contested-0

求高手翻译啊，给点力啊

contest

[英][ˈkɒntest][美][ˈkɑ:ntest]。

vt.竞争，为…而奋争; 辩驳; 。

vi.争斗; 竞争; 争夺; 。

contest

n.比赛; 竞赛; 搏斗;

第三人称单数：contests过去分词：contested。

复数：contests现在进行时：contesting过去式：contested。

例句:

1.

But life is not a hot dog eating contest. 。

但生活不是一场热狗大胃王比赛。

2.

Let a true contest begin. 。

让一场真正的竞赛开始吧。

“英语”和“汉语”的区别是什么？

STREETSPACE分类

最后一节到达路线的一个层次结构的基础,那么我们将会。

称之为“骨头”街道的层次结构;但现在可能充实。

通过考虑非移动方面的街头类型。如果最后。

部分redresses传统结构的汽车定位,那么这个。

部分现在更关注于具体的街道,朝着纠正。

传统的“disurban结构创造’。

本节将讨论街为一个二维的元素

公共空间,再加上约束的感觉中发现的城市文脉,在那里。

具体平方米的有限区域的streetspace必须被交易了。

竞争之间使用。这个任务是确定有多少不同。

路线可能兼容不同种类的街道,在更广泛的意义。

争夺空间

使用一个“locale”或“细胞”的streetspace包括人们从事一个。

各种各样的城市活动,除了运动。运动包括。

行人沿着街道对面的那活动,再加上的运动。

交通,通过流量是体现在当地存在的个人。

行驶车辆(图8.15)。

设计一个地区需要考虑内部兼容性。

构建和使用的有关所有这些活动。但是区分优先级的特定。

活动(包括路径的运动)将不仅影响。

立刻到来,而是考虑的相对重要性。

这些活动在广义范围。有效的权衡进来。

识别出什么是最高的“使用价值”的那个地区应该是,相对于。

城市系统作为一个整体。

交通流的力量已经在声称是它与空间。

外面的事物,眼前的语言环境。通过交通会的。

从别的地方到别的地方。如果一个街是一个战略的一部分。

动脉路线,通过交通会有相应的体重隐式。

麻烦给我一些2006FIFA世界杯的资料~要全英文的~拜托了

一、英语重结构，汉语重语义\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 我国著名语言学家王力先生曾经说过：“就句子的结构而论，西洋语言是法治的，中国语言是人治的。”(《中国语法理论》，《王力文集》第一卷，第35页，山东教育出版社，1984年)\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 我们看一看下面的例子：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a Children will play with dolls equipped with personality \x0d\x0achips, computers with inbuilt （成为固定装置的，嵌入墙内的；内在的，固有的）personalities will \x0d\x0abe regarded as workmates rather than tools, relaxation will be in front \x0d\x0aof smell television, and digital age will have arrived。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：儿童将与装有个性芯片的玩具娃娃玩耍，具有个性内置的计算机将被视为工作伙伴而不是工具，人们将在气味电视前休闲，到这时数字时代就来到了。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a这句英语是由四个独立句构成的并列句，前三个句子都用简单将来时，最后一个句子用的是将来完成时，句子之间的关系通过时态、逗号和并列连词and表示得一\x0d\x0a清二楚。而汉语译文明显就是简单的叙述，至于句子之间的关系完全通过句子的语义表现出来：前三个句子可以看成是并列关系，最后一个句子则表示结果。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 二、英语多长句，汉语多短句\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a由于英语是"法治"的语言，只要结构上没有出现错误，许多意思往往可以放在一个长句中表达；汉语则正好相反，由于是"人治"，语义通过字词直接表达，不同\x0d\x0a的意思往往通过不同的短句表达出来。正是由于这个原因，考研英译汉试题几乎百分之百都是长而复杂的句子，而翻译成中文经常就成了许多短小的句子。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 例如：Interest in historical methods had arisen less through\x0d\x0a external challenge to the validity of history as an intellectual \x0d\x0adiscipline （身心的锻炼，训练；纪律，风纪，命令服从；惩戒，惩罚；学科，科目）and more from internal \x0d\x0aquarrels among historians themselves.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：人们对历史研究方法产生了兴趣，这与其说是因为外部对历史作为一门知识学科的有效性提出了挑战，还不如说是因为历史学家内部发生了争吵。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 英文原句是个典型的长句，由27个词组成，中间没有使用任何标点符号，完全靠语法结构使整个句子的意思化零为整：less\x0d\x0a through...and more \x0d\x0afrom构成一个复杂的状语修饰动词arisen。在中文翻译中，"产生兴趣"这一重要内容通过一个独立的句子表达，两个不同的原因则分别由不同的句子表\x0d\x0a达，整个句子被化整为零。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 三、英语多从句，汉语多分句\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a英语句子不仅可以在简单句中使用很长的修饰语使句子变长，同时也可以用从句使句子变复杂，而这些从句往往通过从句引导词与主句或其它从句连接，整个句子尽\x0d\x0a管表面上看错综复杂却是一个整体。汉语本来就喜欢用短句，加上表达结构相对松散，英语句子中的从句翻成汉语时往往成了一些分句。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 例如：On the whole such a conclusion can be drawn with a \x0d\x0acertain degree of confidence but only if the child can be assumed to \x0d\x0ahave had the same attitude towards the test as the other with whom he is\x0d\x0a compared, and only if he was not punished by lack of relevant \x0d\x0ainformation which they possessed.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：总的来说，得出这样一个结论是有一定程度把握的，但是必须具备两个条件：能够假定这个孩子对测试的态度和与他相比的另一个孩子的态度相同；他也没有因缺乏别的孩子已掌握的有关知识而被扣分。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 原文中两个only \x0d\x0aif引导的从句显然使整个句子变得很复杂，可是由于有并列连词but和and，整句话的逻辑关系十分清楚：?能够得出结论?但是只要?而且只要?。从上面\x0d\x0a的译文我们可以看出，为了使中文表达更加清楚，but only if...and only \x0d\x0aif...首先提纲挈领：但是必须具备两个条件??，这种做法给我们的感觉是译文中没有从句，有的只是一些不同的分句。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 四、主语，宾语等名词成分“英语多代词，汉语多名词”\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 在句子中，英语多用名词和介词，汉语多用动词。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a英语不仅有we、you、he、they等人称代词，而且还有that、which之类的关系代词，在长而复杂的句子，为了使句子结构正确、语义清楚，同\x0d\x0a时避免表达上的重复，英语往往使用很多代词。汉语虽然也有代词，但由于结构相对松散、句子相对较短，汉语里不能使用太多的代词，使用名词往往使语义更加清\x0d\x0a楚。请看下面的例句：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a There will be television chat shows hosted by robots, and\x0d\x0a cars with pollution monitors that will disable them when they offend.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：届时，将出现由机器人主持的电视访谈节目及装有污染监测器的汽车，一旦这些汽车污染超标(或违规)，监测器就会使其停驶。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 五、英语多被动，汉语多主动\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 英语比较喜欢用被动语态，科技英语尤其如此。汉语虽然也有"被"、"由"之类的词表示动作是被动的，但这种表达远没有英语的被动语态那么常见，因此，英语中的被动在汉译中往往成了主动。下面我们先看一组常用被动句型的汉译：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It must be pointed out that...必须指出??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It must be admitted that...必须承认??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It is imagined that...人们认为??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It can not be denied that...不可否认??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It will be seen from this that...由此可知??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It should be realized that...必须认识到??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It is (always) stressed that...人们(总是)强调??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a It may be said without fear of exaggeration that...可以毫不夸张地说??\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 这些常用被动句型属于习惯表达法，在科技英语中出现频率很高，考生不仅要熟悉这些句型的固定翻译，同时要认识到许多英语中的被动从习惯上来讲要译成汉语的主动。我们再看一个典型的例子：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a And it is imagined by many that the operations of the \x0d\x0acommon mind can by no means be compared with these processes, and that \x0d\x0athey have to be required by a sort of special training.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：许多人认为，普通人的思维活动根本无法与科学家的思维活动相比，认为这些思维活动必须经过某种专门训练才能掌握。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 原文中有三个被动语态is imagined, be compared和be required，译成汉语都变成了主动表达：认为、相比和掌握。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 有些英语被动需要把主语译成汉语的宾语，这样才能更加符合中文的表达习惯。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 例如：New sources of energy must be found, and this will \x0d\x0atake time, but it is not likely to result in any situation that will \x0d\x0aever restore （归还；恢复，复兴；恢复健康，复原）that sense of cheap and plentiful energy \x0d\x0awe have had in the past time.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：必须找到新的能源，这需要时间；而过去我们感觉到的那种能源价廉而充足的情况将不大可能再出现了。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 六、英语多变化，汉语多重复\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 熟悉英语的人都知道，英语表达相同的意思时往往变换表达方式。第一次说"我认为"可以用"I \x0d\x0athink"，第二次再用"I think"显然就很乏味，应该换成"I believe"或"I \x0d\x0aimagine"之类的表达。相比之下，汉语对变换表达方式的要求没有英语那么高，很多英语中的变化表达译成重复表达就行了。请看下面的例子：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a The monkey"s most extraordinary \x0d\x0aaccomplishment was learning to operate a tractor. By the age of nine, \x0d\x0athe monkey had learned to solo on the vehicle.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：这只猴子最了不起的成就是学会驾驶拖拉机。到九岁的时候，这只猴子已经学会了单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。tractor和vehicle在句中显然都表示"拖拉机"，英语表达上有变化，而译成汉语时使用了重复表达法。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 七、英语多抽象，汉语多具体\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a做翻译实践较多的人都有这样的体会：英文句子难译主要难在结构复杂和表达抽象上。通过分析句子的结构，把长句变短句、从句变分句，结构上的难题往往迎刃而\x0d\x0a解。表达抽象则要求译者吃透原文的意思、用具体的中文进行表达，这对考生往往具有更大的挑战性。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 下面我们先看一组例子：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a disintegration 土崩瓦解\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a ardent （热心的；热情的）loyalty 赤胆忠心\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a total exhaustion 筋疲力尽\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a far-sightedness 远见卓识\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a careful consideration 深思熟虑\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a perfect harmony （和声；和睦）水乳交融\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a feed on fancies 画饼充饥\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a with great eagerness 如饥似渴\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a lack of perseverance 三天打鱼，两天晒网\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a make a little contribution （捐款；捐助）添砖加瓦\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a on the verge of destruction 危在旦夕\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 从上面的例子不难看出，英语表达往往比较抽象，汉语则喜欢比较具体。我们再看一个翻译：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a Until such time as mankind has the sense to lower its \x0d\x0apopulation to the points whereas the planet can provide a comfortable \x0d\x0asupport for all, people will have to accept more "unnatural food."\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：除非人类终于意识到要把人口减少到这样的程度：使地球能为所有人提供足够的饮食，否则人们将不得不接受更多的“人造食品”。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 原文中有三个抽象的名词：sense, \x0d\x0apoint和support和两个抽象的形容词comfortable和unnatural。根据大纲中词汇表提供的解释，sense可指“感觉”、“判\x0d\x0a断力”，point的意思是“点”，support的意思是“支撑(物)”、“支持(物)”，comfortable是“舒适的”，unnatural是\x0d\x0a“非自然的”，都是意思十分抽象的词，如果不进行具体化处理，译文就可能是这样：除非人类有这样的感觉，把人口减少到这样的，使地球能为大家提供舒适的支\x0d\x0a持，否则人们将不得不接受更多的"非自然的食物"。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 八、英语多引申，汉语多推理\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 英语有两句俗话：一是You know a word by the company it \x0d\x0akeeps.(要知义如何，关键看词伙)，二是Words do not have meaning, but people have meaning\x0d\x0a for \x0d\x0athem.(词本无义，义随人生)。这说明词典对词的定义和解释是死的，而实际运用中的语言是活的。从原文角度来说，这种活用是词义和用法的引申，翻译的\x0d\x0a时候要准确理解这种引申，译者就需要进行推理。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 例如：While there are almost as many definitions of history \x0d\x0aas there are historians, modern practice most closely conforms to one \x0d\x0athat sees history as the attempt to recreate and explain the significant\x0d\x0a events of the past.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：尽管关于历史的定义几乎和历史学家一样多，现代实践最符合这样一种定义，即把历史看作是对过去重大历史事件的再现和解释。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a \x0d\x0a"recreate"根据构词法和一般词典上解释都是“重新创造”，而考研英语大纲词汇表中只有名词"recreation"，所给词义为"娱乐、消\x0d\x0a遣"，在这种情况下，考生很容易把recreate译成“重新创造”或者“娱乐”。仔细观察recreate不难发现它带有宾语the \x0d\x0asignificant events of the \x0d\x0apart，从逻辑上来讲，"过去的重大历史事件"是不能"重新创造"的，作者显然对recreate一词的词义进行了引申。做翻译的人经常会有这样一种感\x0d\x0a受：某个词明明认识，可就是不知道该怎样表达。这其实就是词的引申和推理在起作用。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 九、英语多省略，汉语多补充\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 英语一方面十分注重句子结构，另一方面又喜欢使用省略。英语省略的类型很多，有名词的省略，动词的省略，有句法方面的省略，也有情景方面的省略。在并列结构中，英语往往省略前面已出现过的词语，而汉语则往往重复这些省略了的词。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 例如：①Ambition is the mother of destruction as well as of evil.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 野心不仅是罪恶的根源，同时也是毁灭的根源。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a ②Reading exercises one"s eyes; Speaking, one"s tongue; while writing, one"s mind.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 阅读训练人的眼睛，说话训练人的口齿，写作训练人的思维。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a ④One boy is a boy, two boys half a boy, three boys no boy.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 在考研英译汉中，省略是一种很常见现象。例如：\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a Whether to use tests, other kinds of information, or both\x0d\x0a in a particular situation depends, therefore, upon the evidence from \x0d\x0aexperience concerning comparative validity and upon such factors as cost\x0d\x0a and availability.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：因此，究竟是使用测试，其它种类的信息，还是在特定的情况下两者都使用，取决于关于相对效度的来自经验的证据，同时还取决于成本和可获得性这样的因素。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a whether...or...是并列连词，or前面省略了不定式to use, and upon中间省了动词depends。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 十、英语多前重心，汉语多后重心\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 在表达多逻辑思维时，英语往往是判断或结论等在前，事实或描写等在后，即重心在前；汉语则是由因到果、由假设到推论、由事实到结论，即重心在后。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 比较：I was all the more delighted when, as a result of the \x0d\x0ainitiative of your Government it proved possible to reinstate the visit \x0d\x0aso quickly.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：由于贵国政府的提议，才得以这样快地重新实现访问。这使我感到特别高兴。\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a The assertion that it was difficult, if not impossible, \x0d\x0afor a people to enjoy its basic rights unless it was able to determine \x0d\x0afreely its political status and to ensure freely its economic, social \x0d\x0aand cultural development was now scarcely （不足地，不充分地；一定不，绝不）contested \x0d\x0a（斗争；比赛）.\x0d\x0a\x0d\x0a 译文：如果一个民族不能自由地决定其政治地位，不能自由地保证其经济、社会和文化的发展，要享受其基。

two-party system是什么意思

The 2006 FIFA World Cup is the current FIFA World Cup, the finals of which are being held in Germany. The FIFA World Cup is the football (soccer) world championship, contested by men's national football teams, and organised by FIFA, the international governing body for football. The championship cycle culminates every four years in a finals tournament to decide which country's men's football team will be awarded the FIFA World Cup title. The host country and football federation for the 2006 FIFA World Cup finals tournament is Germany, who in June 2000, won the right to host the event, beating bids from South Africa (which will host the 2010 World Cup), Brazil, England and Morocco.。

The 2006 FIFA World Cup, the eighteenth such championship, began in December 2003 with 198 countries entering the draw for a series of qualification tournaments and play-offs that resulted in 32 national teams qualifying for the finals tournament.。

The finals tournament of the 2006 World Cup began on 9 June 2006 and is scheduled to end on 9 July 2006. A total of 64 games will be played. The first stage was the Group stage, where the 32 teams were divided into 8 groups of 4 teams each. The teams in these groups of four competed in three-round round-robin tournaments to find two teams from each group (a total of 16) to advance to the knock-out stage. The Group stage was completed on 23 June 2006. The knockout stage started on 24 June 2006, and progressive elimination of teams through quarter-finals and semi-finals, will finish with the World Cup Final, the final match on 9 July 2006. The World Cup Final played in Berlin will determine the World Cup champion.。

Venues

Twelve cities were selected to host World Cup finals matches.。

City Original stadium names World Cup 2006 stadium names[1] Host club(s) Map[2] Capacity[3]。

Berlin Olympiastadion Olympiastadion Hertha BSC Berlin [1] 74,176。

Dortmund Signal Iduna Park FIFA World Cup Stadium, Dortmund Borussia Dortmund [2] 67,000。

Frankfurt Commerzbank-Arena FIFA World Cup Stadium, Frankfurt Eintracht Frankfurt [3] 48,132。

Gelsenkirchen Veltins-Arena FIFA World Cup Stadium, Gelsenkirchen FC Schalke 04 [4] 53,804。

Hamburg AOL Arena FIFA World Cup Stadium, Hamburg Hamburger SV [5] 51,055。

Hanover (Hannover) AWD-Arena FIFA World Cup Stadium, Hanover Hannover 96 [6] 44,652。

Kaiserslautern Fritz-Walter-Stadion Fritz-Walter-Stadion 1. FC Kaiserslautern [7] 43,450。

Cologne (Köln) RheinEnergieStadion FIFA World Cup Stadium, Cologne 1. FC Köln [8] 46,120。

Leipzig Zentralstadion Zentralstadion FC Sachsen Leipzig [9] 44,199。

Munich (München) Allianz Arena FIFA World Cup Stadium, Munich Bayern München, TSV 1860 München [10] 66,016。

Nuremberg (Nürnberg) EasyCredit-Stadion FIFA World Cup Stadium, Nuremberg 1. FC Nürnberg [11] 41,926。

Stuttgart Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion Gottlieb-Daimler-Stadion VfB Stuttgart [12] 54,267。

2006 FIFA World Cup miscellany。

Participation

* The 2006 tournament features the most national teams making their first appearance in the World Cup finals (8) since there were ten first-time participants in the second competition in 1934. The eight national teams making their debut are Angola, Cote d'Ivoire, Czech Republic,[1] Ghana, Serbia & Montenegro,[2] Togo, Trinidad & Tobago, and Ukraine.[3]。

* As well as the defending champions Brazil, there are five former FIFA World Cup champions competing in the 2006 FIFA World Cup: Germany, Italy, France, Argentina, and England. Of the former FIFA World Cup champions, only Uruguay failed to qualify, being defeated by Australia in a qualifying play-off for one of the places.。

* This is the first[4] World Cup with a team representing a country that has ceased to exist prior to the start of the tournament. Serbia and Montenegro split into Serbia and Montenegro on June 5, 2006. The Serbia and Montenegro footballers played under a flag no longer displayed in their countries. The team contained only one player born in Montenegro, Dragoslav Jevrić. (Another Montenegrin, Mirko Vučinić, had to return home as a result of an injury.)[5]。

* Australia is making its first appearance in 32 years, the longest such drought for any qualifier not making its first appearance.。

* According to the May 2006 FIFA World Rankings (the last rankings prior to the start of the tournament), the highest ranked teams to fail to qualify were Denmark and Nigeria (tied for 11th). The lowest ranked team that qualified for the competition was Togo (61st). [6]。

* Five of the participating teams were coached by Brazilians - Brazil (Carlos Alberto Parreira), Costa Rica (Alexandre Guimaraes - now actually a naturalised Costa Rican), Japan (Zico), Portugal (Luiz Felipe Scolari) and Saudi Arabia (Marcos Paqueta).。

* Four of the participating national teams had a Dutch coach - The Netherlands (Marco van Basten), South Korea (Dick Advocaat), Trinidad and Tobago (Leo Beenhakker), and Australia (Guus Hiddink).。

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Competition

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Individual

* Brazil's Ronaldo beat Gerd Müller's all-time FIFA World Cup finals scoring record with 15 goals, moving past Pelé (12), with whom he was tied at the start of the tournament, and Just Fontaine (13).[7]。

* David Beckham became the first England player to score in 3 FIFA World Cup Finals after his goal against Ecuador in the 2nd Round. He scored against Colombia in 1998, and Argentina in 2002.。

* The 2,000th goal in the history of the FIFA World Cup tournament was scored by Marcus Allbäck of Sweden against England on 20 June[8]。

* Philipp Lahm of Germany was the first goal scorer in the 2006 World Cup, with a strike just outside the 18 yard box.。

* The first booking in the 2006 World Cup was a yellow card given to Danny Fonseca of Costa Rica in the 30th minute of the first game against Germany. The first red card was given to Avery John of Trinidad and Tobago after his second yellow card in the 46th minute against Sweden. The first straight red card was given to Vladislav Vashchuk of Ukraine against Spain in the 47th minute, which resulted in the awarding of the first penalty kick to David Villa.。

* Sami Al-Jaber of Saudi Arabia became the first Asian player ever to score in 3 World Cups, when he scored against Tunisia. He had scored a penalty goal against Morocco in the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and another penalty goal against South Africa in the 1998 FIFA World Cup。

* As of 18 June, Asamoah Gyan of Ghana scored the fastest goal in FIFA World Cup 2006, scoring just 1 minute and 10 seconds into the match against the Czech Republic, though this is not a FIFA World Cup finals record. Carlos Gamarra of Paraguay scored the fastest own goal in World Cup finals history in the first round match between England and Paraguay.。

* In the match of Germany vs Ecuador, Miroslav Klose scored at the 4th minute, and his 4th goal of the competition was at the 44th minute. In 2002, he scored all 5 goals with his head, in 2006 he scores all 4 goals with his feet.。

* Paraguay vs. England saw the fastest goalkeeper substitution in FIFA World Cup finals history as Justo Villar suffered a calf injury in the 8th minute clearing a ball and had to be taken out of the game.[citation needed]。

[edit]

Team - Group Stage。

* The opening match of the 2006 FIFA World Cup had the most goals of any opening match in FIFA history, with 6 goals (Germany 4; Costa Rica 2) compared to the next-best 1930 opening match with 5 goals (France 4; Mexico 1). Italy's 7-1 victory over the USA in 1934 was one of 8 simultaneous first round matches on the opening day and as such is not considered an opening match.。

* Côte d'Ivoire (vs Serbia and Montenegro) are the only team which won a match after trailing by two goals at some point. Australia (vs. Japan), Korea (vs. Togo), Spain (vs. Tunisia), Poland (vs. Costa Rica) and Brazil (vs. Japan) each won a game after trailing by one goal.。

* Teams recording their first ever World Cup finals goal were Angola (Flavio Amado), Australia (Tim Cahill), Côte d'Ivoire (Didier Drogba), Czech Republic (Jan Koller), Ghana (Asamoah Gyan), Serbia and Montenegro (Nikola Žigić), Togo (Mohamed Kader), and Ukraine (Andriy Rusol).。

* Teams recording their first ever World Cup finals victory were Australia, Côte d'Ivoire, Czech Republic, Ghana, and Ukraine.。

* For the first time in a World Cup finals, in Argentina's victory over Serbia and Montenegro, all three players of a team who entered a match as substitutes scored one goal. (Esteban Cambiasso sub on at the 17th min, score on 31st min., Carlos Tévez sub on at the 59th min, score on 84th min., Lionel Messi sub on at the 75th min, score on 88th min.)。

* Two-thirds of the way through the Group stage, eight of the thirty-two teams had clinched qualification to the second round and seven teams had been mathematically eliminated from contention. Only in Group E were all four teams neither mathematically eliminated nor guaranteed qualification into the second round. No four-way ties were possible, and only one three-way tie was still possible (in Group G).。

* At the end of the Group stage, there were only two ties. One was in group C for 1st/2nd place, and was won by Argentina ahead of the Netherlands on goal difference. The other tie was in Group H for 3rd/4th place, and was won by Tunisia ahead of Saudi Arabia on goal difference.。

* Heading into the final set of group games, there were seven scenarios that could have required the drawing of lots, but none of these scenarios came to pass. The group that came closest to being settled by the drawing of lots was Group G, where the double result France 2-0 Togo and Korea 1-1 Switzerland remained a possibility until Switzerland scored in the 77th minute to go 2-0 up. The potential drawing of lots had been scheduled for 11:30pm, but in the end was not required.。

* Only Ghana and France entered their final matches in lower than second place in its group (both entered in third) and still managed to qualify for their next rounds.。

* England's victory over Paraguay is the first 1-0 final score in World Cup finals history to have been decided by an own goal. England were the first team to lead its group without a goal scored by its players.[citation needed]。

* Switzerland was the only team not to concede a goal in the group stage, ending on a goal difference of +4 (GF 4, GA 0).。

* Group B is the group where most own goals (2) were scored. Carlos Gamarra (Paraguay) against England, and Brent Sancho (Trinidad and Tobago) against Paraguay.。

Team - Second Round。

* This was the sixth world cup in a row where an African nation has progressed to the second round, and the first ever where an Oceanic nation progressed.。

* Teams advancing out of the first round for the first time are Ukraine, Australia, Ecuador and Ghana. Ukraine was the only one of them to advance to the quarter finals.。

* With reference to the May 2006 FIFA Rankings:。

o The average rank of the teams that progressed was 19.00.。

o The average rank of eliminated teams was 30.25.。

o Switzerland (35) was the lowest ranked team to win a group.。

o Ghana (48) was the lowest ranked team to progress to the second round.。

o The Czech Republic (2) was the highest ranked team to be eliminated in the group stage.。

o The USA (5) was the highest ranked team to come last in its group.。

o Group E was the only group where the third and fourth ranked teams (Italy (13) and Ghana (48)) progressed.。

o Group B - England (10), Sweden (16), Paraguay (33) and Trinidad and Tobago (47) - was the only group where the final group placings directly corresponded to the May 2006 FIFA rankings.。

o In four out of eight cases the lowest ranked team in the group progressed. These were Group A: Ecuador (39), Group E: Ghana (48), Group F: Australia (42), and Group H: Ukraine (45).。

* Although Czech Republic (Group E) and Korea Republic (Group G) topped their groups after their first game, they failed to progress to the Round of 16.。

* Portugal received the most yellow cards (9) in one game (against the Netherlands). The match also saw the most red cards (two to each side) in a single match in the history of the World Cup Finals, and tied the record of most yellow cards in a single match (16- 9 to Portugal, 7 to Netherlands).。

* This was considered, until the last day of the Group Stage, the first World Cup to have all six confederations in the Second Round. But with the loss of Korea Republic to Switzerland, Korea Republic did not qualify, and so there was no team from AFC.。

o From UEFA: Germany, Sweden, Italy, Switzerland, Ukraine, England, Portugal, Netherlands, Spain and France - 10 teams。

o From CONMEBOL: Argentina, Ecuador and Brazil - 3 teams。

o From CONCACAF: Mexico - 1 team。

o From OFC: Australia - 1 team。

o From CAF: Ghana - 1 team。

* Switzerland became the first team ever not to concede a goal in a world cup final tournament, and the first team to be eliminated despite not conceding any goals. They also became the first team not to score during kicks from the penalty mark in a World Cup.。

* Of the six former champions in the competition, all six have advanced to the quarter finals. The only non-former champions still in the competition are Portugal and Ukraine.。

* Six group winners advanced from the Round of 16 to the quarter-finals. The other two places in the quarter-finals were taken by teams who came second in their groups, Ukraine and France, who defeated Switzerland and Spain respectively.。

Organization

The official Adidas Teamgeist ball made for the World Cup。

Enlarge

The official Adidas Teamgeist ball made for the World Cup。

* For the first time at a World Cup, match officials were equipped with microphones and earpieces so they can communicate better with each other during each game.。

* The 2006 tournament featured a fifth official as a substitute for the referee's assistants. Although the fifth official can view a video monitor he isn't wired up to the referee's microphone and cannot therefore communicate what he sees directly to the referee. 。

* Of the twelve hosting stadia, only Zentralstadion in Leipzig is in the former German Democratic Republic (East Germany). Olympiastadion is in what was West Berlin and while it was certainly not within the old GDR, it was also not officially part of the Federal Republic of Germany either.。

* Adidas has supplied personalized match balls for every match of the tournament. On each of these "Teamgeist" balls the date of the match and the names of the national teams involved will appear. The ball used for the final match will be a special gold colour.。

* Two of team suppliers, Adidas and PUMA, are headquartered in Herzogenaurach, Germany. This is because their founders, Adolf Dassler and Rudolf Dassler respectively, are brothers.。

* The mascots for the competition are the lion Goleo VI and Pille, a talking football.。

* The official logo design, The Smiling Faces, incorporates the logo of the 2002 FIFA World Cup: a stylised version of the FIFA World Cup Trophy.。

* The county of Bad Kissingen is the only one to host two teams. Ecuador are based in the city of Bad Kissingen and Croatia in Bad Brückenau.[citation needed]。

* The 2006 FIFA World Cup was the first one to give environmental protection official project status with the "Green Goal" initiative. 。

Curiosities

A graph depicting significant Internet traffic decrease during the Netherlands - Serbia and Montenegro match (look between 15:00 - 17:00 on the 2nd peak)。

Enlarge

A graph depicting significant Internet traffic decrease during the Netherlands - Serbia and Montenegro match (look between 15:00 - 17:00 on the 2nd peak)。

* Spanish is the principal language of six represented countries, more than any other language, including five countries where it is the official tongue (Argentina, Costa Rica, Ecuador, Paraguay and Spain), and one (Mexico) where it is de facto the main language. This is followed by French and English, there being five competing countries where each is a principal language (Côte d'Ivoire, France, Switzerland, Tunisia, and Togo all have French as an official language, while English has official status in Ghana and Trinidad & Tobago, and is the main tongue in Australia, England and the USA). Portuguese is represented by three nations (Angola, Brazil, and Portugal). German (Germany and Switzerland), Italian (Italy and Switzerland), and Arabic (Saudi Arabia and Tunisia) are each represented in two. No other language has official status in more than one qualified nation.。

* The World Cup causes a significant decrease in Internet traffic.AMS-IX, an Internet relay company in the Netherlands, stated that during the match of the Netherlands against Serbia and Montenegro, there was a massive decrease in Dutch Internet usage, only coming back up lightly during half-time.。

* Before the match between Korea Republic and Togo, the organisers played the Korean national anthem twice before correctly playing the Togolese one.。

* 2006 FIFA World Cup (video game) is the official computer and video game for the World Cup. As with the previous World Cup game, 2002 FIFA World Cup, it is being published by EA Sports.。

* Hyundai Motor Company will supply 32 brand-new buses for use by the teams. To promote the tournament, a contest was held on the tournament's website. If a fan could supply a good slogan for their favorite team's bus, they would win tickets to the opening match. The 32 winning slogans were announced on May 22, 2006 and can be seen here.。

* The vocal group, Il Divo, and R&B singer, Toni Braxton, sang the official song Time of Our Lives . The official album was released in May 2006 which also included a special version of Shakira's newest hit "Hips Don't Lie".。

* Due to the official beer sponsor of the 2006 FIFA World Cup being Anheuser-Busch, hundreds of Dutch fans wearing orange lederhosen, which were part of Dutch brewer Bavaria's marketing campaign, were forced to take to the stands in their underwear. 。

* In the game between Australia and Croatia, referee Graham Poll showed Croatia's Josip Šimunić a second yellow card, but, confusingly, did not send him off after marking his match card incorrectly with the name of Australian defender Craig Moore. Poll later showed him a third yellow and this time showed him the red.。

* PUMA supplies the kit to 12 of the 32 finalists, making it the leader in this category. Adidas and Nike are joint runners-up with 7 each, while Umbro and Lotto supply two teams each, and Marathon and Joma furnish a single team each. The only group without a Puma-supplied team is Group G. In Group E, only the USA do not wear Puma kits.。

* Some hotels where teams lived during the tournament removed Western symbols. I. e.: At the hotel where Saudi-Arabia lived, hotel officials removed bibles, Coca-Cola, beer and other Western symbols. The hotel management also glued arrows at the wall into the direction where Mecca is for praying.。

2010年南非世界杯英文介绍

two-party system 。

n. 两党制度

[例句]Japan would then have a true two-party system in which political power and ideas are genuinely contested.。

到那时，日本就会建立起真正的两党制，所有的政治力量和政治主张就会得到真正的检测。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/contested-0.html