jurisdiction-90

请教亳州的英语导游词，全面概括就可以了。

“权限”的英文可以说：permission/authority/access。

1、permission

英 [pə'mɪʃ(ə)n]  美 [pɚ'mɪʃən]。

n. 允许，许可，权限

2、authority

英 [ɔ:ˈθɒrəti]  美 [əˈθɔrəti]。

n.权威； 权力； 学术权威； [复数]当权者。

复数： authorities。

3、access

英 ['ækses]  美 ['æksɛs]。

vt. 使用；存取；接近

n. 进入；使用权；通路

过去式 accessed 过去分词 accessed 现在分词 accessing。

扩展资料

例句：

1、Instead of an outright coup attempt, the rebels want to chip away at herauthority.。

叛乱分子并不打算明目张胆地发动政变，而是想要逐渐削弱她的权力。

2、Although this image is not perfect it is one of the few copyright free photos available of this dam - special permission is needed to go near it.。

虽然这张照片拍得不够完美，但这是仅有的几张无版权限制的大坝图片，如果想要靠它近一点需要经过特别许可。

3、With DB2, you grant access for a user, but you do not indicate the hostname from which that user connects.。

在DB2 中，您可以给一个用户分配权限，但是您不能限定用户连接所使用的主机名。

exclusive-jurisdiction是什么意思

Bozhou City in North China border, the southern tip of the Huanghuai Plains. Jin Jianghuai South, the North hope the Yellow River, is the state-level historical and cultural city, China's outstanding tourist city and opening up city. <br> Bozhou City area of 8522.58 square kilometers, exempted Guoyang, Mengcheng, Lixin County, and three Qiaocheng Qu, the city's total population of 5.34 million people. <br> . May 2000, the State Council approved a level Bozhou City, exempted Guoyang, Mengcheng, Lixin County, and three Qiaocheng Qu, land area of 8522.58 square kilometers, accounting for the province's total area of 6.08 percent; farmland 60. 190,000 hectares. The city's population of 5.3002 million, of which 82,000 ethnic minority people. Bozhou across longitude 115 ° 53 '~ 116 ° 49', latitude 32 ° 51 '~ 35 ° 05', about 150 km and a width of 90 km. Habitat jurisdiction and the Yellow River burst connected to a fan-shaped, lying flat, with only the eastern part of Yongsan, Shi Gong Shan, Qi Shan, Langshan, double-lock for more than 10 such as the limestone residue Qiu distribution throughout the Northwest Bozhou topography, natural ground to l/9000 Micro-dumping gradient to the southeast. Because of the river winding past the Yellow River and cutting changes in the South Pan-impact form of plain Kong, Singapore, dish-and low-lying land distribution, the topography of ups and downs, a "Ohira small injustice," the geomorphological features. Temperate climate in the city's southern edge, a semi-Wenrun temperate climate, there are obviously transitional characteristics, the average temperature 14.7 ℃, the average duration of bright sunshine 2320 hours, an average of 216 days frost-free period, an average of 822 mm of precipitation. Area rivers are the Huaihe River water system. Wohe rivers are the main trunk stream, Fei River West River, Huai River Mainz, beifei he, QIAN He, and so on. <br> <br> Bozhou City, a major mineral resources of coal, quartz stone, limestone, dolomite, clay and animal resources are foxes, badgers, Huang You, woodpeckers, owls, Lusi, Li Huang, a snake, scorpion, frog, carp, crucian carp, mandarinfish, eel, eels , Shrimp, aquatic plants are lotus root, turbot, wild rice stem, Gorgon Fruit, Reed, Po, a Chinese herbal medicines peony, chrysanthemum, Sangpi, pollen, bellflower, such as more than 400 species of honeysuckle. Specialties are Furui Gong wine, TGP, paulownia, Mansudae Yaozhen, paper-cut. Cheng Tang tomb relics have, Hua Um, spent Xilou, the ancient underpass, ethics in the Palace, Sang Lin, Cao Cao Temple, Cao Pi Temple, spent the Taiwan chapter. <br> <br> Bozhou has a long history and a long history and ancient culture of the Chinese nation is the birthplace of one. On the old days, "Bo" and an ancient Yuzhou, Cheng Tang诸侯for when living in this. "Millimetres" Writing was "thin." "History Geography" Note: "millimetres with the thin." "Historical Records" set: "Since the lease to move eight Cheng Tang, Tang before the Habitat millimetres." Has on several occasions to move the capital by the people will have the soup and collectively referred to as "Bo", including South millimetres (now the south of Shangqiu in Henan Province, north of Bozhou in Anhui), North millimetres (Shandong Caoxian this area), West millimetres (this area in Henan Yanshi ). Now the Bozhou, it millimetres of South Metro. Zhou Dynasty, said here "coke." Qin unified China, the county system, Qiao home in this county, under the Dangshan County. Qinmo Sheng Chen, WU Guang-Ze in the rural uprising, because from time to the north of the Pengcheng, to occupy Qiao County. Western Han Dynasty, Yu Qiao County under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Zhouci Shi Peijun. Eastern Han Dynasty, Peijun to Peiguo. Jian'an the end, out of a home Peiguo Qiao County, Cao Cao Qiao County to the vicinity of the base, the military and economic expansion on its own strength. Qiao Cao Cao in the county, such as implementation of Cultivation, vigorously carry out "Juntun," "Man Tuen," Qiao county region to promote the development of agricultural production and the growth of economic strength. Wong Wei Wendi early 2002 (22 l), Qiao was called "Capital", and Xuchang, Chang'an, Luoyang, and ye are called 5. Zhengshi four years the Northern Wei Dynasty (507) Purchase South Yanzhou. The first year of an elephant Northern Zhou (579), <br> <br> Yanzhou is located in the South because of ancient Near South millimetres temporary, the "ancient South millimetres away from the name of the state to" change the South for the Bozhou Yanzhou, the name of Bozhou only see this. <br> <br> Sui and Tang Dynasties period, changed its name several times, or Bozhou, or Qiao County. Early Ming, Bozhou, down to the county, under the Yingzhou City. Hongzhi nine years (1496), millimetres County also upgraded the state. The early Qing Dynasty, under the Bozhou Gangnam province Fengyang House. Kangxi 2006 (1667), designated as Gangnam province of Jiangsu, Anhui, the two Buzheng Shi Division. In the first year (1912) Bozhou to millimetres County. In 37 (1948) in August the establishment of Bozhou City, in February 1949 city and county merged to restore millimetres County formed, Li Fuyang Civil Administration. March 1986 dismantling millimetres County built Bozhou City, and its affiliation with the same area. February 1998 directly to the provincial jurisdiction. May 2000-level to the establishment of Bozhou City. <br> <br> <br> <br> Bozhou-wide cross-east longitude 115 ° 53 '~ 116 ° 49', latitude 32 ° 51 '~ 35 ° 05', a long, Dongnanxibei syncline, about 150 km and a width of 90 km. Habitat jurisdiction and the Yellow River to burst fan attached to a plain, is flat, with only the eastern part of Yongsan, Shi Gong Shan, Qi Shan, Langshan, double-lock for more than 10 such as the limestone residue Qiu distribution throughout the Bozhou terrain northwest and southeast high-low To 1 / 9000 of natural gradient to the ground southeast of micro-dumping. Northwest Qiaocheng Qu Zhan floor topography highest, 42.5 meters above sea level; Lixin County, southeast of outreach to the minimum southern ditch, 22 meters above sea level, the relative gap between 20.5 meters. Because of the river winding past the Yellow River and cutting changes in the South Pan-impact form of plain Kong, Singapore, dish-and low-lying land distribution, a "Ohira small injustice," the geomorphological features. Jiang soil is mainly black sand, followed by the influx of soil, brown earth soil type, soil and a small amount of lime in the vortex, kept the hills surrounding counties distribution. <br> � <br> Temperate climate in the city's southern edge, a semi-Wenrun temperate climate, marked the transitional characteristics, mainly for the monsoon Obviously, a mild climate, sufficient light, moderate rainfall, a long frost-free period, four distinct seasons, spring temperature changes, Yu Xia concentrated, Qiugaoqishuang, long and dry winter. Because of the climate of transition, resulting in frequent confrontation and well-being of air masses, the weather changes, annual precipitation, the city's historical average temperature 14.7 ℃, the average duration of bright sunshine 2320 hours, an average of 216 days frost-free period, the average annual rainfall of 822 mm. <br> � <br> Bozhou City common disastrous weather is dry, floods, high winds, hail, Ganre Feng, low temperature, frost, and so on. Drought, waterlogging is the most important natural disasters. � <br> <br> Area rivers are the Huaihe River water system. Wohe rivers are the main trunk stream, Fei River West River, Huai River Mainz, beifei he, QIAN He, and so on. Qiao Chengqu Wohe since the Immigration wandering the town, flows through the southeast Guoyang County Mengcheng County, moved to the village to collect exit Huaiyuan County, 173 km in length, the basin area of 4,039 square kilometers; Fei River West River since the Qiaocheng Qu Fei River town entry, Guoyang County, flows through the southeast, to show Gou Zhen from Lixin county in Fengtai, Yingshang County community, in the 123.4 km long, the valley area of 1,871 square kilometers; Mainz Huai River from Lixin County Li Jizhen entry to the east The Lixin County south to exit floor, Zou Mengcheng County in Huaiyuan County, 66 km in length, the drainage area 14 01 square kilometers.亳州市位于华北边陲，黄淮平原南端。南襟江淮，北望黄河，是国家级历史文化名城、中国优秀旅游城市和对外开放城市。

亳州市面积8522.58平方公里，辖涡阳、蒙城、利辛三县和谯城区，全市总人口534万人。

。2000年5月，国务院批准设地级亳州市，辖涡阳、蒙城、利辛三县和谯城区，国土面积8522．58平方公里，占全省总面积的6．08％；耕地60．19万公顷。全市人口530．02万，其中少数民族8．2万人。亳州地跨东经115°53′～116°49′，北纬32°51′～35°05′，长约150公里，宽约90公里。辖境与黄河决口扇形地相连，地势平坦，仅东部有龙山、石弓山、齐山、狼山、双锁山等10余处石灰岩残丘分布；整个亳州地势西北高，以l／9000地面自然坡降向东南微倾。由于受河流蜿蜒切割变迁和黄河历次南泛的影响，形成平原中岗、坡、碟形洼地相间分布，地势起伏跌宕，具有“大平小不平”的地貌特征。全市气候处在暖温带南缘，属于暖温带半温润气候区，有明显地过渡性特征，年平均气温14.7℃，平均日照2320小时，平均无霜期216天，平均降水量822毫米。辖区内河流属淮河水系。主要干流河道有涡河、西淝河、茨淮新河、北淝河、芡河等。

亳州市矿产资源主要有煤 、石英石、石灰石、白云石、陶土，动物资源有狐狸、獾、黄鼬、啄木鸟、猫头鹰、鹭鸶、黄鹂、蛇、蝎、蛙、鲤、鲫、鳜、鳗、鳝、虾等，水生植物有藕 、菱、茭白、芡实、芦苇 、蒲等 ，中药材有芍药、菊、桑皮、花粉、桔梗、金银花等 400余种。土特产品有古井贡酒、白芍、泡桐、万寿药枕 、剪纸。名胜古迹有成汤陵墓、华佗庵、花戏楼、古地下道、道德中宫、桑林、曹操庙、曹丕庙、章花台。

亳州历史悠久，源远流长，是中华民族古老文化的发祥地之一。上古时，“亳”地属古豫州，成汤为诸侯时即居于此。“亳”当时写作“薄”。《汉书·地理志》有注云：“亳同薄”。《史记》载：“自契至成汤八迁，汤始居亳”。商曾几度迁都，人们将汤所都之地统称为“亳”，包括南亳(今河南商丘以南，安徽亳州以北)，北亳(今山东曹县一带)，西亳(今河南偃师一带)。现在的亳州，系南亳故城域。周代，此地称“焦”。秦统一中国，推行郡县制，在此置谯县，隶属砀郡。秦末陈胜、吴广于大泽乡起义后，由于一时难以取北面的彭城，便占据谯县。西汉，谯县隶属豫州刺史部所辖之沛郡。东汉时，沛郡改为沛国。建安末年，析沛国之一部置谯郡，曹操以谯郡一带为基地，不断在军事和经济上扩充自己的力量。曹操在谯郡等地实行屯田，大力开展“军屯”、“民屯”，促进了谯郡地区农业生产的发展和经济实力的增长。魏文帝皇初二年(22l年)，谯被封为“陪都”，与许昌、长安、洛阳、邺并称为五都。北魏正始四年(507年)置南兖州。北周大象元年(579年)，

因南兖州地处古南亳近临，故“遥取古南亳之名以名州”，改南兖州为亳州，亳州之名，始见于此。

隋唐时期，几次更名，或亳州，或谯郡。明初，亳州降州为县，隶属颍州。弘治九年(1496年)，亳县又升为州。清初，亳州隶属江南省凤阳府。康熙六年(1667年)，江南省划为江苏、安徽两个布政使司。民国元年（1912年）亳州改为亳县。民国37年（1948年）8月成立亳州市，1949年2月市、县合并，恢复亳县建制，隶阜阳行政公署。1986年3月撤亳县建亳州市，其隶属关系和辖区不变。1998年2月归省直接管辖。2000年5月设立地级亳州市。

亳州全境跨东经115°53′～116°49′、北纬32°51′～35°05′，呈东南西北向斜长形，长约150公里，宽约90公里。辖境与黄河决口扇形地相连，属平原地带，地势平坦，仅东部有龙山、石弓山、齐山、狼山、双锁山等10余处石灰岩残丘分布； 整个亳州地势西北高而东南低，以1/9000地面自然坡降向东南微倾。西北部谯城区詹楼地势最高，海拔42.5米；东南以利辛县展沟南部最低，海拔22米，相对落差20.5米。由于受河 流 蜿蜒切割变迁和黄河历次南泛的影响，形成平原中岗、坡、碟形洼地相间分布，具有“大平小不平”的地貌特征。土壤主要是砂礓黑土，其次是潮土、棕壤土类，并有少量石灰土在涡、蒙两县的山丘周围分布。

�

全市气候处在暖温带南缘，属于暖温带半温润气候区，有明显的过渡性特征，主要表现为季 风明显，气候温和，光照充足，雨量适中，无霜期长，四季分明，春温多变，夏雨集中，秋高气爽，冬长且干。因气候的过渡性，造成冷暖气团交锋频繁，天气多变，年际降水变化大 ，全市历年平均气温14.7℃，平均日照2320小时，平均无霜期216天，平均年降水量822毫米。

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亳州市常见的灾害性天气有旱、涝、大风、冰雹、干热风、低温、霜冻等。旱、涝是最主要 的自然灾害。�。

辖区内河流属淮河水系。主要干流河道有涡河、西淝河、茨淮新河、北淝河、芡河等。涡河 自谯城区安溜镇入境，东南流经涡阳县至蒙城县移村集出境入怀远县，境内长173公里，流域面积4039平方公里；西淝河自谯城区淝河镇入境，东南流经涡阳县，至利辛县展沟镇出境 入凤台、颍上县界，境内长123.4公里，流域面积1871平方公里；茨淮新河自利辛县大李集镇入境，向东流经利辛县境南部，至蒙城县邹楼出境入怀远县，境内长66公里，流域面积14 01平方公里。

张家口英文介绍

exclusive-jurisdiction。

专属管辖；专属管辖权

You and GBBL submit to the non-exclusive jurisdiction of the courts of HKSAR. 。

你和GBBL同意将纠纷交由非专属管辖的香港特别行政区法院审理。

很高兴第一时间为您解答，祝学习进步。

如有问题请及时追问，谢谢~~O(∩_∩)O。

I want the information of Iceland

Zhangjiakou is prefecture city under the jurisdiction Hebei Province, located in the Hebei Province, Beijing, Hebei, Shanxi and Mongolia, and intersection of Beijing Tianjin Hebei  circle and Hebei circle.。

张家口市，是河北省下辖地级市，地处河北省西北部，京、冀、晋、蒙四省市交界处，是京津冀经济圈和冀晋蒙经济圈的交汇点。

Zhangjiakou is the area with the largest number of existing great wall, known as the "Great Wall Museum". Chongli Chicheng are the largest natural  in North China, known as Oriental Davos.。

张家口市是现行长城最多的地区，素有“长城博物馆”的美称。崇礼、赤城是华北地区最大的天然滑雪场，被誉为东方达沃斯。

Zhangjiakou has jurisdiction over 6districts, 10counties, 2managementand 1Economic Development Zone,280communities, 113townships, 96towns and4175 villages.。

张家口市辖6个区，10个县，2个管理区和1个经济开发区，下辖23个街道，280个社区，113个乡，96个镇，4175个村。

扩展资料

张家口景点介绍：

1、张北中都草原度假村：草原上生态系统完整，可供观赏、采摘、捕捉和食用的野生动植物资源相当丰富。天然花草有30多种，其中：金莲花、野菊花等，中都草原天空常见的有云雀、凤头百灵等，草丛中还有跳兔、鼢鼠、沙狐等动物。

2、小五台金河景区：景区内有奇峰怪石，清泉溪流，林海松涛。因其具有古、野、幽、雅、奇、雄、秀、险八大特点，成为人们登山、探险、旅游、休闲、度假的一个好去处。

3、暖泉书院：暖泉书院是元代工部尚书建筑师、能工巧匠王敏的家塾。暖泉书院是暖泉古老文化的标志和象征，是体现暖泉水乡风韵、园林特色的主要景点。该书院在蔚州四大书院中建筑年代最早。

参考资料来源：百度百科-张家口。

用英语介绍广东东莞?

Iceland

I INTRODUCTION 。

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi).。

II LAND AND RESOURCES 。

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest.。

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers.。

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar.。

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs.。

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year.。

B Plants and Animals 。

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes.。

III POPULATION 。

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi).。

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities 。

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast.。

B Religion and Language 。

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature.。

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools.。

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson.。

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion.。

A Agriculture 。

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses.。

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population.。

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite.。

D Manufacturing 。

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources.。

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations.。

F Currency and Banking 。

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks.。

G Foreign Trade 。

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan.。

H Transportation and Communications 。

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service.。

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants.。

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base.。

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power.。

B Legislature 。

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections.。

C Political Parties 。

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.。

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