Ghostwriters are widely used by celebrities or public figures who wish to publish their autobiographies.the degree of involvement of the ghostwriter in nonfiction writing projects ranges from minor to significant. Various不同的;多方面的 sources explain the role角色;任务 of the ghostwriter and how competent能干的 writers can get this kind of work. In some cases ,a ghostwriter may be called in just to clean up, edit,and polish a rough draft of an autobiography or a "how ——to "book. In other cases , the ghostwriter will write an entire book or article based on information ,stories , notes,and an outline ,interview with the celebrity or public figure. The credited信任;赞颂 authors作家 also indicate指出;象征 to the ghostwriter what type of style,tone,or "voice" they want in the book .。
Celebrity books are usually ghostwriter in the first person (i did this and that)or the third person (David Pardon asked the group to recommend someone etc) 。
代笔广泛被那些希望出版自传的明星及有名的社会人物所采用.在文学写作计划中代笔的所含的范围包含了从二流的到一流的水平.多方面的来源解释了代笔的作用和作家在这一行是多么的能干.在某些情况下,一个代笔可能只是来做清理,编辑,和消息,故事,备忘录,和概述,名人或有名的社会人物的访问.受到赞颂的作者也会对代笔指定要求他们想要的在书中的什么样的风格,语气,或者是"声音".。
名人的书籍通常以第一人称来进行代笔写作(我做这个和那个)或者是第3人称(大卫-帕顿请求那个团体去劝告某人,等等)。
通常名人和社会名流在出自传的时候都会用代笔人。代笔人在写实作品的参与程度各有不同。代笔人起什么角色和能胜任的代笔人是如何取得这种工作的问题可以通过不同方面来解释。在一些情况下,代笔人只起到修整,编辑和润饰自传或指导类书籍的初稿的角色,在另一些情况下,代笔人会根据提供的信息、故事、笔记、提纲和名人名流的采访来撰写整本书。名义作者也会给代笔人指示他们期望书中的风格、语调和观点。
名人的传记通常都是通过第一人称(例如我做了什么什么)或第三人称(例如大卫·柏盾让团组推荐一个人等等)由代笔人代写的。
有一些情况,例如指导类书籍 —— 饮食指导、烹调类书目,此类书的整一本都会是代笔人代谢的,而该名人(如一位著名的音乐家或运动员)就会作为该书的名义作家。出版公司会利用把一本书和名人名流的联系起来这样的方式来使这本书的市场性增值。在一些国家总统选举之前,候选人会雇佣代笔人为其写自传以增加曝光率。约翰·肯尼迪的两本书都几乎是正本代写的。前任总统里根也出过为其代写的自传。
咨询师或转行专家也会雇佣代笔人代写某一专题或专业领域的书,以达到建立其领域专家的可信度。举个例子,一个成功的销售人员希望可以成为一为励志的演说家,他会雇佣代笔人代写一本关于销售技巧的书。这类书籍通常都是通过专为著者自费印制书籍的出版社出版的,然后作为一种推销手段免费派发给潜在客户,而不是放到书店中卖。
传记和历史关系密切,某些写作年代久远的传记常被人们当史料看待。
There are always inseparable relationships between a biography and the certain history. On a number of occasions, some age-old biographies would be regarded as historical materials.。
一般由他人记述,亦有自述生平者,称"自传"。
A biography usually tells history of a person's life, written by others, or sometimes by oneself, which is called autobiography.。
传记的种类分为一般的传记、自传、评传、人物小传、人物特写、回忆录、年谱、小说化的传记,等等。
The classification of biographies includes general biographies, autobiographies, critical biographies, brief biographies, profiles, memoirs, chronicles, legends, and so on.。
本文的传记性接近研究是指根据被采访人员的各种书面的、口述的回忆、调查等相关材料进行相近的研究分析。
The biographic approaching research presented in this text refers to the research and analyse based on such materials as recollection and investigation in written or spoken forms according to the interviewee.。
看了一下,你把第二句的heart变为了art。
第三句增加也减少了句子。
第四句的temperamental 改好了。
除此之外,没其他的变动。你根据你的语境再作修改应该更好。
1.The nation has entered a period in which many houses are distinguished less by their lingering similarities than by hoe, they diverge both from one another and from homes of the past.。
Translation: 这个民族进入了这样一个时期,尽管很多房子有些许相似点,但也因为建造风格不同而各具特色;这些房子不仅各不相同,而且也都与过去的房子区别很大。
小狗: Despite there are certain similarities among many of the nation’s houses, due to architectural style, they have their own particular features; they are not the same as each other or as those in the past.。
2.Great nations write their autobiographies in three manuscripts, the book of their deeds, the book of their words and the book of their art.。
Translation: 伟大民族的自传分为三大篇章,实事篇、政策篇及文艺篇。
小狗: When summarizing their histories, great nations should focus on three main aspects: what they do, what they say and what they appreciate.。
3. Unless the man exploits others, he has to work in order to live. However simple and primitive his production may be, he has risen above the animal kingdom; rightly has he been defined as “animal that produces”.。
Translation: 人为了生存,如非剥削他人,就必须得工作。不管他生产的东西可能有多么简单多么落后,他都比动物高级;理所当然地,他被定义为“会生产的动物”。
小狗: People have to work for a living. No matter how simple his production may be, he has been superior to animals; naturally, he has been called “animal that produces”. 。
4.The power to produce great art is very often, though by no means always, associated with temperamental unhappiness, so great that but for the joy which the artist derives from his work, he would be driven to suicide.。
Translation: 创作出伟大艺术的动力,尽管绝对不能说总是,但也十有八九都与精神方面的痛苦有关;若非艺术家能从其工作中获得快乐,他会被这巨大的痛苦逼得想要自杀的。
小狗: Great art is often produced when the artist is unhappy. If the artist can not get any joy from his work, the great mental unhappiness would make him want to kill himself.。
大多数第一人称小说都是伪装了的自传。而这是一部伪装成了自传的小说。我生命中出现的配角,他们的名字和特点都被改变和打乱以使得无法对号入座;而那些核心重要角色,则或者被变形,或者根本没有出现。所以整个作品就是一个凭空杜撰的而听起来像是真实的故事。只有一件事情是可以肯定的:虽然我如此小心地保护别人的隐私,我更尽量没有保留地表达我自己的感受——当然,这也是在一定范围之内。
我不想被自己的童年所禁锢,我想把它抛在脑后。为了做到这点,我必须先记起它的样子。我希望我可以把它全写进来,但在这么做的时候我又不想显得太自恋。我很清楚,一本正经并不是我的特长,但我却不得不承认写这类书的目的就是为了满足告解的冲动。告解的最主要的原因是因为有负罪感,而有负罪感的背后,则是曾经犯过的罪。我怀疑自己曾犯过上千条的罪,现在我能做的也只是不再想起它们。里尔克曾经常常说,诗人都不会介意蹲监狱,因为那样他至少有时间探索他记忆的宝库。在很多时候,里尔克是很敏锐的。
年轻时候写回忆录毫无疑问显得自负。对于这点指控我无以应对,我只能说,自我关注也是一个可写的话题,而如果一定要等到功成名就才写的话,可能意味着要永远等下去。我也很清楚,把自己放到昏暗灯光下的做法也注定是行不通的,自我总会利用昏暗的灯光去照亮它想表现的东西。然而关于这点只要看看桑塔亚那对卢梭的《忏悔录》的破坏性的评价就好了:这本书以相同的程度体现出诚恳和无知。不论我多么处心积虑地只写那些我想要表现的内容,我敢肯定读者还是会从我无心透露的内容中得到一个准确的印象。我所成长的环境,无忧无虑到了荒谬的程度。如果我对它的记述激起了人们的不认同的话,这也算是对我以前放浪形骸的报应了。毕竟,人不能指望永远无忧无虑。
原文地址:http://www.qianchusai.com/autobiographies%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91.html