colonization-100

托福阅读的词汇量到底需要多少

文明4-全面攻略

一.国家领导人选择。

作为一个中国人，只要有中国的游戏，我就绝对不会选择其他的（迷之音：玩了1000次后你就会屈服了……），而中国在游戏中有2个领导人：A-Mr.Mao B-QinShiHuang.那，选择谁开始游戏比较好？

我们先来看看他们的文化加权：

A: 组织化：总维护费用减少50%。建造灯塔与法院的速度加倍。

贤明：伟人出生率上升100%。建造大学的速度加倍。

B: 财政：小方格内每2金的产量加1金（例如本来4金的格子在B的统治下变6）。建造银行的速度加倍。

工业化：奇迹建造速度增加50%。建造锻造工场的速度加倍。

P.S:关于财政的解释zdf901123兄先前有点错误，在此纠正一下，勿怪。

大家可以看到，对比经济类，B的加权远比A的要高，特别是在你的Cottage都变为Town以后。而维护费可以靠改变政府状态来调节。对比技术类，虽然A的伟人产率较高，可对比拥有各种效用的奇迹来说，作用似乎稍低了点。

综上条件，B在初期的科技研发（后文详述）和奇迹抢夺上都有这独特的优势。推荐选取。

p.s:ck兄所说的伟人产率高的问题,其实在稍高的难度下,奇迹的抢夺才是胜利的保证(神诋级那是不死的保证),而综合2项特长,小生才会有如此个人意见.谢谢CK兄的见解.。

二.第一个单位选择。(此段有误,首发不能出工人,在此向大家道歉) 。

也许有人会问为什么不把地形选择排第二，这个和小生的习惯有关，虽然开始随机随出一个好地形很重要，可是重复的随机地图来达到强大的地步并不是我的爱好，所以地形我一般是随到什么用什么。（迷之音：遇到沙漠你还不是换……）咳，咳，这个，开始说单位吧。

第一个单位，电脑会推荐给你武士，在标准地图以上的大小，确实双武士开局比较重要，可是大家的机器，玩标准地图以上完全是自虐，所以可以不管他的，出工人。又有人会说了，出工人的话城市人口会暂时停止生长啊，其实就一般而言，出第2个人口要22的粮食（既11回合），出一个工人只要13-15回合，而对于有资源的城市来说，早出工人来改进地形得到的效果稍微要比多一个工人要好。

而且遇到有矿的情况下，改进地形会使你的科技研究速度大大加快。

以上，推荐工人。

三.科技研究。

4代的科技研究完全是靠各个城市的研究指数（瓶子）来加的，就前期而言，你城市的收入是多少，100%科研的状态下加的就是多少瓶子，一般来说开始是9，再加上1点自然成长，每回合实际上你会有10的瓶子收入。如果有好的地形，就会有11。

而中国，初期是没有神秘主义的，这意味这如果你不抢科技的话，你就只能跟着别人的信仰走，每信仰城市1金的圣域收入，大概没人不会眼红吧，所以，抢科技尤为重要。

所以，开始研究神秘主义（mysticism），50瓶子（5回合）。再来。冥想（meditation），80瓶子（6-7回合）。这样中国就变成佛教的创始国了。-_-b。

在研究完主信仰后（要是运气不好佛教被抢，就换别的），你就依照城市边上的资源来研究科技，方便地形改进。后续下篇研究。

这里请注意一个公式：科技研究的瓶子增长速度=城市总瓶子量+前缀科技*2+1。

例如前面的例子，研究神秘主义的瓶子增长速度（10）=城市总瓶子量（9）+前缀科技（0）*2+1。

研究冥想的瓶子增长速度（12）=城市总瓶子量（9）+前缀科技（1）*2+1。

而因为有神秘主义和采矿（mining）2项前缀科技，所以这个例子中，中国研究石工术（masonry）的速度=城市总瓶子量（9）+前缀科技（2）*2+1=14。

其中，前缀科技是指直接与待研究科技相连的前面科技，例如神秘主义不算教士（priesthood）的前缀科技。

还有值得注意的是，前项科技研究完后所余留下的瓶子，会加到下一个科技中，大家放心使用。而中途换科技的话,继续回头研究该科技，会延续以前的进度(谢谢lilyli同学的指正) 。

四.探索。

4代的探索可以说是重点，好的RP可以让你在初期就拥有工人，探索者，金子，科技，经验或者是敌人。（迷之音：你还从来没拣到工人过吧，没RP的家伙……）-_-!这个，唉，确实我还没拣到过工人，实在是惭愧啊。中国初期只有一个棍子兵，行动力超级恶心，只有1，所以各位只有慢慢的走了。这里有个小窍门，当你遇到小山时，你尽管上去，1的行动力完全可以好好的利用这个地形，上去后视野会开阔很多，在村子拣到经验时，推荐升2级丛林战士，这样你就可以在森林和丛林里有2的移动力。对初期的探索。

作者： 60.16.120.*。

2005-12-26 19:44 回复此发言 。

2 文明4全面攻略

会相当有效。

探索的主要目的：

1.在初期踩村子，好处多多。

2.联系到各个国家，方便控制信仰和城市发展走向。

3.看地形，好决定下个城市摆在什么位置。

3.练级，让你初期就有一个老练战士。

完成了探索的任务后，就让你探索的人全回来吧，国家需要他们。（小Tip:按E键虽然可以自动探索，但效果实在不好，不推荐）

五.工人操作。

不用多说，工人出来就直接冲到资源上，资源在经过像对应的开发后效果相当好，不但加面包、锤子和金子，还会有笑脸、健康加成及建造高级单位的材料，在4代中，路是不会加金子的，取而代之的是Cottage,所以大家前期不要浪费宝贵的回合在不必要的路，要造路就要造重要的线。当你砍倒森林时，离城市越近会有越多的锤子进库，越远越少。

值得注意的是，虽然工人的移动是2，但冲到山上或者过河（造桥前）就会全部消耗，因为山和河都要消耗2的移动，可是在你移动了1点后，剩下的一点却依旧可以用来进行前述操作，所以大家尽量完整运用移动力，对NOBLE以上的难度来说，特别重要。

对工人建造的各种建筑，都会有特别的科技或者政府政策能给予加成，具体可在科技研究或政策操作的时候看到，这里就暂时不详细叙述了。

六.城市指数（人口控制）。

贴图失败2次，不贴了。（迷之音：好懒的人……）

在城市面版中，最左上角的就是控制科技、收入和文化投资比重的按钮，大家可以依据自己的需要操作，下面一点的Maintenance字样就是因腐败而损失的金额，离首都越远的城市腐败越严重，可以靠城市建筑及政府政策减少。

左边中间的城市有的建筑列表，鼠标移到上面可以看到简要的介绍。

左下是建造中的单位列表，大家可以预定或者提前造单位，当你选择一个单位提前时，原建造单位的以建造进度会保留，大家可以放心的提前造自己需要的东西。不过要注意的是，请不要取消一个以有进度的单位，因为取消后，已经产生的锤子是不会还你的。

中间上面是粮食和健康表，鼠标移到上面会有产生数量来源的解释，当不健康数字大于健康数字的时候，会带来粮食耗损，而当愤怒数字大于笑脸数字的时候，市民便会罢工，也就是俗称的光吃饭干活，所以，一定不要造成这种情况的出现。当笑脸比愤怒多到一定程度时，会有城市庆祝活动，在庆祝期间，增加城市的锤子、瓶子产出。

这里值得说明的是，城市范围内的森林每格会有0.4的健康加权，有的人喜欢一开始把森林全砍了加锤子，这样其实会造成城市的健康下降，会对你的人口增长造成负面作用，其中利弊，大家见仁见智。

画面正中间是市民控制，你可以调动市民到你想要他工作的地点，以达到你目的。其中，有圈的地方就是有人的地方，当你在圈上再点的时候，那个市民就会变为闲置人口。

右边中部是特殊人口表，当你有闲置人口时，可以看到Citizen图案由暗白变为白色，有几个闲置人口就有几个图案，你可以通过各个职业图案后面的+和-号来调控制闲置人口的职业，而科技和政府政策可以增加各职业的上限人口。

游戏中最重要的就人口控制了，少了你发展会慢，多了又会造成城市污染和愤怒，所以，在你发现笑脸只比愤怒多一个，而你又没有手段增加笑脸时，请通过调节画面中间的市民工作地点来调节人口增长速度，使其增长速度变为0，直到你可以增加笑脸数。

而污染就仅仅是让你的人口速度减慢而已，要是你的粮食和笑脸有多的话，就给他小污染一下吧，中国早期的先发展再治理其实还是有一定的可行性的。

七.扩张

所以的城市可工作区域都是以城市为中心，移动2格可以达到的位置，超过这个范围，你就只可以获得区域内的资源，而不能让市民在上面工作了，所以适当的扩张是必要的。按照3代的经验，城市扩张以不叠加市民可工作区域为主，不过其实由于4代加大了城市相隔区域的经济及腐败惩罚，城市还是不要造太密比较好，以可以覆盖所有的重要资源为主。

要是你喜欢那种要塞式推进，可以用军事城市+蛛网路线堵住前线的敌国的可进行方向，这样在军事性建筑的建造上，可以有个集中的地方，让你的部队一出来就有12+的经验，好好教训对手。

好了，初期需要注意的地方已经写完了，我也要去写论文了（迷之音：其实是怕没人看写多了也白写……）以后再慢慢给大家介绍科技研发顺序、战斗战术、外交、宗教选择及其他的要点。希望小生写的东西会对各位有所帮助。要是大家满意的话，小生就继续为大家服务，要是觉得写的东西没什么用的话，我就不耽误大家时间了。下次见吧，灭哈哈~。

P.S:要是对上文有疑问的地方可以M我。我尽力而为。

急！！帮忙翻译一下！！要高水平的！

对于这个问题，从数学的角度讲，至少8000-10000。这里，我更想提到的是，每位考生都要有这样的心理准备，1、你背诵的单词不是都会在考试中考到；2、即使你费了很大的劲背了单词，还是有可能在考试中遇到没背的单词。如何解决这样的问题，提高单词练习的效率十分关键：

1、单词的背诵一定要在语境中完成，提高单词的具体运用能力，不然，背了等于没背。比如，people这个单词，我们常记“人，人们”，但在这句话中 The peopling of the Pacific Islands has been described as the greatest feat of maritime colonization in human history. people是动词，“居住”的意思。建议同学们多看例句，听背结合（即单词“声”“形”对应）

2、对于有考试计划的考生来说，要围绕考试范围背单词，因此，选择材料很重要。比如托福和雅思单词背诵的范围就有一定差异性。托福学生要注重TPO及真题里单词的掌握。另外强调一点的是，任何一本单词书都有自己的体系，切忌每本单词书都看，结果没有一本能熟练掌握，甚至没有一本是看完的。

3、根据人的“遗忘曲线”，同学们背诵单词一定要遵循方法，及时复习，“量”与“质”要均衡，以点带面。

希望能够帮助到你。

澳大利亚有哪些名胜（最好有英文）谢谢

完全手翻的. 水平请你检查, 看合格否...。

In the history of Irish literature, English writings and Irish writings command great importance. The Irish people are endowed with a profound literature tradition. However, when Cromwell suppressed with his troops the uprisings of Irish people in mid-17th century, a cruel slaughter followed and the bulk of Irish fled abroad. Irish culture development was once again severely impeded. Gaelic as the native language of Ireland was reduced to an subordinate status, while the educated Irish turned to English as their formal language.。

The situation lasted over 200 years. By the 19th century, almost the whole of Ireland was speaking English. Thus followed the undeniable fact that most writtings were conducted in English. Agitated by this situation, Stephen said:"Our ancestors have forsaken their mother tongue for another language. They tolerated and compromised with the invasion from a bunch of foreigners. Do you think I am going to sacrifice my own life to compensate for this debt they owe? And even I am, what's that for?" Similarly, towards the end of his novel, Stephen noted in his diary on April 14th the following detail:。

John·Alphonsus·Malranon had just returned to Ireland. In a mountain cottage he met an old man. "The red-eyed old man was holding a short tobacco pipe. He spoke Irish, so did Malranon. Later they began to speak English." In western Ireland, where the Irish-speaking tradition is still preserved, the old man could speak both Irish and English with excellent fluency, but that doesn't testify to the victory of British colonization. When confronted with such reality, Stephen and James Joyce ultimately choose to excape and committed themselves to spiritual exile. After his college graduation, Joyce stayed in Paris and learnt medicine with full dedication. After that, he tossed himself between European cities like Rome,Zurich, and others. Except for a few short-lived visits back to Ireland, Joyce excluded himself from Irish society for most of his life. His biographer, Mr.Airman once claimed that "In the eyes of English people, he is weird, is pro-Ireland, and the extent of this pro, as viewed from the various Irish literature works in the last 70 years, has reached an appalling level." Indeed, despite his spritual exile, Joyce never gave up writing in English. Meantime, it was his works that fueld the prosperous English literature in the early part of 20th century.。

纽约的皇后区简介

Places to See:

Perth

Perth is an upcoming city, it is the destination of hopeful people from the east coast and abroad, lured by the city's energy and uninhibited lifestyle. Buoyed by its mineral wealth and foreign investment, Perth is growing steadily. The discovery of vast mineral deposits in the 1970s came as a boon to the place as it jump-started the area into catching up with the rest of the country.。

The skyline of Perth is dotted with High-rise buildings, and an influx of immigrants has provided a healthy diversity. Perth is a beautiful clean city with great beaches. Fremantle or 'Freo' as the locals call it has lots of old buildings and a great social life - lots of pubs and restaurants.。

Attractions

Kings Park

Kings Park has superb views. The park includes a 17 hectare (42 acre) Botanic Garden and a section of natural bushland, which represents Perth as it was in the older days. In spring, there's a cultivated display of Western Australia's famed wild flowers.。

Barracks Arch

Barracks Arch is a brick monument, earlier represented as the headquarters of the Pensioner Forces, which was demolished in 1966. Though is little left of it.。

Perth Zoo

The most popular zoo in Australia is the Perth Zoo. Popular attractions include the Wetlands, the Penguin Plunge, the African Savannah, and the Alinta Reptile Encounter.。

Cohunu Wildlife Park。

The 16-hectare (40-acre) Cohune offers visitors a cuddle session with a live koala daily from 10-4. Visit the other native animals in their natural surroundings, too. Cohunu has a walk-through aviary that's the largest in the Southern Hemisphere. Kids will love the park's miniature railway. The park also has a revolving restaurant overlooking the city.。

Perth Mint

All that glitters is Gold at Perth Mint. Perth Mint which handles one ton of gold everyday. One can actually hold a gold bar or even mint your own coins, security is quite tight here.。

Berndt Museum of Anthropology。

This is one of Australia's finest collections of traditional and contemporary Australian Aboriginal art and artifacts. It combines material from Arnhem Land in the Northern Territory and the south-west, desert and Kimberley regions of WA.。

Beaches in Perth。

Some of the the best city beaches in Australia are found in Perth. Though they can get a bit unpleasant and windy in the afternoon. There are calm bay beaches on the Swan River at Crawley and Peppermint Grove. Or you can try a whole string of patrolled surf beaches on the Indian Ocean coast, including Perth's very popular nude beach at Swanbourne. It is known for its beachside café society, and is great for experienced surfers and sailboarders. Infact the best beach of all is on secluded Carnac Island. Over the past fifteen years lots of nice places to eat and drink have come up.。

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New South Wales。

New South Wales witnessed the first colonization of Australia starting with Botany Bay. Sydney, Australia's largest and most populous city sprawls around the harbour, the waterfront, encompasses the bay and its surrounding hills. New South Wales has 1900 km of some of the world's most pristine beaches and spectacular views running along its coastlines.。

Its coastal waters promise endless numbers of perfect places to go surfing, diving, snorkeling or sailing. The Snowy Mountains is ideal for skiing and trekking. The Blue Mountains, just a couple of hours from Sydney, are as blue as they sound and as beautiful. Miles upon miles of coastal beaches run on the eastern coast, northern rainforests and the wide expanse of the bush to see.。

New South Wales, Sydney。

Australia’s largest and oldest city, where the first settlers landed in 1788. Sydney is a major tourist destination and attracts the majority of Australia's immigrants and the city's predominantly Anglo-Irish heritage has been revitalized by large influxes of Italians, Lebanese, Turks, Greeks, Chinese and Vietnamese. This intermingling has created a cultural vibrancy and energy that were missing only a generation ago. Sydney is a city in a hurry. In Sydney one can see tall buildings, the most expensive real estate, the finest beaches, and the seediest nightlife of any Australian city.。

Visiting this city is an essential part of an Australian experience. This great cosmopolitan city has everything from style great looks and sophistication. The Olympic Games were held here in 2000. Sydney has been ranked as one of the most fashionable destinations of the new millennium.。

Attractions

Centrepoint Tower。

Built in 1981, 305 mt tall (that's 1,000 ft) - the best view of Sydney and surrounding areas. This is the tallest building in the city.。

Harbour Bridge

A huge steel arch spanning the harbour and connecting the North Shore with the city, one can even join a tour which climbs the inside.。

Opera House

Sydney Opera House, an architectural masterpiece and Australia's foremost tourist attraction, is one of the great performing arts centers of the world. Up close it's even more amazing to see.。

The Rocks

Old Sydney is full of interesting historical buildings close to the city. It's also full of pubs.。

Centennil Park

Centennil Park is the most famous and fashionable place. A number of activities take place here like cycling and horse riding. Bikes and blades can be hired.。

Museum of Sydney。

This museum depicts Sydney's early period of European colonization. Remnants of Aboriginal and early European inhabitation can be seen here.。

Royal Botanic Gardens。

Royal Botanic Gardens are Sydney's finest gardens with groves of palm trees, duck ponds, a cactus garden, a restaurant, greenhouses, and acres of lawns. The wonderful collection of plants and trees are both native Australians and exotics from around the world, and garden highlights include the Sydney Tropical Centre, housed in the Pyramid and Arc glass houses, and the lush Sydney Fernery.。

Taronza Zoo

Taronza Zoo set up in a natural bush setting on the northern shore of the harbor, has a large collection of Australian fauna, including the marsupial the Koala.。

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Queensland, Brisbane。

The capital of Queensland - Brisbane is Australia's third largest city. It is the epitome of sunshine, warm, friendly, happy-go-lucky. The city curves around the Brisbane River, its streets lined with mauve-flowering jacaranda and shady palm trees.。

Brisbane is a lovely city, not too big but has all the major shops and things but very laid back. The inner city, metropolitan Brisbane is surrounded by leafy, sometimes very hilly, suburbs. The city beach is a wonderful place to take the kids to and do have a ride on a "sea cat" on the river which slides through the city. Not far from Brizzy is Moreton Bay. Then there's Bribie Beach looking out to Stradbroke Island Lovely for a day's picnic.。

In southern old the great sandy islands of Fraser (World heritage listed), Moreton and Stradbroke are fantastic. Moreton and Fraser both require that you have 4WD vehicles to get around. There are a number of day tours to Fraser Island that leave from Hervey Bay and most are reasonable value. Moreton and Stradbroke Islands form Moreton Bay just to the east of Brisbane and are only accessible by barge. Moreton is a beautiful place with plenty of scuba diving, long empty beaches and good fishing.。

Another highlight in this area is canoeing on the Noosa River in the Cooloola National Park. This gentle coastal river passes through significant stands of coastal rainforest into a wilderness area only accessible on foot or in the canoe.。

Lamington National Park。

Lamington National Park is another World Heritage area on the doorstep of Brisbane. This park covers the rugged ranges that form the border of NSW and Old just west of the Gold Coast. It has the largest graded track system of any National Park in Australia with over 100 km of official walks. A large portion of the park is also wilderness area with no official tracks.。

Queensland, Cairns。

Cairns City is one of the safest tropical cities in the world. Cairns has magnificent botanical gardens.。

More than 2,000 km (1,200 mile) long and as much as 80 km (50 mile) wide, the Great Barrier Reef parallels the Queensland seaboard from the Sunshine Coast near Brisbane north to Papua New Guinea are the distinctive features of Cairns.。

The Great Barrier Reef is the richest marine resource in the world - and it has the most remarkable diving and snorkeling areas. Cairns plays host to some of the best snorkeling and scuba diving locations to be found anywhere in the world. From the novice to the professional the experience is unforgettable, due mainly to the excellent diving conditions of clear, warm water, abundant marine life and the diversity and colour of the coral.。

Queensland, Canarvon Gorge National Park。

In central western Queensland is the Canarvon Gorge National Park. This park is centered on an extensive gorge system that is cut into the sandstone cliffs. The gorge has a significant gallery of Aboriginal rock art and was of great importance to the local people as one of only a few sources of permanent fresh water in the area. It is located about 10hrs drive (800 km) north west of Brisbane.。

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Victoria, Melbourne。

Melbourne is the capital of the Australian state of Victoria, located on the banks of the Yarra River and the shores of Port Phillip Bay. The city is renowned for its sense of style. Glamorous events are a trademark of the city. There are countless shows, exhibitions and galleries to entertain. It overflows with eminently stroll able boulevards and outdoor cafés, and the parks and gardens in and around the city are among its most impressive features.。

Melbourne society has more European influence than Australian. Melbourne has some of the countries best schools and universities. People of Melbourne are sports freaks - there sportsman spirit can be seen, when it comes to the glorious, freewheeling Melbourne Cup.。

Melbourne has pleasant weather all the year round and there are no extremes in temperature.。

Attractions

Yarra Bend Park。

Along the Yarra River is the Yarra Bend Park. Boats and canoes are available for hire, and waterfalls, amphitheatres and outdoor cafes await the visitors.。

Melbourne Cricket Ground。

One of the largest in the world and has soccer and cricket facilities. In the 2006 Commonwealth Games and the Olympics 2000 this will the venue for soccer matches. There is even a Cricket Museum, which maps out the history of cricket in Australia.。

Royal Botanical Gardens。

The Royal Botanical Gardens are amongst the finest in the world and have a variety of wildlife. You can spot eels, fruit bats and other animals.。

Fitzroy

Fitzroy reflects the 'bohemian' side of Melbourne. It's home to the city's vibrant sub-cultures. Brunswick Street is the focus of the area, and has a host of ethnic restaurants and a fantasy bazaar of exotic alternative lifestyle shops. It's a great place for retro and second hand furniture shopping and the eating experience of Portuguese or African food.。

City Centre

The City Centre of Melbourne has all the trappings of one, with the state parliament, state library, town hall, huge malls and Chinatown.。

Melbourne Museum。

Melbourne Museum labeled as the largest and most innovative museum in the southern hemisphere has an Aboriginal centre, a living forest gallery, a 3D interactive theatre and major exhibition galleries.。

Queens

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。

Queens is the largest in area and the second most populous of the five boroughs of New York City. It is home to New York City's two major airports (John F. Kennedy and LaGuardia), the New York Mets baseball team, the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center (home of the annual U.S. Open), Kaufman Astoria Studios, Silvercup Studios, Flushing Meadows Corona Park, and Queens Center (the most profitable per-square-foot mall in America).。

As of the 2005 American Community Survey, immigrants comprise 47.6% of Queens residents.[1] With a population of 2.2 million it is the second most populous borough in New York City (behind Brooklyn) and the tenth most populous county in the United States. The 2.2 million figure is the highest historical population for the borough. [1]。

Queens was established in 1683 as one of the original 12 counties of New York and was named for the then-queen consort, Catherine of Braganza, wife of Charles II. [2] [3] The borough is often considered one of the more suburban boroughs of New York City. Neighborhoods in central (except those situated along Queens Boulevard), southern, and eastern Queens have a look and feel similar to the bordering suburbs of western Nassau County In its northwestern section, however, Queens is home to many urban neighborhoods and several central business districts. Long Island City, on the Queens' waterfront across from Manhattan, is the site of the Citicorp Building, the tallest skyscraper in New York City outside of Manhattan.。

History

European colonization brought both Dutch and English settlers, as a part of the New Netherlands colony. First settlements occurred in 1635, with colonization at Maspeth in 1642, and Vlissingen (now Flushing) in 1643.[2] Other early settlements included Newtown (now Elmhurst) and Jamaica. However, these towns were mostly inhabited by English settlers from New England via eastern Long Island (Suffolk County) subject to Dutch law. After the capture of the colony by the English and its renaming as New York in 1664, the area (and all of Long Island) became known as Yorkshire.。

The borough of Queens was originally named after Catherine of Braganza, the Portuguese-born wife of King Charles II of England. Originally, Queens County included the adjacent area now comprising Nassau County. It was an original county of New York State, one of twelve created in 1683.。

Queens played a minor role in the American Revolution, as compared to Brooklyn where the Battle of Long Island was largely fought. Queens, like the rest of Long Island, fell under British occupation after the Battle of Long Island in August 1776 and remained occupied throughout most of the rest of the war. Under the Quartering Act, British soldiers used the private homes of Queens residents as refuge during the war, against the will of many of the local people. The quartering of soldiers in private homes was banned by the Third Amendment to the United States Constitution largely because of this. Nathan Hale was captured by the British on the shore of Flushing Bay in Queens before being executed in Manhattan.。

By 1870, Queens County consisted of six towns: Flushing, Hempstead, Jamaica, Newtown, North Hempstead, and Oyster Bay. The central community in each had been incorporated as a village of the same name, and other villages had also been incorporated. Also in 1870, the city of Long Island City was incorporated, consisting of what had been the Village of Astoria and some unincorporated areas in the Town of Newtown. The seat of the county government was located first in Jamaica, but was moved in 1788 to Mineola, then a hamlet within the Town of Hempstead.。

As a result of a referendum, Long Island City, the towns of Newtown, Flushing, and Jamaica, and the Rockaway Peninsula of the Town of Hempstead became the Borough of Queens in New York City on January 1, 1898. The part of Queens County that was not consolidated into New York City, consisting of the towns of North Hempstead, Oyster Bay, and the remaining portions of Town of Hempstead, was constituted as the new Nassau County in 1899.。

The borough experienced a great leap in growth in the 1920s, from 469,042 in 1920 to 1,079,129 in 1930 ([4]), coincidental with the expansion of the use of the automobile and the construction of the elevated IRT subway lines to Astoria and Flushing.。

Geography

Queens County is in the western part of Long Island and includes a few smaller islands, most of which are in Jamaica Bay and form part of Gateway National Recreation Area. The Rockaway Peninsula sits between Jamaica Bay and the Atlantic Ocean.。

The tallest tree in the New York metropolitan area, called the Queens Giant, is also the oldest living thing in the New York metro area. It is located in northeastern Queens, and is 450 years old and 132 feet (40 m) tall as of 2005.。

According to the United States Census Bureau, the county has a total area of 178.3 sq mi); 109.2 sq mi of it is land and 38.73% of it is water.。

Neighborhoods

The United States Postal Service divides the borough into five "towns" based roughly on those in existence at the time of the consolidation of the five boroughs into New York City: Long Island City, Jamaica, Flushing, Far Rockaway, and Floral Park. These ZIP codes do not necessarily reflect actual neighborhood names and boundaries; "East Elmhurst," for example, was largely coined by the United States Postal Service and is not an official community. Most neighborhoods have no solid boundaries. The Forest Hills and Rego Park neighborhoods, for instance, overlap.。

Residents of Queens often closely identify with their neighborhood rather than with the borough or city as a whole. Postal addresses are written with the neighborhood, state, and then zip code rather than the borough or city. The borough is a patchwork of dozens of unique neighborhoods, each with its own distinct identity:。

Howard Beach, Middle Village, and Whitestone, are home to large Italian American populations.。

Rockaway Beach has a large Irish American population.。

Astoria, in the northwest, is traditionally home to one of the largest Greek populations outside of Greece, and is home to a growing population of young professionals from Manhattan.。

Maspeth, and Ridgewood are home to many European immigrants, including a large Polish population, as well as a large Hispanic population.。

Long Island City is a major commercial center and the home of the Queensbridge housing project.。

Jackson Heights, Elmhurst, and Corona make up an enormous conglomeration of Hispanic and Asian American communities.。

Flushing is home to a large Korean and Chinese population.。

Richmond Hill, in the south, has the largest population of Sikhs outside of India, while neighborhoods such as Hollis, Jackson Heights, and Astoria have a large Muslim community from various ethnicities outside Pakistan, Egypt, etc.。

Rego Park, Forest Hills, Kew Gardens have traditionally large Jewish populations (many of these communities are Jewish immigrants from Israel, Iran and the former Soviet Union).。

Jamaica Estates, Fresh Meadows, and Hollis Hills are also populated with many people of Jewish background. Many Asian families reside in parts of Fresh Meadows as well.。

Jamaica is home to large African American and Caribbean populations. There are also middle-class African American and Caribbean neighborhoods such as Hollis, Saint Albans, Cambria Heights, Queens Village, Springfield Gardens, Rosedale, and Laurelton along east and southeast Queens.。

Bellerose and Floral Park are home to a large South-Asian population, predominantly Indian-Americans from the north-Indian state of Punjab and the south-Indian state of Kerala. There are some less diverse, but still prosperous part of Queens, such as South Jamaica.。

Together, these neighborhoods comprise the most diverse county in the United States.[3] Several of these neighborhoods are home to a diverse mix of many different ethnicities.。

Queens has two of the busiest airports in the world, John F. Kennedy International Airport, located in southern Queens next to the South Ozone Park and Rosedale neighborhoods and along Jamaica Bay, and La Guardia Airport, in Flushing. Queens is increasingly attracting film studios — a return of an industry that had departed decades earlier — notably the Kaufman Studios in Astoria and the Silvercup Studios in Long Island City, where a number of notable television shows are made, including Sesame Street.。

The Queens Museum of Art and the New York Hall of Science are further east, in Flushing Meadows Park — site of both the 1939 New York World's Fair, the 1964 New York World's Fair and the annual US Open tennis tournament. Shea Stadium, home of the New York Mets baseball team, is just north of the park. The park is also the third largest park in New York City at 1,255 acres (5 km²), making it 412 acres (1.7 km²) larger than Central Park in Manhattan.。

Several large companies have their headquarters in Queens, including Bulova, Glacéau and JetBlue.。

Long Island City is a major manufacturing and commercial center. Flushing, in the north-central part of the borough, is a major commercial hub for Chinese American and Korean American businesses, while Jamaica is a major business and transportation hub for the borough.。

According to a Census Bureau estimate, the population increased to 2,241,600 in 2005.。

The median income for a household in the county was $37,439, and the median income for a family was $42,608. Males had a median income of $30,576 versus $26,628 for females. The per capita income for the county was $19,222. About 16.9% of families and 21.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.8% of those under age 18 and 13.0% of those age 65 or over. In 2005, the median income among black households in Queens was close to $52,000 a year, surpassing that of whites. No other county in the country with a population over 65,000 can make that claim.[5] Many of these African-Americans live in middle class suburban neighborhoods near the Nassau County border, such as Laurelton and Cambria Heights which have large black populations. However, whites in the suburbs around Queens and in areas such as Manhattan and Brooklyn have far greater income that blacks. The migration of whites from Queens has been long ongoing with departures from Bellerose, Floral Park, Flushing and Bayside to an extent, etc (some of the outgoing population has been replaced with Asian Americans). link Demographics in Queens。

The Top Ten Languages Spoken in Queens according to the NY State Comptroller:[6]。

English

Spanish

Chinese

Korean

Italian

Greek

Russian

Tagalog (Filipino) 。

French

Urdu

Culture

Queens was an epicenter of jazz in the 1940s. Jazz greats likes Louis Armstrong, Count Basie and Ella Fitzgerald found refuge from segregation in the mixed communities of the borough, while a younger generation — Charlie Parker, Sonny Rollins, Thelonious Monk, Dizzy Gillespie, and others — were developing bebop in the clubs of Harlem.。

Western Queens is becoming an artistic hub, including SculptureCenter, the Noguchi Museum, Socrates Sculpture Park, Museum for African Art, and the American Museum of the Moving Image. The P.S. 1 Contemporary Art Center in the neighborhood of Long Island City is one of the largest and oldest institutions in the United States dedicated solely to contemporary art. In addition to its renowned exhibitions, the institution also organizes the prestigious International and National Projects series, the Warm Up summer music series, and the Young Architects Program with The Museum of Modern Art. The current poet laureate of Queens is Ishle Yi Park.。

Queens is home to many cultural institutions, including among others:。

SculptureCenter 。

American Museum of the Moving Image 。

Jamaica Performing Arts Center 。

New York Hall of Science 。

Noguchi Museum 。

Queens Botanical Garden 。

Queens Theatre in the Park 。

See also: Culture of New York City, Music of New York City, and List of people from Queens 。

Queens is also featured in the Spider-man comics and films as the home of Peter Parker and Mary Jane Watson.。

Sports

Queens is the home of the New York Mets baseball team, the U.S. Open tennis tournament, and Aqueduct Racetrack. Just over the Queens line (in Nassau County) is Belmont Park Race Track, the home of the Belmont Stakes. In the past, Extreme Championship Wrestling has been held at an Elks lodge in Elmhurst.。

Food

Being the most diverse county in the nation Queens is home to restaurants from all cultures. A wide variety of Mexican foods along Roosevelt Avenue, African American food in Jamaica, Queens, and many Chinese, Korean, and Japanese cuisine hotpot, bubble tea, Mongolian meats, noodles, bakeries in Flushing. Other cultures, such as Greek, Latin American, and Southeast Asian, have very prominent standings in Astoria, Queens. The presence of a sizable Torah-observant Jewish community has added many kosher eating establishments, often scattered throughout the borough. Large Italian communities in Southern Queens (Howard Beach, Ozone Park) provide for a good mix of Italian restaurants, while the increasing Latino neighborhood of Sunnyside provides for good Latin American cuisine.。

This short section requires expansion. 。

[edit] Transportation。

Queensboro Bridge facing the Queens neighborhood of Long Island City. 。

An entrance to the elevated IRT Flushing Line in Jackson Heights. 。

Queens Boulevard is a major thoroughfare in the borough.Twelve New York City subway routes traverse Queens, serving 81 stations on seven main lines. The G, J, M, and A trains are the only subway trains to connect Brooklyn and Queens without going through Manhattan first. There are also numerous trains which connect the two boroughs and go through Manhattan. About 100 local bus routes move people around within Queens, and another 15 express routes shuttle commuters between Queens and Manhattan.。

A commuter train system, the Long Island Rail Road, operates 20 stations in Queens with service to Manhattan, Brooklyn, and Long Island. Jamaica Station is a hub station where all the lines in the system but one converge. It is the busiest commuter rail hub in the United States. Sunnyside Yard is used as a staging area by Amtrak and New Jersey Transit for intercity and commuter trains from Penn Station in Manhattan.。

Queens has crucial importance in international and interstate air traffic. Two of New York City's three major airports are located there; LaGuardia Airport is in northern Queens, while John F. Kennedy International Airport is to the south on the shores of Jamaica Bay. AirTrain JFK provides a rail link between JFK and local rail lines.。

Queens is traversed by three trunk east-west highways. The Long Island Expressway, also known as Interstate 495, runs from the Queens Midtown Tunnel on the west through the borough to Nassau County on the east. The Grand Central Parkway, whose western terminus is the Triborough Bridge, extends east to the Queens/Nassau border, where its name changes to the Northern State Parkway. The Belt Parkway begins at the Gowanus Expressway in Brooklyn, and extends east into Queens, past Aqueduct Racetrack and JFK Airport. On its eastern end at the Queens/Nassau border, it splits into the Southern State Parkway which continues east, and the Cross Island Parkway which turns north.。

There are also several major north-south highways in Queens, including the Brooklyn-Queens Expressway (Interstate 278), the Van Wyck Expressway (Interstate 678), the Clearview Expressway (Interstate 295), and the Cross Island Parkway.。

Waterways

Queens is connected to the Bronx by the Bronx Whitestone Bridge, the Throgs Neck Bridge, the Triborough Bridge and the Hell Gate Bridge. Queens is connected to Manhattan by the Triborough Bridge, the Queensboro Bridge, and the Queens Midtown Tunnel.。

While most of the Queens/Brooklyn border is on land, the Kosciuszko Bridge (I-278) crosses the Newtown Creek connecting Maspeth, Queens to Greenpoint, Brooklyn. The Pulaski Bridge connects McGuinness Boulevard of Greenpoint to 11th Street, Jackson Avenue, and Hunters Point Avenue of Long Island City. The Greenpoint Avenue Bridge connects Greenpoint and Long Island City Avenues of the same name, which, east of Queens Boulevard (NY-25), becomes Roosevelt Avenue. A lesser bridge connect Grand Avenue, Queens, to Grand Street, Brooklyn.。

The Cross Bay Veterans Memorial Bridge connects the Rockaway Peninsula to the rest of Queens.。

One year-round scheduled ferry service connects Queens and Manhattan. New York Water Taxi operates service across the East River from Hunters Point in Long Island City to Manhattan at 34th Street and south to Pier 11 at Wall Street. During baseball season, NY Waterway ferries operate to Shea Stadium for New York Mets weekend home games.[7]。

Education

Powdermaker Hall at Queens College.Education in Queens is provided by a vast number of public and private institutions. Public schools in the borough are managed by the New York City Department of Education, the largest public school system in the United States.。

LaGuardia Community College, part of the City University of New York (CUNY), is known as "The World's Community College" for its diverse international student body representing more than 150 countries and speaking over 100 languages. The college has been named a National Institution of Excellence by the Policy Center on the First Year of College and one of the top three large community colleges in the United States.[8]。

Queensborough Community College, originally part of the State University of New York, is in Bayside and is now part of CUNY. It prepares students to attend senior colleges mainly in the CUNY system.。

Queens College is one of the elite colleges in the CUNY system. Established in 1937 to offer a strong liberal arts education to the residents of the borough, Queens College has over 16,000 students including more than 12,000 undergraduates and over 4,000 graduate students. Students from 120 different countries speaking 66 different languages are enrolled at the school, which is located in Flushing. Queens College is also the host of CUNY's law school.。

York College is one of CUNY's leading general-purpose liberal arts colleges, granting bachelor's degrees in more than 40 fields, as well as a combined BS/MS degree in Occupational Therapy. Noted for its Health Sciences Programs York College is also home to the Northeast Regional Office of the Food and Drug Administration.。

St. John's University is a private, coeducational Roman Catholic university founded in 1870 by the Vincentian Fathers. With over 19,000 students, St. John's is known for its medical, pharmacy, business and law programs as well as its men's basketball and soccer teams.。

The Queens Borough Public Library is the public library system for the borough and one of three library systems serving New York City. Dating back to the foundation of the first Queens library in Flushing in 1858, the Queens Borough Public Library is one of the largest public library systems in the United States. Separate from the New York Public Library, it is composed of 63 branches throughout the borough. In fiscal year 2001, the Library achieved a circulation of 16.8 million. First in circulation in New York State since 1985, the Library has maintained the highest circulation of any city library in the country since 1985 and the highest circulation of any library in the nation since 1987. The Library maintains collections in many languages, including Spanish, Chinese, Korean, Russian, Haitian Creole, Polish, and six Indic languages, as well as smaller collections in 19 other languages.。

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