counterculture-70

请帮我找些有关欧美60's 70's的反传统文化(counterculture)的内容,最好是英语的!

counterculture反正统文化赵梅《美国研究》提起“反文化”（counter-culture)一词，人们会很自然地联想起美国60年代的摇滚乐、吸毒、性反常、堕胎、裸奔等迷恋怪癖和追求荒诞的嬉皮文化，以及嬉皮士们在纽约中央公园、旧金山金门公园和纽约郊外伍德斯托克(Woodstock)的昼夜狂欢，及至以后的“政治正确”（politicalcorrectness)、多元文化（muti-culture)及其对主流文化的挑战。如果严格从字面上理解，“反文化”运动是指美国60年代在青年人当中流行的以反战和反主流文化为特征的一种价值观、文化和生活方式。第一次将“反文化”归结为以60年代发生在美国社会政治、文化领域的青年人抗议运动为特征的，是美国加利福尼亚州立大学海沃德分校（CaliforniaStateUniversity,Hayward)历史学教授西奥多?罗斯扎克。他于1969年出版的《反文化的诞生：反思技术社会及其年轻人的反叛》一书，在嬉皮辍学者和学生中的激进分子这两个分裂的群体中间找到了契合点，那就是反文化，亦即反抗以技术为主体的工业化社会。在他的定义中，反文化运动是指60年代发生在美国社会的一切抗议运动，既包括校园民主运动、妇女解放运动、黑人民权运动、反战和平运动、环境保护运动、同性恋者权利运动等方面的政治“革命”，也包括摇滚乐、性解放、吸毒、嬉皮文化，及神秘主义和自我主义的复兴等方面的文化“革命”。通常，人们把那些激进的青年学生主张用激进手段进行社会政治改革的运动称为“新左派运动”，而把那些中途辍学、以期通过吸毒、放纵等方式进行的文化反叛，称为“反文化”运动。本文无意在这里做概念上的界定，姑且将60年代发生在政治及文化领域的反抗运动统称为“反文化运动”。这首先是因为，对主流文化、对现存制度的不满与批判，对妇女、对少数民族处境的同情，对和平的渴望，是这两种运动的共同特征，而他们又源出于同样的历史背景。其次，从成员构成上看，很难在两者之间明确区分。不少反文化运动的参加者，同时也是新左派运动的成员。1964年9月24日，加州大学伯克利分校年仅22岁的哲学系学生马里奥?萨维奥（MarioSavio）和阿特?戈登堡(ArtGoldenberg)等发起并领导了校园“言论自由”运动（FreeSpeechMovement)，抗议学校当局禁止在校园内谈论民权运动和发表反越战言论。10月1日到2日，加州政府出动国民警卫队前来制止，学生与警察对峙长达32小时，一些学生运动领袖被逮捕，反文化运动的序幕由此而拉开，以后逐渐蔓延到美国其他所院校及学校以外的地方。1968年，该运动因马丁?路德?金和罗伯特?肯尼迪遇刺、越战的不断升级而达到高潮。乍看起来，反文化运动至今没有完结，它因80年代发端于美国高校的多元文化运动而得以延续。但实际上，作为一场以争取民权和反战为目标的反抗运动，它在1975年随着越战的结束而告终。自此以后，反抗运动渐趋平息。这是首先是由于，就社会政治领域的抗议运动而言，运动的一些目标已经实现。美国从越南撤军，反战运动因此而停止。1964年的民权法、1965年的投票权利法和1963年的同酬法在国会获得通过，以及1965年“肯定性行动计划”的提出并实行，深刻地改变了黑人和妇女在美国社会及政治生活中的地位。虽然黑人反种族歧视的斗争和妇女解放运动此后仍在继续，但大规模的抗议活动在70年代中期暂告一段落。就文化领域的反抗而言，由于嬉皮士们的反抗手段日益激进，运动因逐渐失去了社会的广泛支持而日趋衰落下去。同时，反文化运动参加者年龄的增长也是反抗运动趋于平静的原因之一。到70年代中期，“婴儿潮”头一年出生的人已年届30岁，到了成家立业的年龄，他们的注意力开始转向如何面对来自工作和家庭等方面的压力。韦德?克拉克?鲁夫则注意到了冷战对社会思潮向保守主义回归所起的促进作用。他认为，冷战的对峙既激起了美国这场大规模的反抗运动，同时又促使了美国人向保守主义回归。这是因为，冷战的不断升级以及美国在外交上的一系列失败，使不少美国人感到美国所赖以存在的民主制度正在受到威胁，而稳定的家庭生活是美国国家安全所必需的，也是冷战中美国保持对苏优势地位的首要条件。反文化运动的主要口号是：爱、正义、自由和和平。就运动本身而言，它包涵以下几方面内容：⑴民权运动；⑵反战和平运动；⑶文化反抗运动，即以青年学生为主体的、反抗一切现存文化的运动。当然，每一种抗议运动的发生都有其特定的历史原因，本文所要力图探讨的是美国60年代这场反抗运动的根源。本课题的研究必然要涉及到的另一个问题是美国“婴儿潮”一代（thebabyboomgeneration)。第二次世界大战结束后，自1946年到1964年，美国出现了一次人口高峰。在此期间出生的人被称为“婴儿潮”一代。在“婴儿潮”头十年出生的人，60年代抗议运动发生时他们大多就读于高中或大学，是抗议运动的主体。因此，反文化运动的发生与这一代人的成长环境密切相关参考资料：zhidao.baidu.com/question/67528158.html?si=2。

用英语简述胡子的历史

The counterculture was no more a "culture" than the diverse antiwar movement was a "movement." Rather, the term was applied by social critics attempting to characterize the widespread rebellion of many western youths against the values and behaviors espoused by their parents. However, many young people adopted certain counterculture trappings, such as those involving music, fashion, slang, or recreational drugs, without necessarily abandoning their middle-class mores. Various factors nurtured the counterculture, including the postwar growth of the American middle class (whose "materialism" the counterculture disdained), wide availability of "the pill" for reliable contraception (thus reducing one risk of sexual experimentation), the increasing popularity of hallucinogenic drugs like LSD (which encouraged introspection and alienation from "straight" culture), and the Vietnam War (which convinced many young people that America had lost its soul).。

The counterculture's deepest roots lay in the "Beat Generation" of the 1950s, a relatively small group of nonconformist intellectuals who chafed under the rigid orthodoxy of the era. Beat writers like Jack Kerouac, William S. Burroughs, and Allen Ginsberg espoused unconventional behavior and individual rebellion, often fueled by espresso, marijuana, and mescaline.。

Just as New York City's Greenwich Village became identified with the "beatniks," the Haight-Ashbury district of San Francisco developed into a mecca for the counterculture. A poor area of the city, its cheap rentals attracted many who valued community over luxury. In time the "Haight's" reputation drew still more youths curious about the emerging lifestyle. Some left the urban areas behind to form rural communes loosely modeled on utopian communities of the past, but few of these proved to be self-sustaining.。

如何用VB建立数据库

The history of beard。

(你要求简述，所以我摘取了从文艺复兴至今的历史From the Renaissance to the present day）

In the 15th century, most European men were clean-shaven. Sixteenth-century beards were allowed to grow to an amazing length . Some beards of this time were the Spanish spade beard, the English square cut beard, the forked beard, and the stiletto beard. In 1587 Francis Drake claimed, in a figure of speech, to have singed the King of Spain's beard.(15-16世纪，初步发展）

In the beginning of the 17th century, the size of beards decreased in urban circles of Western Europe. In the second half of the century, being clean shaven gradually become more common again, so much so that in 1698, Peter the Great of Russia ordered men to shave off their beards, and in 1705 levied a tax on beards in order to bring Russian society more in line with contemporary Western Europe.（回到不留胡子，俄国还对留胡子征税）

During the early eighteenth century most men, particularly amongst the nobility and upper classes, went clean shaven. There was, however, a dramatic shift in the beard's popularity during the 1850s, with it becoming markedly more popular. Consequently, beards were adopted by many leaders, such asAlexander III of Russia, Napoleon III of France and Frederick III of Germany, as well as many leading statesmen and cultural figures, such as Benjamin Disraeli,Charles Dickens, Giuseppe Garibaldi, Karl Marx, and Giuseppe Verdi. This trend can be recognised in the United States of America, where the shift can be seen amongst the post-Civil War presidents. Before Abraham Lincoln, no President had a beard; after Lincoln until William Howard Taft, every President exceptAndrew Johnson and William McKinley had either a beard or a moustache.。

The beard became linked in this period with notions of masculinity and male courage.The resulting popularity has contributed to the stereotypical Victorian male figure in the popular mind, the stern figure clothed in black whose gravitas is added to by a heavy beard.（胡子成为流行，很多名人留胡子）

By the early twentieth century beards began a slow decline in popularity. Although retained by some prominent figures who were young men in the Victorian period (like Sigmund Freud), most men who retained facial hair during the 1920s and 1930s limited themselves to a moustache or a goatee (such as with Marcel Proust, Albert Einstein, Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky, Adolf Hitler, and Joseph Stalin). In America, meanwhile, popular movies portrayed heroes with clean shaven faces and "crew cuts". Concurrently, the psychological mass marketing of Madison Avenue was becoming prevalent. The Gillette Safety Razor Company was one of these marketers' early clients. These events conspired to popularize short hair and clean shaven faces as the only acceptable style for decades to come. The few men who wore the beard or portions of the beard during this period were frequently either old, Central Europeans; members of a religious sect that required it; or in academia.（20世纪的美国崇尚短发并且无须）

The beard was reintroduced to mainstream society by the counterculture, firstly with the "beatniks" in the 1950s, and then with the hippie movement of the mid-1960s. Following the Vietnam War, beards exploded in popularity. In the mid-late 1960s and throughout the 1970s, beards were worn by hippies and businessmen alike. Popular rock, soul and folk musicians like The Beatles, Barry White and the male members of Peter, Paul, and Mary wore full beards. The trend of seemingly ubiquitous beards in American culture subsided in the mid-1980s.（随着越南战争带来的文化碰撞，留胡子再一次成为风尚）

From the 1990s onward, the fashion in the United States has generally trended toward either a goatee, Van Dyke, or a closely cropped full beard undercut on the throat. By 2010, the fashionable length approached a "two-day shadow".[34] By the end of the 20th century, the closely clipped Verdi beard, often with a matching integrated moustache, had become relatively common.。

One stratum of American society where facial hair is virtually nonexistent is in government and politics. The lastPresident of the United States to wear any type of facial hair was William Howard Taft, who was in office from 1909 till 1913. The last Vice President of the United States to wear any facial hair was Charles Curtis, who was in office from 1929 till 1933.。

counter作前缀的单词

1、首先点击打开主菜单栏中的“外接程序”选项。

2、然后在弹出来的窗口中点击打开“可视化数据管理器”，出现下图中的界面。

3、然后单击文件中的新建，选择“microsot access”，“version 7.0”，弹出保存界面，点击保存后出现如下界面。

4、然后右键单击properties，选择“新建表”，输入表名称，添加字段。

5、然后打开类型，选择字段类型的大小，回车确定。

6、然后点击“生成表”选项。

7、然后双击“1”或者右键单击选择打开。

8、然后输入值后工具栏会变化。

9、然后点击添加就完成了。

PUNK真正的含义是什么？

counter作前缀的单词：

counterfeit、counterfoil、 countermand、 countermeasure、counteract、counteraction、counterbalance、countercheck。

1、counterfeit

英 ['kaʊntəfɪt]；美 ['kaʊntərfɪt] 　 　

n. 膺品；伪造品

adj. 假冒的；假装的

v. 仿造；伪装；假装

例：This ten-dollar bill is a counterfeit.。

这张十元钞票是伪钞。

例：We suspect the paper to be a counterfeit.。

我们疑心这个证件是伪造的。

2、counterfoil

英 ['kaʊntəfɔɪl] ；美 ['kaʊntərfɔɪl] 　 　

n. （支票；收据等的）存根；票根。

例：I think money is a counterfoil all the time, in should putting in a society, go.。

我一直认为钱就是一把票根，应该投放到社会中去。

例：The final award winners must provide the counterfoil of the Haier refrigerator, so that Haierworldwide service net will make identification.。

海尔冰箱销售发票实物，海尔全球服务网络将进行票据核实。

3、 countermand

英 [ˌkaʊntə'mɑːnd] ；美 ['kaʊntərmænd] 　 　

v. 取消；撤回；下相反的命令取消。

例：I can't countermand an order Winger's given.。

我无法撤销温格下达的命令。

例：Please countermand our order for same.。

对上述订单，请取消。

4、 countermeasure。

英 ['kaʊntəmeʒə]；美 ['kaʊntɚ'mɛʒɚ] 。

n. 对策；反措施；反抗手段

例：Because the threat never developed, we didn't need to take any real countermeasures.。

由于这个威胁从未显现，我们也就没有必须采取任何真正的对策。

例：Refer to the influence to China, if China will face more hot money inflow, what countermeasureChina should take.。

说到对中国的影响，中国是否会面临更多的热钱流入，中国应该采取什么样的对策。

5、counteract

英 [ˌkaʊntər'ækt] ；美 [ˌkaʊntər'ækt] 　 　

v. 抵制；清除；中和；对抗

例：We must counteract extremism in the party.。

我们应该抵制党内的极端主义。

例：They will counteract the effects of his bad influence.。

他们要清除他的不良影响。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/counterculture-70.html