The World's Fastest Racket Sport: Badminton 羽毛球。
As far back as the 5th century BC, the Chinese were playing Ti Jian Zi, or shuttle-kicking, a game played with the feet. The shuttlecock was there, but it remains unclear whether it led to the game of battledore and shuttlecock that arose about five centuries later in China, Japan, India and Greece. The battledores were the early versions of today's racquets. By the 1600s, battledore and shuttlecock had developed into a popular children's game. It soon became a favourite pastime of nobles and the leisured classes of many European countries, becoming known as "jeu de volant" on the continent.。
Badminton was contested as a demonstration sport during the 1972 Olympic Games in Munich. It debuted as a full medal sport in 1992 at Barcelona. Men and women compete at the Olympics in both singles and doubles, and the events have been dominated by Indonesia, China, and Korea. It is recorded that the fastest speed of badminton is 332 kilometres per hour which is made by Chinese double men's players Fu Haifeng.。
racket: 名词,文中解释为"球拍"。它还可以作为动词表示"过着花天酒地"的生活。
battledore and shuttlecock: 板羽球游戏。
racquet: 名词,球拍游戏。
pastime: 名词,娱乐,消遣。
debut: 名词和动词,解释为"初次登场,亮相"。
The World's Crazy Sport: Soccer 足球。
Game in which two 11-member teams try to propel a ball into the opposing team's goal, using any part of the body except the hands and arms. Only the goalkeeper, when positioned within the penalty area in front of the goal, may use hands and arms. The game's first uniform set of rules was put in place in 1863, when England's Football Association was created. Professional leagues began appearing in the late 1880s, first in England and then in other countries. The Fédération International de Football Association (FIFA) was founded in 1904, and has hosted the World Cup every four years since 1930. Football has been included in the Olympic Games since 1908. Now played on all continents in over 150 nations, with over 40 million registered players, it is the world's most popular ball game. 。
propel: 及物动词,解释为"推进"。常用词组"propel sb. to do sth.",意为 "促使某人做某事"。
penalty area: 罚球区 。
registered player:注册球员 register作为动词时用于短语 "register with sb. or sth.",意为"到...注册,登记" 。
Weightlifting 举重。
An ancient sport as old as mankind, embodying the most direct manifestation of human strength, weightlifting has not only flourished, but developed into a modern sporting discipline for the 21st century. The apparent simplicity of lifting the barbell from the ground and over the head in one or two movements is deceiving. Weightlifting requires a combination of power, speed, technique, concentration and timing. 。
Super heavyweight lifters normally claim the title of World's Strongest Man or Woman. However, kilo per kilo, the lightest weightlifter is often the strongest.。
Men's weightlifting was on the programme of the first modern Olympic Games in Athens in 1896, and women participated for the first time ever at the Olympic Games in Sydney in 2000. 。
Lifters perform two types of lifts - the snatch and the clean and jerk. In the snatch, they lift the bar to arm's length above their head in one movement. In the clean and jerk, they lift the bar to their shoulders, stand up straight, then jerk the bar to arm's length above their head. Lifters are allowed three attempts at each lift, and their best snatch and best clean-and-jerk figures are added to determine the winners.。
embody: 动词,包含,体现。
manifestation: 名词,具体表现。其动词形式为manifest。
Barbell: 杠铃
snatch: 抓举
Clean and jerk: 挺举 。
A Small Ball Creates a stir: Table Tennis 乒乓球。
Table tennis developed in the late 19th century, although its origins are not well documented. It is usually considered to be of English origin, and is described as a "miniature" tennis that was played indoors in the 1880s and 1890s. The rules of the game were codified in 1922 by a Cambridge University student, Ivor Montagu (1904-1984). 。
In January 1926, five nations - Austria, England, Germany, Hungary, and Sweden - met to form the International Table Tennis Federation. The World Championships began in the same year.。
The sport is widely practiced throughout the world. Table tennis made its Olympic debut as a full medal sport during the Olympic Games in Seoul. It was never contested at the Olympics as a demonstration sport. Since the late 1950s, the Chinese have been by far the dominant country in table tennis.。
There are four table tennis events on the Olympics programme: singles and doubles for men and women. The mixed doubles event is not held at the Olympics, but it has been an event at the World Championships since 1926.。
stir: 名词,文中解释为"轰动"。作为动词时,可解释为"搅拌", 还有一个固定短语 stir up trouble, 意为"挑衅"。
document:动词,文中意为"得到证明"。通常作名词,意为"文件"。
miniature: 形容词,文中解释为"微型的"。还可作名词,意为"缩小的模型,缩影"等。
codify: 动词,意为"法律化"。还可译为"编码"。
以fy为后缀的单词:
leafy a. 叶茂盛的,多叶的,叶状的;
scarify vt. 乱刺,乱割,松(土),苛责,乱划;
signify vt.表示,意味着;
gratify v. 使高兴,使满足;
purify vt.提纯,精炼(金属);
rectify vt.纠正;调整;精馏;
clarify vt.澄清,阐明。
扩展资料 crucify vt. 十字架上钉死。
exemplify vt. 举例证明(解释)。
calcify v. 使硬化,钙化。
justify vt.证明…是正当的。
petrify vt. 使发呆;变为化石,使发呆;使僵化;v. 石化,吓呆。
simplify vt.简化,使单纯。
fortify vt. 增强。
qualify vt. 修饰,限定;使合格;使胜任;使具有资格;限制;vi. 取得资格。
liquefy v. 液化,溶解。
personify vt. 看做人,赋与人性,使人格化。
humidify vt. 使湿润。
intensify vt. 加强。
jiffy n. 亦作jiff.『俗』顷刻; 瞬间; 刹那。
classify vt.把…分类。
magnify vt.放大,扩大。
identify vt.认出,识别,鉴定。
horrify vt. 吓,使战悚,惊骇。
emulsify v. 使乳化。
falsify v. 窜改,说谎。
vilify v. 辱骂,诽谤。
dissatisfy vi.使不满,使不平。
disqualify vt. 使丧失资格。
stuffy a.不透气的,闷热的。
terify vt. 使恐怖,恐吓。
dignify vt. 增威严,使高贵,故做显贵。
verify vt.证实,查证;证明。
terrify vt.使恐怖,使惊吓。
quantify vt. 确定…的数量;确定数量。
ratify vt. 认可;批准。
notify vt.通知,告知;报告。
detoxify v. 除去…的毒物。
modify vt.更改,修改;修饰。
edify v. 陶冶,启发。
glorify vt.赞美(上帝);颂扬。
puffy a. 胀大的,肥满的,喘气的,一阵阵吹的.。
mortify v. 使屈辱,使痛心。
diversify vt. 使多样化。
putrefy v. 使腐烂。
beautify vt. 美化,变美,修饰。
satisfy vt.使满意;使满足。
mollify v. 安慰,安抚。
solidify vt.&vi.团结;凝固。
stupefy v. (使)茫然,吓呆。
defy vt.向…挑战;蔑视。
testify v.证明,证实,作证。
stratify v. (使)层化。
pacify vt. 使平静,安慰,绥靖。
transmogrify v. 变得古怪,变形。
huffy adj. 愤怒的,暴躁的。
salsify n. 波罗门参。
nullify v. 使无效,抵消。
ossify v. 硬化,骨化。
unify vt. 统一,使成一体。
deify v. 奉为神,崇拜。
ramify v. 分支,分叉。
mystify vt. 使...大为吃惊;使神秘化。
specify vi.指定,详细说明。
fluffy adj. 有绒毛的,空洞的。
fructify v. 结果实,成功。
stultify v. 使无效,使无价值。
certify vt.vi. 证明,保证。
taffy n. Wales人,太妃糖,阿谀。
sanctify vt. 使神圣,奉献给神,使成为神圣之物。
electrify vt.使触电;使充电。
vivify vt.给与生气,使生动,使活跃。
declassify v. 撤销,保密。
codify v. 编码
indemnify v. 赔偿,偿付。
计算机语言中MODIFY意思:
v. 修改;更改;缓和;修饰
一、读音:英 ['mɒdɪfaɪ];美 ['mɑːdɪfaɪ]
二、例句:
We have to modify our plan a little bit.。
我们得对我们的计划稍加修改。
三、词汇用法/搭配:
1、modify的基本意思是“改变,修改,调整”,强调在一定限度或范围内部分地改变,多用于观点、方法、制度、组织、计划等。
2、modify引申可表示“修饰”“限定”,尤指形容词或副词修饰另一词或限定另一词的意义。
扩展资料:
近义词:adjust
一、意思:v. 调整;校准;调节;使适应。
二、读音:英 [ə'dʒʌst];美 [ə'dʒʌst]
三、例句:
Could you teach me how to adjust the iris of the camera?。
你能教我怎么调照相机的光圈吗?
四、词汇用法/搭配:
1、adjust的基本含义是“调整”,指通过修正、调节使事物处于准确、合适的位置或状态,或使事物与其他事物相吻合。adjust还可指改正、校对。
2、adjust可用作不及物动词,指“调节自身以适应…”时,“以适应”的客体由介词短语to引出。作“被调整”“被调节”解时可接with短语,表示“用…来调整”。
在词根前面加前缀或在词根后面加后缀构成一个与原单词意义相近或截然相反的新词叫作派生法。
1)前缀
除少数前缀外,前缀一般改变单词的意义,不改变词性;后缀一般改变词类,而不引起词义的变化。
(1)表示否定意义的前缀常用的有dis-, il-, im-, in-, ir-, mis-, non-, un-等,在单词的前面加这类前缀常构成与该词意义相反的新词。例如:
appear出现→disappear消失。
correct正确的→incorrect不正确的。
lead带领→mislead领错。
stop停下→non-stop不停。
(2)表示其他意义的前缀常用的有a-(多构成表语形容词), anti- (反对;抵抗), auto- (自动), co- (共同), en- (使), inter- (互相), re- (再;又), sub- (下面的;次;小), tele- (强调距离)等。例如:
alone单独的antigas防毒气的。
autochart自动图表。
cooperate合作enjoy使高兴。
internet互联网reuse再用。
subway地铁telephone电话。
2)后缀
英语单词不仅可以通过加前缀构成新词,也可加后缀构成新词。后缀通常会改变单词的词性,构成意义相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
(1)构成名词的后缀常用的有-ence,-(e)r/ -or (从事某事的人),-ese (某地人),-ess (雌性),-ful (一……),-ian (精通……的人),-ist (专业人员),-ment (性质;状态),-ness (性质;状态),-tion(动作;过程)等。例如:
differ不同于→difference区别。
write写→writer作家。
Japan日本→Japanese日本人。
act表演→actress女演员。
mouth口→mouthful一口。
music音乐→musician音乐家。
(2)构成动词的后缀常用的有-(e)n (多用于形容词之后),-fy (使……化),-ize (使……成为)。例如:
wide→widen加宽
beauty→beautify美化。
pure→purify提纯。
real→realize意识到。
organ→organize组织。
(3)构成形容词的后缀常用的有-al,
-able (有能力的),-(a)n(某国人的),-en (多用于表示材料的名词后),-ern (方向的),-ese(某国人的),-ful,-(ic)al,-ish,-ive,-less (表示否定),-like (像……的),-ly,-ous,-some,-y (表示天气)等。例如:
nature自然→natural自然的。
reason道理→reasonable有道理的。
America美国→American美国的。
China中国→Chinese中国人的。
gold金子→golden金的。
east东→eastern东方的。
child孩子→childish孩子气的。
snow雪→snowy雪的。
(4)构成副词的常用后缀有-ly (主要用于形容词之后表示方式或程度),-ward(s) (主要用于表示方位的词之后表示方向)。例如:
angry生气的→angrily生气地。
to到→towards朝……,向……
east东方→eastward向东。
(5)构成数词的后缀有-teen (十几),-ty (几十),-th (构成序数词)。例如:
six六→sixteen十六→sixteenth第十六。
four四→forty四十→fortieth第四十。
a. 表示否定的前缀
in-, im-, il-, ir-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:inefficient (无效率的), infrequent(不频繁的), improper(不合适的), impossible(不可能的), illiterate(无文化的), irregular(不规则的)
non-表示“not”“the lack of”“the opposite of”。例如:nonaggression(不侵犯), nonconductor (绝缘体), nonsense(废话), nonsmoker(不抽烟的人), nonfiction(非小说的散文文学), nonviolent(非暴力的), nonproductive(非生产的), nonexistent(不存在的), nonstop (直达的)un-表示“not”“the converse of”。例如:unpleasant(不愉快的), unemployed (无工作的), unconcerned(漠不关心的), unsuccessfully(不成功的), unhappily (不开心的), undo(复原), unsay(撤回), unload(从…卸下)
b. 表示倒序或否定的前缀。
de-表示“reversing the action”。例如:decentralize(使分散), defrost(除霜), desegregate (取消种族隔离), de-escalate(降低)
dis-表示“reversing the action”“not”。例如:disappear(消失), discount(折价), disagreement (不一致), disadvantage(不利), disobey(不服从), disorder(杂乱), djsloyal(不义的)
c. 表示轻蔑的前缀
mal-表示“badly”“bad”。例如:maltreat(虐待), malformed(畸形的), malfunction(故障), malnutrition(营养失调)
mis-表示“wrongly”“astray”。例如:mislead(误导), misbehavior(品行不端), mispronounce (发音错误), misunderstanding(误解), misdeed(错误行径), misprint(误印)
pseudo-表示“false”“imitation”。例如:pseudoclassicism (伪古典主义),pseudograph (伪造文件),pseudomorph (伪形),pseudonym(假名)
d. 表示程度或尺度的前缀。
co-表示“joint(ly)”“on equal footing”。例如:co-education(男女合校制的教育), coheir (共同继承人), copilot(副驾驶员), cohabit(同居), cooperate(合作)
mini-表示“little”。例如:minibus(小型巴士), minicab(小型汽车), mini-bar(迷你酒吧)
over-表示“too (much)”。例如:overanxious(过度焦虑的), overpopulation(人口过剩), overcrowd(容纳过多的人), overwork(操劳过度), overcharge(索价过高)
sub-表示“under”“lower than”“further”。例如:subconscious(潜意识), subcommittee (小组委员会), substandard(不够标准), sublevel(预备级), subaverage(低于平均水平的) super-表示“more than”“very special”。例如:supernatural(超自然的), supermarket(超市), superman(超人), supersensitive(感光性极敏锐的)
e. 表示方位和态度的前缀。
anti-表示“against”。例如:anti-war(反战的), anti-imperialist(反帝的), anti-missile (反导弹的), anti-music(非正统派音乐), anti-poet(非正统派诗人)
contra-表示“opposite”“contrasting”。例如:counteract(抵消), counterattack(反击), counter-revolution(反革命), counter-表示“in opposition to”“in return”“corresponding”。例如:counteract(阻止), countermeasure(反策略), countercharge(反控诉), counterculturist(反主流文化者), counterattack(反攻), counterpart(相当的人或物)
f. 表示时间和顺序的前缀。
ex-表示“former”。例如:ex-president(前总统), ex-serviceman(退役军人), ex-husband (前夫)
fore-表示“before”“beforehand”。例如:forecast(预测), foregoing(先前的), foresight (先见之明), foretell(预测), forerunner(先行者), forefather(祖先) post-表示“after”。例如:post-war(战后), post-election(竞选后), postclassical (古典时期以后的),postliberation(解放后) pre-表示“before”。例如:pre-war(战前), pre-school(学前), pre-marital(婚前的) re-表示“again”。例如:recall(回忆), reassemble(重新召集), reconsideration(再考虑), rearrangement(再安排)
g. 表示数字的前缀
bi-表示“two”“having two”。例如:bimonthly(每二月一次的), bilateral(双边的), bilingual (双语的)
poly-,multi-表示“many”。例如:polyglot(通晓数国语言的人), polygon(多边形), polygamy (一夫妻制), multi-lateral(多边的), multiracial多种族的), multi-purpose(多目标的) semi-表示“half”“partly”。例如:semicircle(半圆), semiconductor(半导体), semiskilled (半熟练的) mono-, uni-表示“single”“having one”。例如:monoxide(一氧化物), monosyllable(单音节), monolingual(单语的) pent(a)-表示“five”。例如:pentagon(五角形), pentahedron(五面体), pentathlete (五项全能运动员), pentathlon(五项全能) dec(a)- 表示“ten”例如:decathlon(十项全能), decade(十年), decathlete(十项全能运动员), decagram(十克), decametre(十米)
a. 名词后缀
1)由名词派生名词的后缀:
-dom表示“domain”“realm”“condition”。例如:freedom(自由), kingdom(王国), martyrdom (殉教), boredom(无聊), officialdom(官僚作风)。 -eer表示“skilled in”“engaged in”。例如:mountaineer(登山者), auctioneer(拍卖员), engineer (工程师), profiteer(投机者、奸商), pamphleteer(小册子作家), racketeer(勒索者)
-ful表示“the amount or number that will fill”。例如:mouthful(满嘴), armful(满怀), basketful (满篮), spoonful(满勺), handful(满手), packetful(满盒) -ship表示“status”“condition”。例如:fellowship(奖学金), relationship(关系), membership (会员的资格), authorship(作者的身份), leadership(领导权), dictatorship(专制)
2)由形容词派生名词的后缀。
-ity是一个很常见的后缀用来从形容词词根构成抽象名词。例如:sanity(神智健全), falsity。
(不诚实), rapidity(迅速), diversity(不同), banality(陈腐), respectability (可尊敬的人或物), actuality(现实), regularity(规律性) -ness可以相当自由地加到任何一类形容词上。例如:carelessness(粗心), happiness(幸福), usefulness(有用), kindness(善良), selfishness(自私), unexpectedness(意外)
3)由动词派生名词的后缀
-al表示“the action or result of”。例如:arrival(抵达), refusal(拒绝), removal(移动), survival (残存), signal(信号) -ant是施动者的主要形式。例如:inhabitant(居住者), contestant(竞争者), participant (参与者), lubricant(润滑油) -ee表示“one who is the object of the verb”。例如:absentee(缺席者), refugee(逃难者), employee(雇员), nominee(被提名者) -er/or构成施动者名词。例如:creator(创造者), survivor(幸存者), driver(司机), New Yorker (纽约人), singer(歌手), actor(演员), supervisor(管理员) -age表示“action of”“instance of”。例如:coverage(所包括的范围), drainage(排水法), shrinkage (缩水), leverage(杠杆作用) -tion/ation/ition表示“the process or state of”“the product of”。例如:protection(保护), completion (完成), examination(考试), consideration(考虑), organization(组织), starvation(饥 饿), recognition(承认), foundation(基础)
-ment表示“the result of”。例如:arrangement(安排), amazement(惊异), announcement (宣布), management管理), employment(雇佣), entertainment(娱乐)
b. 动词后缀
英语中常见的动词后缀只有几个,而且只有-ize构词能力最强。
-ate主要与名词词根结合,例如:orchestrate(编管弦乐曲), laminate(制成薄片),hyphenate (以连字符号连接) -en与形容词结合,例如:deafen(使聋), sadden(使悲伤), tauten(拉紧), quicken(使快 速), ripen(使成熟), widen(使变宽), harden(使变硬), broaden(使变宽) -ify与形容词和名词结合,例如:simplify(使简单), amplify(扩大), codify(编篡), beautify (使美丽), identify(辨认), electrify(使通电) -ize自由地与形容词和名词结合,例如:modernize(使现代化), symbolize(用符号表现), civilize(使文明), commercialize(使商业化), centralize(集中), equalize(使相等), socialize (使社会化)
c. 形容词后缀
1)由名词派生形容词的后缀。
-ed表示“having”。例如:simple-minded(头脑简单的), blue-eyed(蓝眼睛的), odd-shaped (奇形怪状的), blonde-haired(金发的) -ful表示“full of”“providing”。例如:useful(有用的), meaningful(有意义的), careful(认真的), doubtful(怀疑的), successful(成功的), helpful(有助的) -ish表示“somewhat like”。例如:childish(幼稚的), foolish(愚蠢的), snobbish(势利眼的), Swedish(瑞典人), Turkish(土耳其人) -less表示“without”。例如:careless(粗心的), useless(无用的), meaningless(无意义的), harmless(无害的), homeless(无家的)
-like表示“like”。例如:childlike(孩子般的), monkeylike(猴子般的), statesmanlike (政治家般的) -ly表示“having the qualities of”。例如:friendly(友好的), motherly(慈母般的), brotherly (兄弟般的), cowardly(胆小的), daily(每天的), weekly(每周的)
2)由动词派生形容词的后缀。
-able表示“of the kind that is subject to being V-ed”。例如:acceptable(能接受的), washable (能洗的), drinkable(能喝的), manageable(可管理的), inevitable(不可避免的), visible (可视的) -ive,例如:attractive(吸引人的), effective(有效的), possessive(拥有的), productive (多产的), explosive(爆炸的), expansive(可扩张的)
d. 副词后缀
-ly可以非常广泛地加到一个形容词上,常常可释义为“in a … manner / respect 或“to…a degree”。 例如:personally(亲自地), calmly(平静地), extremely(极端地), evidently(明显地), kindly(好心地), eagerly(急切地), sincerely(真诚地), simply(简单地) -wise可用于表示方式、尺度,例如:clockwise(顺时针方向的), crabwise(横斜的), crosswise(十字形地)。但是它用得最多的是表示“在…方面”,相当于“as far as…is concerned”。 weatherwise(就天气而言), educationwise(就教育而言), taxwise(就税收而言), curriculumwise(就课程而言)。构成的新词在句中作状语,相当于so far as…is concerned.。
Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate")[1] generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance. Cultures can be "understood as systems of symbols and meanings that even their creators contest, that lack fixed boundaries, that are constantly in flux, and that interact and compete with one another"[2]。
Culture can be defined as all the ways of life including arts, beliefs and institutions of a population that are passed down from generation to generation. Culture has been called "the way of life for an entire society."[3] As such, it includes codes of manners, dress, language, religion, rituals, norms of behavior such as law and morality, and systems of belief as well as the art.。
Cultural anthropologists most commonly use the term "culture" to refer to the universal human capacity and activities to classify, codify and communicate their experiences materially and symbolically. Scholars have long viewed this capacity as a defining feature of humans (although some primatologists have identified aspects of culture such as learned tool making and use among humankind's closest relatives in the animal kingdom).[4]。
onflict
Conflict is a state of discord caused by the actual or perceived opposition of needs, values and interests.。
culture conflicts。
is a state of discord caused by the significant patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures.。
你可以根据以上两点的具体内容来展开评论,并举一些冷战,等等的例子。
下面的是一个theory的论文。看看有没有用。
一个文化差异的theory
http://www.umsl.edu/~keelr/200/culflic.html。