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坎巴拉太空计划-全组件用法详解。

2014-01-17来源：逗游网作者：互联网。

坎巴拉太空计划里面玩家可以通过各种组建的使用来建造自己想要的各种载具，可能很多新手玩家对组建及用法不太了解，下面是全组件用法解析，新手玩家可以看看。

全组件用法详解

ksc建筑物大致介绍

火箭装配大楼(VAB)功能介绍。

组件指令舱(载人部分)的介绍

各种名词解释

远程控制单元

推进模块

控制模块

结构件

气动(空气动力学组件)

辅助类(电池、电推、对接口、着陆架、降落伞、扶梯、灯、轮子)。

详细解析

首先，进入游戏之类的不多说了，点击开始游戏新建存档，sandbox沙盒模式，进入到我们的KSC坎巴拉航空中心。

点击VAB进入火箭装配大楼

整个的大图我就不贴了，免得卡那么多位置。这一排是各种组件，详细的我在下面再补充，值得一提的是最后一个，模块化设计，将你那些造好的火箭放进去到时候拿出来就不用重新拼了。

上面左边那个是你这个部件是要围着中间那个油罐圆对称放置多少个，一般用在捆绑助推这类工作的时候使用，右边那个是你安装组件的时候是否有一定的固定角度，说不是很能说得明白，实验一下就好。同时左边那个的快捷键是“x”，x键是增加，shift+x是减小，鼠标则是左右键。右边那个的快捷键是“c”。

下面三个图标是重力中心，升力中心还有推力中心。做垂直升降飞机的时候注意重心要在推力中心的轴上，做飞机则要把升力中心放在重心的后面。

如图黄色是重心，蓝色是升力中心，紫色是推力中心。

1就是原来的组件那些选项，2是设置动作组，3是对飞船上的人员进行编辑，中间的是名字，最后那个是旗子。

从左到右分别是新建、读取、保存、发射、退出。

接下来我们来介绍组件部分

第一类的是指令舱，红色圈着那个。蓝色线以上的是载人舱，以下的是无人舱，也就是远程控制单元。暂时来说，载人舱的使用范围没有明确的界定，但是一般来说第一行的第三个和第二行的1、2个是用作飞机的驾驶舱。而无人舱则需要有一定电量才能驱动。

然后我们以第一个载人舱作为例子。

首先是基本上所有组件都会有的几个数值，这里只说一遍，后面就不再赘述了。之后的相同一些东西我也是在第一次提到了之后就不再讲了。

Mass 质量

Drag 阻力

Crash Tolerance 撞毁速度，超过这个速度撞向地面会撞毁。

Max.Temperature 组件最高能承受的温度。

Crew Capacity 可容纳乘员数。

1. 大部分功能性组件可以按右键查看更多信息。

右键后：

Command 该组件为指令仓(所有指令仓)。

Minimum Crew toOperate 最小操作乘员数。

Reaction Wheel 该组件附带反作用轮(ps：所有的指令仓均自带一定的反作用轮，其作用是使飞行器具有一定的转向能力)。

如上图这个驾驶舱，本身具有俯仰、偏航、滚转9点的反作用轮，一般来说，三个数值是一样的(其实全部都是。。)。

Requires表示需要的资源。

例：上图，ElectricCharge：54.0/min.。

意思是，每分钟消耗54个单位的电，在反作用轮来说，是在满功率运转的所消耗的速度。

SAS

equipped这两行则是说明装备了sas姿态稳定系统，该系统能稳定你的姿态，其依赖的是反作用轮对飞行器姿态的调节，控制rcs也是可以的(rcs后面再说)。

Amount 携带了多少个单位的资源。

附在下面的Mass这则是以上资源占的质量是多少。

像驾驶舱就带了一定的电和rcs燃料(在0.23的版本中，小绿人出仓用的喷气背包使用的是rcs燃料)。

在远程控制单元，与载人舱不同的是，不能载人unmanned，还有requires每分钟需要消耗1.7的电(ps：没电的时候不可操控)。其他的载人舱和远程控制单元只是数值的不一样，我就不一一列出了。

我们点开一个载人舱，对其右键，发现可以编辑携带的资源。这是0.23的新特性，在VAB可以设定初始携带资源，滑动你所需要编辑的资源即可。

差点忘记说了，最后一个像椅子一样的，其实就是个椅子(笑)当他装在远程控制单元的时候，有人在上面时，可以当载人的载具使用，不过那个控制单元还是耗电的。

接下来是第二类，推进模块。蓝色部分是火箭用引擎，有些是径向安装，有些是侧挂的;红色是飞机用引擎，他消耗油和带氧的空气，而且不能消耗氧化剂;绿色的是0.23新出的引擎，可以切换模式，火箭用或者是飞机用;最后黑色的是固推，其特性是点火后不能关机，只能一直开着到燃料用尽为止;剩下的，均为火箭用油罐。

同样的，我们拿一个引擎作为例子。

Output at Full Power发动机功率最大时发电量。

Max.Thrust 最大推力，单位为千牛。

Min.Thrust 最小推力，单位为千牛。

Engine ISP 比冲，ASL为海平面大气内比冲，Vac为真空比冲(ps：简单理解为比冲越高，燃料越耐用)。

Propellants 需要的燃料。

Gimbal表示该发动机有矢量(部分发动机)(ps：矢量：既有大小又有方向的量。)。

(能发电的引擎会有个储存电力的地方用以储存其产生的电力)。

液体燃料引擎所消耗的是Liquid Fuel液体燃料 + Oxidizer 氧化剂。

固体燃料引擎所消耗的是Solid Fuel固体燃料。

而飞机用的引擎所消耗的是Liquid Fuel液体燃料 + Intake air 空气。

由于篇幅太长，其他类的引擎不再详细讲解，请自行查看。

带矢量的引擎可以设定是否关闭矢量，还有所有引擎都能设置的最大推力百分比(和仪表盘上的百分比的概念不一样)。

油罐可以设定初始载油量

红色为飞机用油罐，只装了Liquid Fuel液体燃料，蓝色上面的是rcs燃料罐，以供rcs喷口使用。剩下两个是小的火箭燃料罐。最有一个是油管，需要注意的是，油管是单向的，连接两个油罐时，前一个送油到后一个。

Mono Propellant RCS燃料。

补个图- -小绿人飞行背包的也是这个燃料(所以驾驶舱里面自带的也是这个燃料)。

接下来是第三类，控制模块。其实就是sas和rcs，sas前面已经提到过了。而rcs则是火箭调姿系统，一般用于姿态调整以及对接时的平移，参数什么的前面也已经说明了，就不再说了。

第四类是结构件，没啥好介绍了吧，结构件爱怎么用怎么用，绝对没使用限制。红色是各种分离器，径向和侧挂也不用我说了吧(ps：径向分离器分单向和双向的，图中所示的是单向的，箭头所指方向是脱离的方向)绿色的是发射用的支撑架。蓝色是钢筋，黑科技之一(使用方法：直接连接你所需要的两个组件)。用来加固火箭用的。

还是各种分离器和结构件，红色圈着的是双向的分离器，两边都不会留有分离器的。一般用于卫星之间的分离之类的。蓝色的特殊一提是，因为其萌萌的样子一般用来最很小型的车。。。

差点忘记说：

EjectionForce 分离力度。

No FuleCrossfeed 不能传输油料(分离器都不能传输油料，需要输油管相接才能传输，一般的结构件都能传输油料的)。

ps：shift+w、a、s、d、q、e可以微调放置组件的角度 而wasdqe则是90度调整。

第五类则是气动类

红色的是可动机翼

蓝色的是气动头锥和尾椎，还有一个结构件(都是没气动的作用的，算结构件)。

绿色的则是进气口，最后一个效率最高。

而剩下的是结构机翼

机翼的Lift Rating 为升力。

至于进气口，是不能保存空气的，于是乎IntakeAir里面提到的量只是个暂时保存的量，并不代表捕捉量。

Intakeresource 应该是类似捕捉类型之类的吧。

IntakeArea才是捕捉量。

第六类是各种辅助类的，直译过来是实用类的。由于东西比较多，我分开来讲。

第一个算是个居住仓，而且不能操控飞船，只能住人。

剩下的几个都是电池，数据怎么看前面也教了，pass。

红色的是核发电机

里面说的是，发电机会一直保持开启状态，下面的是发电量(outputs是输出)。

蓝色的是太阳能固定板，在大气中飞行不会损坏，重量轻，缺点是发电量小。

而剩下的(除最后两个，最后两个待会说)都是可展开的太阳能板，展开的时候在大气飞行，或者被撞击的时候会损坏。

红色圈着那三个，中间的是离子推进器，也就是传说中的电推。比冲超高，但是推力很小(相对现实来说推力太逆天了)他消耗的燃料是Xenon Gas氙气 + Electric Charge 电力，而接下来的两个就是氙气罐。

这五个，就是对接口，同直径的可以对接，第一个和最后一个是屏蔽式的，对接的时候需要把对接口打开才能用。下面中间那个是大口径的对接口，稳定度比中号的要好很多。中号的在对接重型飞行器的时候会晃动。下面的左边那个是小口径的对接口，比较少用，也是只能对接小口径的。剩下的中号可以通用。

第一个是不可折叠的扶梯，最后两个是降落伞，剩下的是着陆架，越大的会越稳定。

0.23的新特性，可以先在厂房放下着陆架，第一个按钮就是，第二个是锁定最高液压，液压系统是0.22加入的，在0.23这一特性再次被修改，可以锁定为最高液压。我的建议是，不要在着陆之前开启锁定，以防着陆时起不到避震的作用而弹起来，可以在着陆之后根据斜面调节是否锁定。

这四个是降落伞。其实，第一个橙色的是减速伞，半开的时候阻力比降落伞的阻力要大，而全开的时候阻力又会比降落伞要小。

这里我们用大号的降落伞做例子

StowedDrag 装填好时的阻力。

Semi-Deployed Drag 半开伞时的阻力。

Fully-Deployed Drag 完全开伞时的阻力。

Deployed Altitude 开伞高度。

Minimum air pressure 开伞最低气压。

同样的，伞支持一定的修改，上面的是数值是全开伞的高度，下面的是开伞最低气压。

后面四个，灯和梯子，灯需要的资源不讲了。

剩下的各种轮子，红色的是飞机用的，不自带动力，和现实飞机一样。

蓝色之所以圈起来是因为有点特别，这个待会再说。

我们先看其他3个轮子其中一个的数据。

Control type 控制类型。

Impact Tolerance 耐冲击程度。

Maximum Speed 最大速度，超过会爆胎。

Equipped with built in motor 内部配有马达。

没圈的三个轮子的控制类型是类似汽车那样的(AutomaticSteer)，靠轮子左右摆动转向的。

而蓝色圈着那个则是tanksteer，字面意思应该是像坦克那样的，不是用轮子左右摆动转向而是靠两边的轮子形成一个差速来转向的。

最下面的是耗电

通信类英文论文、英文文献

有时候内存条质量不好 与显卡 主板兼容性不好 就会出现这个问题 解决办法就是驱动要与主板最兼容的，内存再加一根 如果是32位系统就加到3 大概就这样解决。

联合国秘书长潘基文近日在联合国大会第64界会议一般性辩论的开幕式上致辞,题为《现在是我们的时刻》。

基于WIN CE的ADSL线路参数研究。

ADSL line parameters research based on WIN CE 。

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=jDmiKarm_EMC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=oJXbatzNWO&sig=fyomvlADYeB7NRS2gjTJAfpSapQ。

http://books.google.com.sg/books?hl=en&id=HsXaS5y6SZoC&dq=ADSL&printsec=frontcover&source=web&ots=EdCHuJT2WG&sig=QnNSogd7OIvYS7Z6Vr2UYal4iw8。

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Windows CE (also known officially as Windows Embedded CE since version 6.0[2][3], and sometimes abbreviated WinCE) is a variation of Microsoft's Windows operating system for minimalistic computers and embedded systems. Windows CE is a distinctly different kernel, rather than a trimmed-down version of desktop Windows. It is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded which is NT-based. It is supported on Intel x86 and compatibles, MIPS, ARM, and Hitachi SuperH processors.。

Features

Windows CE is optimized for devices that have minimal storage—a Windows CE kernel may run in under a megabyte of memory. Devices are often configured without disk storage, and may be configured as a “closed” system that does not allow for end-user extension (for instance, it can be burned into ROM). Windows CE conforms to the definition of a real-time operating system, with a deterministic interrupt latency. It supports 256 priority levels and uses priority inheritance for dealing with priority inversion. The fundamental unit of execution is the thread. This helps to simplify the interface and improve execution time.。

Microsoft has stated that the ‘CE’ is not an intentional initialism, but many people believe CE stands for ‘Consumer Electronics’ or ‘Compact Edition’; users often disparagingly called it “Wince”.[4] Microsoft says it implies a number of Windows CE design precepts, including “Compact, Connectable, Compatible, Companion, and Efficient.”[5] The first version, known during development under the codename “Pegasus”, featured a Windows-like GUI and a number of Microsoft's popular applications, all trimmed down for smaller storage, memory, and speed of the palmtops of the day.。

Since then, Windows CE has evolved into a component-based, embedded, real-time operating system. It is no longer targeted solely at hand-held computers. Many platforms have been based on the core Windows CE operating system, including Microsoft's AutoPC, Pocket PC 2000, Pocket PC 2002, Windows Mobile 2003, Windows Mobile 2003 SE, Windows Mobile 5.0, Windows Mobile 6, Smartphone 2002, Smartphone 2003 and many industrial devices and embedded systems. Windows CE even powered select games for the Sega Dreamcast, was the operating system of the controversial Gizmondo handheld, and can partially run on modified Microsoft Xbox game consoles.。

A distinctive feature of Windows CE compared to other Microsoft operating systems is that large parts of it are offered in source code form. First, source code was offered to several vendors, so they could adjust it to their hardware. Then products like Platform Builder (an integrated environment for Windows CE OS image creation and integration, or customized operating system designs based on CE) offered several components in source code form to the general public. However, a number of core components that do not need adaptation to specific hardware environments (other than the CPU family) are still distributed in binary form only.。

Development tools。

Visual Studio

Late versions of Microsoft Visual Studio support projects for Windows CE / Windows Mobile, producing executable programs and platform images either as an emulator or attached by cable to an actual mobile device. A mobile device is not necessary to develop a CE program. The .NET Compact Framework supports a subset of the .NET Framework with projects in C# and VB.NET, but not Managed C++.。

Platform Builder。

This programming tool is used for building the platform (BSP + Kernel), device drivers (shared source or custom made) and also the application. This is a one step environment to get the system up and running. One can also use Platform Builder to export an SDK (standard development kit) for the target microprocessor (SuperH, x86, MIPS, ARM etc.) to be used with another associated tool set named below.。

Embedded Visual C++ (eVC)。

The Embedded Visual C++ tool is for development of embedded application for Windows CE based devices. This tool can be used standalone using the SDK exported from Platform Builder or using the Platform Builder using the Platform Manager connectivity setup.。

Relationship to Windows Mobile, Pocket PC, and SmartPhone。

Often Windows CE, Windows Mobile, and Pocket PC are used interchangeably. This practice is not entirely accurate. Windows CE is a modular/componentized operating system that serves as the foundation of several classes of devices. Some of these modules provide subsets of other components' features (e.g. varying levels of windowing support; DCOM vs COM), others which are mutually exclusive (Bitmap or TrueType font support), and others which add additional features to another component. One can buy a kit (the Platform Builder) which contains all these components and the tools with which to develop a custom platform. Applications such as Excel Mobile/Pocket Excel are not part of this kit. The older Handheld PC version of Pocket Word and several other older applications are included as samples, however.。

Windows Mobile is best described as a subset of platforms based on a Windows CE underpinning. Currently, Pocket PC (now called Windows Mobile Classic), SmartPhone (Windows Mobile Standard), and PocketPC Phone Edition (Windows Mobile Professional) are the three main platforms under the Windows Mobile umbrella. Each platform utilizes different components of Windows CE, as well as supplemental features and applications suited for their respective devices.。

Pocket PC and Windows Mobile is a Microsoft-defined custom platform for general PDA use, and consists of a Microsoft-defined set of minimum profiles (Professional Edition, Premium Edition) of software and hardware that is supported. The rules for manufacturing a Pocket PC device are stricter than those for producing a custom Windows CE-based platform. The defining characteristics of the Pocket PC are the digitizer as the primary Human Interface Device and its extremely portable size.。

The SmartPhone platform is a feature rich OS and interface for cellular phone handsets. SmartPhone offers productivity features to business users, such as email, as well as multimedia capabilities for consumers. The SmartPhone interface relies heavily on joystick navigation and PhonePad input. Devices running SmartPhone do not include a touchscreen interface. SmartPhone devices generally resemble other cellular handset form factors, whereas most Phone Edition devices use a PDA form factor with a larger display.。

Windows Mobile 5 supports USB 2.0 and new devices running this OS will also conform to the USB Mass Storage Class, meaning the storage on PPC can be accessed from any USB-equipped PC, without requiring any extra software, except requiring a compliant host. In other words, you can use it as a flash drive.。

Competing products。

Competitors to consumer CE based PDA platforms like Pocket PC – the main application of Windows CE – are Java, Symbian OS, Palm OS, iPhone OS and Linux based packages like Qtopia Embedded Linux environment from Trolltech, Convergent Linux Platform from a La Mobile, and Access Linux Platform from Orange and Access.。

The secondary usage of CE is in devices in need of graphical user interfaces, (point of sale terminals, media centers, web tablets, thin clients) as the main selling point CE is the look and feel being similar to desktop Windows. The competition is Windows XP, Linux and graphical packages for simpler embedded operating systems.。

Being an RTOS, Windows CE is also theoretically a competitor to any realtime operating system in the embedded space, like VxWorks, ITRON or eCos. The dominating method, however, of mixing Windows look and feel with realtime on the same hardware, is to run double operating systems using some virtualization technology, like TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors or Intime from TenAsys in the case of Windows, and OS Ware from VirtualLogix, Padded Cell from Green Hills Software, OKL4 from Open Kernel Labs, TRANGO Hypervisor from TRANGO Virtual Processors, RTS Hypervisor from Real-Time Systems or PikeOS from Sysgo, in case of the competition.。

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Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a form of DSL, a data communications technology that enables faster data transmission over copper telephone lines than a conventional voiceband modem can provide. It does this by utilizing frequencies that are not used by a voice telephone call. A splitter - or microfilter - allows a single telephone connection to be used for both ADSL service and voice calls at the same time. Because phone lines vary in quality and were not originally engineered with DSL in mind, it can generally only be used over short distances, typically less than 3mi (5.5 km) [William Stallings' book].。

At the telephone exchange the line generally terminates at a DSLAM where another frequency splitter separates the voice band signal for the conventional phone network. Data carried by the ADSL is typically routed over the telephone company's data network and eventually reaches a conventional internet network. In the UK under British Telecom the data network in question is its ATM network which in turn sends it to its IP network IP Colossus.。

The distinguishing characteristic of ADSL over other forms of DSL is that the volume of data flow is greater in one direction than the other, i.e. it is asymmetric. Providers usually market ADSL as a service for consumers to connect to the Internet in a relatively passive mode: able to use the higher speed direction for the "download" from the Internet but not needing to run servers that would require high speed in the other direction.。

There are both technical and marketing reasons why ADSL is in many places the most common type offered to home users. On the technical side, there is likely to be more crosstalk from other circuits at the DSLAM end (where the wires from many local loops are close to each other) than at the customer premises. Thus the upload signal is weakest at the noisiest part of the local loop, while the download signal is strongest at the noisiest part of the local loop. It therefore makes technical sense to have the DSLAM transmit at a higher bit rate than does the modem on the customer end. Since the typical home user in fact does prefer a higher download speed, the telephone companies chose to make a virtue out of necessity, hence ADSL. On the marketing side, limiting upload speeds limits the attractiveness of this service to business customers, often causing them to purchase higher cost Digital Signal 1 services instead. In this fashion, it segments the digital communications market between business and home users。

How ADSL works

On the wire

Currently, most ADSL communication is full duplex. Full duplex ADSL communication is usually achieved on a wire pair by either frequency division duplex (FDD), echo canceling duplex (ECD), or time division duplexing (TDD). FDM uses two separate frequency bands, referred to as the upstream and downstream bands. The upstream band is used for communication from the end user to the telephone central office. The downstream band is used for communicating from the central office to the end user. With standard ADSL (annex A), the band from 25.875 kHz to 138 kHz is used for upstream communication, while 138 kHz – 1104 kHz is used for downstream communication. Each of these is further divided into smaller frequency channels of 4.3125 kHz. During initial training, the ADSL modem tests which of the available channels have an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio. The distance from the telephone exchange, noise on the copper wire, or interference from AM radio stations may introduce errors on some frequencies. By keeping the channels small, a high error rate on one frequency thus need not render the line unusable: the channel will not be used, merely resulting in reduced throughput on an otherwise functional ADSL connection.。

Vendors may support usage of higher frequencies as a proprietary extension to the standard. However, this requires matching vendor-supplied equipment on both ends of the line, and will likely result in crosstalk issues that affect other lines in the same bundle.。

There is a direct relationship between the number of channels available and the throughput capacity of the ADSL connection. The exact data capacity per channel depends on the modulation method used.。

[edit] Modulation。

ADSL initially existed in two flavours (similar to VDSL), namely CAP and DMT. CAP was the de facto standard for ADSL deployments up until 1996, deployed in 90 percent of ADSL installs at the time. However, DMT was chosen for the first ITU-T ADSL standards, G.992.1 and G.992.2 (also called G.dmt and G.lite respectively). Therefore all modern installations of ADSL are based on the DMT modulation scheme.。

Annexes J and M shift the upstream/downstream frequency split up to 276 kHz (from 138 kHz used in the commonly deployed annex A) in order to boost upstream rates. Additionally, the "all-digital-loop" variants of ADSL2 and ADSL2+ (annexes I and J) support an extra 256 kbit/s of upstream if the bandwidth normally used for POTS voice calls is allocated for ADSL usage.。

While the ADSL access utilizes the 1.1 MHz band, ADSL2+ utilizes the 2.2 MHz band.。

The downstream and upstream rates displayed are theoretical maxima. Note also that because Digital subscriber line access multiplexers and ADSL modems may have been implemented based on differing or incomplete standards some manufacturers may advertise different speeds. For example, Ericsson has several devices that support non-standard upstream speeds of up to 2 Mbit/s in ADSL2 and ADSL2+.。

[edit] Installation issues。

Due to the way it uses the frequency spectrum, ADSL deployment presents some issues. It is necessary to install appropriate frequency filters at the customer's premises, to avoid interferences with the voice service, while at the same time taking care to keep a clean signal level for the ADSL connection.。

In the early days of DSL, installation required a technician to visit the premises. A splitter was installed near the demarcation point, from which a dedicated data line was installed. This way, the DSL signal is separated earlier and is not attenuated inside the customer premises. However, this procedure is costly, and also caused problems with customers complaining about having to wait for the technician to perform the installation. As a result, many DSL vendors started offering a self-install option, in which they ship equipment and instructions to the customer. Instead of separating the DSL signal at the demarcation point, the opposite is done: the DSL signal is "filtered off" at each phone outlet by use of a low pass filter, also known as microfilter. This method does not require any rewiring inside the customer premises.。

A side effect of the move to the self-install model is that the DSL signal can be degraded, especially if more than 5 voiceband devices are connected to the line. The DSL signal is now present on all telephone wiring in the building, causing attenuation and echo. A way to circumvent this is to go back to the original model, and install one filter upstream from all telephone jacks in the building, except for the jack to which the DSL modem will be connected. Since this requires wiring changes by the customer and may not work on some household telephone wiring, it is rarely done. It is usually much easier to install filters at each telephone jack that is in use.。

软件测试的方法一共有几种

如果你说的是联大64界会议，题目是《现在是我们的时刻》，那么就不是近日的致辞，而是09年9月23号的事，全文翻译如下：

主席先生，

尊敬的各位国家元首和政府首脑，

尊敬的各位代表，

女士们先生们，

主席先生，请允许我热烈祝贺你担任主席。

我希望你获得圆满成功，并向你保证提供充分支持。

诸位阁下，

女士们先生们：

每年9月我们都聚集在这个庄严的殿堂。

我们来到这里，重申创始《宪章》——我们对人人享有和平、正义、人权和机会平等这些根本原则的信念。

我们对世界的状况做出评价，讨论当今的各种重大问题，为前进的道路勾画蓝图。

今年，大会第六十四届会议一般性辩论开始之际，我们正处在一个非同寻常的时刻，此时此刻，我们务必行动起来。

粮食危机，能源危机，经济衰退，流感肆虐，种种危机同时向我们袭来，世界期待着我们拿出解决办法。

如果说有一刻，时间在向我们提出召唤，行动起来，重新焕发多边主义精神，缔造一个真正采取集体行动的联合国，那么，这一刻便是现在。

诸位阁下，

尊敬的各位代表，

现在是我们的时刻。

此刻，我们要联合国再度“联合”。

联合目标，联合行动。

首先，今年联合国要行动起来，应对人类大家庭面临最为严峻的挑战……气候变化灾难性的威胁。

昨天，100位国家元首和政府首脑筹划了迈向哥本哈根的步伐。

他们认识到有必要达成一项所有国家均能接受的协议，这项协议要以各国能力为基础，以科学为指南，以“绿色就业”和“绿色增长”为根本，这是21世纪的生命线。

在通往哥本哈根的路上我们需要架起弥合分歧的桥梁，这一点我们能够做到，对此我深信不疑。

第二，在这一年中，所有国家要联合起来，在全世界消除核武器。

这件大事已沉睡多年，为时太久。

正由于此，去年10月我提出了一项5点计划，将裁军问题重新放到全球议程之上。

现在，国际气候正在发生变化。

俄罗斯联邦和美国都已承诺削减其核武库。

来年5月将举行联合国不扩散核武器条约审议大会，届时，我们将有机会推进实现真正进展。

明天，将由美国总统主持召开具有历史意义的安全理事会峰会，对我们来说这是第一次，是一个新的开端。

现在采取行动，我们可以获得使《全面禁止核试验》生效的批准书。

让我们携起手来，在这一年中达成协议，消除核弹。

第三，在这一年中，让我们在努力消除世界贫穷的工作中，注重关切那些落在后面的人们。

有些人谈及“复苏业已出现绿色萌芽”，但我们所看到的却是红色警示信号。

我们最近的报告“弱者的呼声”突出了这一新的危机。

准穷人正在变成新穷人。

今年，可能约有1亿人沦落到贫困线以下。

市场可能出现反弹，但收入和就业却没有。

人们愤怒。他们认为全球经济对他们不利。

正由于此，我们出台了《全球就业契约》，以实现均衡、持久的增长。

正由于此，我们创立了全球影响与脆弱性警报系统，据此我们可以获得有关全球社会经济状况的实时数据和分析。

我们需要知道是哪些人在哪里受到伤害，这样我们可以以最佳方式予以应对。

也正由于此，明年此时，我们将召开千年发展目标特别首脑会议。

距2015年只有五年时间，我们必须发起最后冲刺。

理所当然，我们将妇女和儿童放在首要的地位。

儿童基金会报告说，过去20年来，儿童死亡率下降了28%。在孕产妇保健和死亡率方面，我们也可望获得同样的进展。

防止性暴力侵害妇女，这必须是我们的首要任务。

我们要一致认识到：性暴力侵害妇女行为极为可憎，各国领导人对于其境内发生此类罪行要承担起个人责任。

当妇女死于分娩，当妇女沦为作为战争武器的强奸的受害者而又无处申诉，那么，我们联合国绝不能视若无睹。

也正由于此，最近诸位达成共识，决定成立处理妇女问题的单一机构。

在赋予妇女权力方面，我们被赋予的权力从来没有像现在这样强大。

诸位阁下，

本大会还重申在保护方面的责任。

在我们所处的当今时代，没有任何一个国家，无论大小，可以践踏其公民的人权而不受惩罚。

凡是出现冲突的地方，必须要伸张正义，追究责任。

正由于此，国际刑事法院具有极为重大的意义。我们期待明年5月在坎帕拉举行的审查会议，届时将有机会加强法庭的任务规定。

如果没有和平，没有安全，没有正义，那么，实现我们的崇高目标就无从谈起。

在达尔富尔，这意味着要巩固近来取得进展，完成我们的任务。到年底，我们的部署工作将完成90%。然而我们仍然缺乏至关重要的资产，特别是交通和直升机。

与此同时，我们必须刻不容缓地继续努力，在苏丹和整个区域实现更为广泛的稳定，并维护同苏丹南方的全面和平。

索马里仍然需要予以关注……无论是在支持非洲维和人员和政府方面，还是在国际反海盗斗争方面，都需要予以关注。

在斯里兰卡，我们将继续敦促重新安置、实现和解、追究责任。

我们欢迎该国政府承诺允许所有流离失所者在1月底之前返回家园，该国政府上星期向我的特使确认了这一点。

我们将做出积极努力，推动在缅甸实现自由和民主。上星期释放了一些政治犯，但还不够。

我们呼吁缅甸的朋友和邻国为了缅甸和缅甸人民的最佳利益做出更多的努力，要远远超过现有的努力。

如果明年的选举要被人们接受为可信和具有包容性的选举，那么，包括昂山素季在内的所有政治犯都必须释放。

我们为阻止加沙的流血做出努力。但人民仍然在遭受苦难。正义问题与责任问题必须解决。

我们必须为实现两国解决方案和中东全面和平重新开启谈判。我们支持美国为恢复和平谈判所作的努力，并将在四方框架内为此而奋斗。

在阿富汗，我们面临困难的环境。最近的选举暴露出严重的缺陷。然而我们不应忘记取得进展，凭借这些进展，我们可以开拓向前。

我们承诺帮助阿富汗人民度过漫漫长夜。我们将和阿富汗人民在一起。

我们还誓言与巴基斯坦人民站在一起。

我们在东帝汶、海地、塞拉利昂和尼泊尔取得了非凡的成就。我们看到伊拉克在悄然取得进展……在塞浦路斯也看到种种新的机遇。

现在是评价时局迈步向前的时刻。

女士们先生们，

最后，我想请各位环视一下四周。

本届联大结束之时，秘书处大楼将会搬空。

我们的工作人员将会分散到本市各处。

联合国将全部翻修。

我们的共同心愿是让装修一新的外表成为我们内核焕然一新的标志。

正由于此，我们强调为了更美好的世界建设一个更为强大的联合国。

在联合国一体行动方面，我们也取得进展。

我们在理顺建设和平方面阔步向前，使那些刚刚摆脱冲突的社会不至滑回冲突之中。

在调解和外交方面，我们开发了各种行之有效的工具，借助这些工具，我们可以阻止各种危机，使之不能发展成为范围更广、代价更为惨重的悲剧。

我们设立了外勤支助部，我们还编制了“新视野”战略，使维和行动更为灵活，更为有效。

在这方面，我们需要会员国的坚定支持，同样，在确保我们那些在危险地方服务的勇敢无畏的工作人员的安全方面，我们也需要会员国的坚定支持。许多工作人员都在我们共同奋斗的事业中丧生。

诸位阁下，

尊敬的各位代表，

尊敬的各位国家元首和政府首脑，

女士们先生们：

今年，我从北极的冰川边缘到蒙古的大草原，一路行来，亲眼目睹了气候变化对我们的地球和地球上的人民所带来的种种影响。

在刚果民主共和国，我见到了一位18岁的少女，她被士兵强奸。联合国就是她对新生活的希望。

从特立尼达和多巴哥、伦敦到拉奎拉，我在各次首脑会议上都强调一点，这一点是重中之重。

我们联合国是那些无声者的喉舌，是那些无力自卫者的卫士。

如果要给予那些无望者真正的希望，如果我们真正要柳暗花明，实现经济复苏，那么，我们必须为所有国家，为所有人民，实现这一目标。

如果我们携起手来，同舟共济，我们就会有无穷的力量。

今天我们聚集在一起，共同承担风险，共同担当责任，共同行动起来，面对这一非同寻常的时刻，共同创造历史。

悠悠岁月，今年重任犹未减。

这是因为……我们是联合国。

我们是人类最好的希望。

现在是我们的时刻。

谢谢。

英文原文：

"Now Is Our Time"。

New York, 23 September 2009。

Mr. President,

Distinguished Heads of State and Government,。

Distinguished Delegates,。

Ladies and Gentlemen,。

Mr. President, let me express my heartfelt congratulations on your assumption of the presidency.。

I wish you every success and assure you of my full support.。

Excellencies,

Ladies and Gentlemen:。

We gather - each and every September - in a solemn rite.。

We come to reaffirm our founding Charter-our faith in fundamental principles of peace, justice, human rights and equal opportunity for all.。

We assess the state of the world - engage on the key issues of the day - lay out our vision for the way ahead.。

This year- this opening of the General Debate of the 64th session of the General Assembly - asks us to rise to an exceptional moment.。

Amid many crises - food, energy, recession and pandemic flu, hitting all at once - the world looks to us for answers.。

If ever there were a time to act in a spirit of renewed multilateralism - a moment to create a United Nations of genuine collective action - it is now.。

Excellencies,

Distinguished Delegates,。

Now is our time.。

A time to put the "united" back into the United Nations.。

United in purpose. United in action.。

First-let us make this a year that we, united nations, rise to the greatest challenge we face as a human family - the threat of catastrophic climate change.。

Yesterday, 100 heads of state and government set out the next steps toward Copenhagen.。

They recognized the need for an agreement all nations can embrace, in line with their capabilities - consistent with what science requires - grounded in "green jobs" and "green growth," the lifeline of the 21st century.。

Our road to Copenhagen requires us to bridge our differences. I firmly believe we can.。

Second-let this be the year that nations united to free our world of nuclear weapons.。

For too long, this great cause has lain dormant.。

That is why, last October, I proposed a 5-point plan for putting disarmament back on the global agenda.。

And now - the international climate is changing.。

The Russian Federation and the United States have pledged to cut their nuclear arsenals.。

This coming May, at the UN Review Conference on the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, we have an opportunity to push for real progress.。

Tomorrow's historic Security Council summit-chaired by the President of the United States, with us for the first time-offers a fresh start.。

With action now, we can get the ratifications to bring the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty into force.。

Together, let us make this - the year we agreed to banish the bomb.。

Third-in our fight against world poverty, let this be the year we focus on those left behind.。

Some speak of "green shoots of recovery" - but we see red flags of warning.。

Our recent report - "Voices of the Vulnerable" - highlights a new crisis.。

The near-poor are becoming the new poor.。

An estimated 100 million people could fall below the poverty line this year.。

Markets may be bouncing back, but incomes and jobs are not.。

People are angry. They believe the global economy is stacked against them.。

That is why we have put forward a Global Jobs Pact for balanced and sustainable growth.。

That is why we are creating a new Global Impact Vulnerability Alert System, giving us real-time data and analysis on the socio-economic picture around the world.。

We need to know who is being hurt, and where, so we can best respond.。

That is also why, next year at this time, we will convene a special summit on the Millennium Development Goals.。

With only five years to go, we must mount a final push toward 2015.。

Rightly, we put women and children at the fore.。

UNICEF reports a 28 percent decline in child mortality over the past two decades. We can hope for similar progress on maternal health and mortality.。

The prevention of sexual violence against women must be a top priority.。

Let us agree: these acts are an abomination. Leaders of every nation are personally accountable when such crimes are committed within their borders.。

When women die in childbirth, when they are raped as a weapon of war and have nowhere to turn, we of the UN cannot look the other way.。

And that is why, just recently, you agreed to create a single agency to address women's issues.。

We have never been more empowered to empower women.。

Excellencies,

This Assembly also reaffirmed the responsibility to protect.。

In our modern era, no nation, large or small, can violate the human rights of its citizens with impunity.。

Where conflicts arise, justice and accountability should follow.。

That is why the work of the International Criminal Court is so vital. We look to the review conference in Kampala, next May, as an opportunity to strengthen its mandate.。

We can achieve none of our noble goals without peace, security and justice.。

In Darfur, that means consolidating recent progress and delivering on our mandate. We will be 90 percent deployed by year's end. Yet we still lack critical assets, particularly transport and helicopters.。

Meanwhile, we must continue to work, urgently, for the broader stability of Sudan and the region and shore up the comprehensive peace with South Sudan.。

Somalia continues to demand attention -whether to support African peacekeepers and the government or international anti-piracy efforts.。

We will continue to press for resettlement, reconciliation and accountability in Sri Lanka.。

We welcome the government's commitment to allow all displaced persons to return to their homes by the end of January-as reaffirmed last week to my envoy.。

We will work hard for freedom and democracy in Myanmar. The release of some political prisoners last week falls short of what is needed.。

We call on Myanmar's friends and neighbors to do more - much more-in the best interests of Myanmar and its people.。

If next year's elections are to be accepted as credible and inclusive, all political prisoners must be released - including Daw Aung San Suu Kyi.。

We worked to stop the bloodshed in Gaza. Yet people continue to suffer. Issues of justice and accountability need to be addressed. We must revive negotiations toward a two-state solution and a comprehensive peace in the Middle East.。

In Afghanistan, we face a difficult environment. Recent elections revealed serious defects. Yet we should not forget the progress made - progress we can build on.。

We are committed to seeing the Afghans through their long night. We will stay with them.。

We pledge to stand, as well, with the people of Pakistan.。

We have made significant progress in Timor Leste, Haiti, Sierra Leone and Nepal. We see quiet progress in Iraq - and fresh opportunities in Cyprus.。

Now is the time to take stock and move forward.。

Ladies and Gentlemen,。

Let me close by inviting you to look around you.。

By the end of this General Assembly, our Secretariat building will be empty.。

Our staff will have dispersed across the city.。

Our United Nations will be completely renovated.。

Our common ambition - is to make this outward renovation -the symbol of our inward renewal.。

That is why we have placed such emphasis on building a stronger UN for a better world.。

We have made progress in Delivering as One UN.。

We have made strides in getting "peace-building" right, so that societies emerging from war do not slide back into conflict.。

We have sharpened our tools of mediation and diplomacy so that we can stop crises from escalating into broader and more costly tragedies.。

We created the Department of Field Support, and we are developing the "New Horizons" strategy to make peacekeeping more agile and effective.。

In this, we need the strong support of Member States - just as we do to secure the safety of our brave staff serving in dangerous places.。

A record number - 132 -lost their lives last year in the causes we all serve.。

Excellencies,

Distinguished Delegates,。

Heads of State and Government,。

Ladies and Gentlemen:。

This year, I have traveled from the ice rim of the Arctic to the steppes of Mongolia. I have seen, first-hand, the effects of climate change on our planet and its people.。

In the Democratic Republic of Congo, I met an 18-year-old girl raped by soldiers. Her hope for a new life is the United Nations.。

At summits from Trinidad and Tobago, London to L'Aquila, I have spoken out on one point above all others.。

We of the UN are the voice of the voiceless, the defenders of the defenseless.。

If we are to offer genuine hope to the hopeless -if we are to truly turn the corner to economic recovery - then we must do so for all nations and all people.。

So much is possible if we act together.。

Together, we are here to take risks - to assume the burden of responsibility - to rise to an exceptional moment - to make history.。

This year, of all years, asks no less.。

Because - we are the United Nations.。

We are the best hope for humankind.。

And now is our time.。

Thank you.

bbc一分钟英语短新闻加中文翻译

1、从是否关心内部结构来看

（1）白盒测试：又称为结构测试或逻辑驱动测试，是一种按照程序内部逻辑结构和编码结构，设计测试数据并完成测试的一种测试方法。

（2）黑盒测试：又称为数据驱动测试，把测试对象当做看不见的黑盒，在完全不考虑程序内部结构和处理过程的情况下，测试者仅依据程序功能的需求规范考虑，确定测试用例和推断测试结果的正确性，它是站在使用软件或程序的角度，从输入数据与输出数据的对应关系出发进行的测试。

（3）灰盒测试：是一种综合测试法，它将“黑盒”测试与“白盒”测试结合在一起，是基于程序运行时的外部表现又结合内部逻辑结构来设计用例，执行程序并采集路径执行信息和外部用户接口结果的测试技术。

2、从是否执行代码看

（1）静态测试：指不运行被测程序本身，仅通过分析或检查源程序的语法、结构、过程、接口等来检查程序的正确性。

(2)动态测试：是指通过运行被测程序，检查运行结果与预期结果的差异，并分析运行效率、正确性和健壮性等性能指标。

3、从开发过程级别看

（1）单元测试：又称模块测试，是针对软件设计的最小单位----程序模块或功能模块，进行正确性检验的测试工作。其目的在于检验程序各模块是否存在各种差错，是否能正确地实现了其功能，满足其性能和接口要求。

(2)集成测试：又叫组装测试或联合，是单元测试的多级扩展，是在单元测试的基础上进行的一种有序测试。旨在检验软件单元之间的接口关系，以期望通过测试发现各软件单元接口之间存在的问题，最终把经过测试的单元组成符合设计要求的软件。

（3）系统测试：是为判断系统是否符合要求而对集成的软、硬件系统进行的测试活动、它是将已经集成好的软件系统，作为基于整个计算机系统的一个元素，与计算机硬件、外设、某些支持软件、人员、数据等其他系统元素结合在一起，在实际运行环境下，对计算机系统进行一系列的组装测试和确认测试。

在系统测试中，对于具体的测试类型有：

（1）功能测试：对软件需求规格说明书中的功能需求逐项进行的测试，以验证功能是否满足要求。

（2）性能测试：对软件需求规格说明书的功能需求逐项进行的测试，以验证功能是否满足要求。

（3）接口测试：对软件需求规格说明中的接口需求逐项进行的测试。

（4）人机交互界面测试：对所有人机交互界面提供的操作和显示界面进行的测试，以检验是否满足用户的需求。

（5）强度测试：强制软件运行在异常乃至发生故障的情况下（设计的极限状态到超出极限），验证软件可以运行到何种程序的测试。

（6）余量测试：对软件是否达到规格说明中要求的余量的测试。

（7）安全性测试：检验软件中已存在的安全性、安全保密性措施是否有效的测试，

（8）可靠性测试：在真实的或仿真的环境中，为做出软件可靠性估计而对软件进行的功能（其输入覆盖和环境覆盖一般大于普通的功能测试）

（9）恢复性测试：对有恢复或重置功能的软件的每一类导致恢复或重置的情况，逐一进行的测试。

（10）边界测试：对软件处在边界或端点情况下运行状态的测试。

（11）数据处理测试：对完成专门数据处理功能所进行的测试。

（12）安装性测试：对安装过程是否符合安装规程的测试，以发现安装过程中的错误。

（13）容量测试：检验软件的能力最高能达到什么程度的测试。

（14）互操作性测试：为验证不同软件之间的互操作能力而进行的测试。

（15）敏感性测试：为发现在有效输入类中可能引起某种不稳定性或不正常处理的某些数据的组合而进行的测试。

（16）标准符合性测试：验证软件与相关国家标准或规范（如军用标准、国家标准、行业标准及国际标准）一致性的测试。

（17）兼容性测试：验证软件在规定条件下与若干个实体共同使用或实现数据格式转换时能满足有关要求能力的测试。

（18）中文本地化测试：验证软件在不降低原有能力的条件下，处理中文能力的测试。

4、从执行过程是否需要人工干预来看。

（1）手工测试：就是测试人员按照事先为覆盖被测软件需求而编写的测试用例，根据测试大纲中所描述的测试步骤和方法，手工地一个一个地输 入执行，包括与被测软件进行交互（如输入测试数据、记录测试结果等），然后观察测试结果，看被测程序是否存在问题，或在执行过程中是否会有一场发生，属于比较原始但是必须执行的一个步骤。

（2）自动化测试：实际上是将大量的重复性的测试工作交给计算机去完成，通常是使用自动化测试工具来模拟手动测试步骤，执行用某种程序设计语言编写的过程（全自动测试就是指在自动测试过程中，不需要人工干预，由程序自动完成测试的全过程；半自动测试就是指在自动测试过程中，需要手动输入测试用例或选择测试路径，再由自动测试程序按照人工指定的要求完成自动测试）

5、从测试实施组织看

（1）开发测试：开发人员进行的测试。

（2）用户测试：用户方进行的测试。

（3）第三方测试：有别于开发人员或用户进行的测试，由专业的第三方承担的测试，目的是为了保证测试工作的客观性。

6、从测试所处的环境看

（1）阿尔法测试：是由一个用户在开发环境下进行的测试，也可以是公司内部的用户在模拟实际操作环境下进行的测试。

（2）贝塔测试：是用户公司组织各方面的典型终端用户在日常工作中实际使用贝塔版本，并要求用户报告。

扩展资料

软件测试的内容：

1 得到需求、功能设计、内部设计说书和其他必要的文档。

2 得到预算和进度要求

3 确定与项目有关的人员和他们的责任、对报告的要求、所需的标准和过程 ( 例如发行过程、变更过程、等等 )。

4 确定应用软件的高风险范围，建立优先级、确定测试所涉及的范围和限制。

5 确定测试的步骤和方法 ── 部件、集成、功能、系统、负载、可用性等各种测试。

6 确定对测试环境的要求 ( 硬件、软件、通信等 )。

7 确定所需的测试用具 (testware) ，包括记录 / 回放工具、覆盖分析、测试跟踪、问题 / 错误跟踪、等等。

8 确定对测试的输入数据的要求。

9 分配任务和任务负责人，以及所需的劳动力。

10 设立大致的时间表、期限、和里程碑。

11 确定输入环境的类别、边界值分析、错误类别。

12 准备测试计划文件和对计划进行必要的回顾。

13 准备白盒测试案例

14 对测试案例进行必要的回顾 / 调查 / 计划。

15 准备测试环境和测试用具，得到必需的用户手册 / 参考文件 / 结构指南 / 安装指南，建立测试跟踪过程，建立日志和档案、建立或得到测试输入数据。

16 得到并安装软件版本

17 进行测试

18 评估和报告结果

19 跟踪问题 / 错误，并解决它。

20 如果有必要，重新进行测试。

21 在整个生命周期里维护和修改测试计划、测试案例、测试环境、和测试用具。

参考资料：百度百科-软件测试

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/deployed-90.html