took economic growth for granted, would still find the claims of totalitarian ideologies attractive, and sometimes would not even be exposed to the new defenses of capitalism that post-war prosperity motivated.。

UNITED STATES PRICE LEVELS: 1929=100% [data from Friedman & Schwartz, op. cit.; unemployment figures from Vedder & Gallaway, Op. cit.]. Divide by 2.162 to convert to 1967 prices.。

135% 140% 145% 150% 155% 160% 165% 170% 175% 180% 185% 190% 195% 200%。

1947--136.6

1948 145.6

1949---------143.7-------Recession。

1950 146.5

1951 156.1

1952 158.0

1953----Recession-------------160.4。

1954 162.6

1955 166.1

1956 Average Unemployment=5.0% 170.8。

1957 176.6

1958-----Recession-------------------------------179.0。

1959 183.1

1960 186.4

1961 188.3

1962 Average Unemployment=5.7% 192.2。

1963 195.2

1964-----5.2% Unemployment------------------------------------------198.5。

President Kennedy came to believe, despite the opposition of crypto-socialist economists like John Kenneth Galbraith, that high tax rates were what had hampered the economy in the 50's. After his death, President Johnson pushed through the tax cuts, and soon the economy took off as never before, pushing unemployment below 4% for the first time in a while. Unfortunately, why the tax cuts worked was open to different interpretations. Rather than unleashing supply-side production according to Say's Law, the effect was largely taken to be the result of a Keynesian demand-side stimulation. Along with this the idea also began to develop, which Keynes had not believed, that inflation itself, by stimulating demand, created prosperity. Since President Johnson also had the War in Vietnam to pay for, it became a convenient thought that inflationary money creation, by which wars had usually been financed, now could be used, not just for that purpose, but to promote civilian prosperity as well. This made it possible, as it was said, to have both "guns and butter."。

Such a policy was continued by President Nixon, who famously said, "We are all Keynesians now." However, inflation soon seemed to be getting positively out of control. Since inflation erodes the value of savings and reduces the return on loans (in a period when many usury laws capped interest rates), the damage being done began to outweigh the perceived benefits. Also, vast mone。

参考资料：http://www.friesian.com/money.htm。

10NBA的所有新秀

厉害。美国西格玛奥德里奇Sigma-Aldrich www.sigmaaldrich.com  。

sigma-aldrich是全球最大的化工试剂生产商,Sigma-Aldrich 是一个生物/ 化学试剂领先的高科技企业。我们的生化试剂, 有机化学试剂和试剂盒广泛应用于基因组学研究,生物科技,药物研发,疾病诊断和化工生产上. 我们的客户遍及生命科学公司,大学, 研究机构,医院以及工业部门. 其客户遍及160个国家地区，在35个国家有分支机构,雇员超过6,800人.。

美国Sigma-Aldrich公司（美国西格玛奥德里奇公司）是一家致力于生命科学与化学领域的高科技跨国公司，是世界上最大的化学/生物试剂生产商和供应商，也是全球数以百万计的科学家和技术人员的实验伙伴。其生物化学、有机化学试剂及试剂盒，广泛应用于基因组、蛋白质组研究、生物科技、药业、疾病诊断和化工生产，产品数量超过120,000种。 美国Sigma-Aldrich公司在全球34个国家设立了分公司或办事处，并在9个国家设立了31个生产基地，全球员工6800余人。公司致力于提供高精尖的科学技术与产品，以卓越的品质以及优质的服务，加速研究者的成功步伐。

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