dickens-90

请教 英国 美国文学史梗概

（1812～1870）Charles．Dickens。

查理斯·狄更斯(Charles Dickens，1812--1870)是英国十九世纪伟大的批判现实主义作家，一生创作了大量作品，广泛描写了19世纪英国维多利亚时代的社会生活，揭露了资产阶级金钱世界的种种罪恶。

[编辑本段]生平：

1812年3月7日，狄更斯出生在英国南部朴次茅斯的波特西地区一个贫寒的小职员家庭里。父亲是海军会计处的小职员，因无法清偿债务而被投进债务监狱。这时刚满10岁的狄更斯不得不挑起全家生活重担，11岁时就被送到一家皮鞋油作坊去当童工。为节省开支，母亲和弟妹都搬进监狱和父亲住在一起。狄更斯在外做工，每逢星期日领到薪水就买些食物去监狱看望父母弟妹。后来狄更斯的父亲继承了一位远亲的一笔遗产，还请债务后出狱。狄更斯离开鞋油作坊进入一家小学读书，对学校里摧残儿童的野蛮教育十分反感。狄更斯充满痛苦的童年生活，使他一生对穷人，特别是对贫苦儿童怀着深切同情，后来写了不少儿童题材的作品，如《大卫·科波菲尔》中就有他童年生活的影子。

由于家庭贫穷，狄更斯从16岁开始，先后做过律师的抄写员、事务所的信差、法院的速记员，这使他走遍伦敦的大街小巷，出入法院和监狱，接触到各种人物，了解到各种诉讼案件。1832年他又当了报社的采访记者。担任记者期间，他有机会广泛地接触英国社会，常去国会记录辩论情况，目睹了资产阶级党派斗争的肮脏内幕，了解了辩论中揭露出来的上流社会的大量罪恶事实，这为他以后的文学创作搜集了丰富的生活素材。

狄更斯自幼就与文学结下了不解之缘。童年时代，他就阅读了《鲁滨逊飘流记》、《天方夜谭》等大量小说。他的父亲爱好戏剧，经常让小狄更斯表演各种戏剧，叙述表演体会，教他背诵诗歌，即兴创作。这种教育虽使小狄更斯吃了不少苦头，却也培养了他的文学兴趣和刻苦学习的精神。他经常利用为伦敦几家报刊工作的业余时间到大英博物馆图书阅览室学习，从当采访记者时就开始了文学创作。1836年到1837年，狄更斯分期发表了他的第一部小说《匹克威克外传》，受到读者的普遍欢迎。此后他脱离新闻工作，开始了专门从事文学创作的生涯。1842年，他访问了美国。从1844年起，他常常携同家人在瑞士、法国和意大利等国居住。1846年，他创办进步报刊《每日新闻》，并担任主编。1858年，他以杰出朗诵家身份在国内作朗诵旅行；1867年至1868年再度访美。狄更斯一生不知疲倦地写作严重损害了他的健康，1870年年6月9日，这位英国文坛上的“天之骄子” 在赶写他的最后一部小说《爱德温·德鲁德之谜》时，患脑溢血去世。狄更斯在死前的遗嘱中写道：“……我绝对要求把我的丧事办得朴素、简洁。不要张扬。不要在报上发讣告……用普通的字型在墓碑上刻上我的名字就行了，而不用加什么，‘先生’、‘阁下’之类的字眼。恳请我的朋友们不要为我建造纪念碑、撰写悼念文章。我的书会让人们记得我的--对我来说，这就足够了……”除了纪念碑外，狄更斯的遗愿基本上都得到了尊重。但是他的死引起了全英国人民的哀悼,骨灰被安葬在威斯敏斯特的“诗人之角”。

[编辑本段]创作 ：

一生共创作长篇小说13部半，其中多数是近百万言的大部头作品，中篇小说20余部，短篇小说数百篇，特写集一部，长篇游记两部，《儿童英国史》一部，以及大量演说词 、书信 、散文、杂诗。他多次去欧洲大陆游历、旅居，两次访问美国 ，中年以后先后创办《家常话》和《一年四季》期刊两种，发现和培养了一批文学新人。

狄更斯生活和创作的时间，正是19世纪中叶维多利亚女王时代前期。狄更斯毕生的活动和创作，始终与时代潮流同步。他主要以写实笔法揭露社会上层和资产阶级的虚伪、贪婪、卑琐、凶残，满怀激愤和深切的同情展示下层社会，特别是妇女、儿童和老人的悲惨处境，并以严肃、审慎的态度描写开始觉醒的劳苦大众的抗争。与此同时，他还以理想主义和浪漫主义的豪情讴歌人性中的真、善、美，憧憬更合理的社会和更美好的人生。

狄更斯早期的小说，气势宏伟，通俗流畅，幽默泼辣而又充满感伤情调，其中对社会的揭露批判，一般只限于局部的制度和领域。如《奥列佛·特维斯特》、《尼古拉斯·尼克尔贝》、《老古玩店》、《马丁·朱述尔维特》、《圣诞欢歌》等。

从《董贝父子》以后，狄更斯的创作更为成熟。这部小说通过当贝先生与儿子保罗、女儿弗洛伦斯的关系，探讨了财势对人类美好天性的侵蚀，体现了作家对人类社会前途的忧患感。狄更斯的重要代表作《大卫·科波菲尔》进一步深入探索人生的奋斗历程，具有自传性，是反映19世纪中叶英国中下层社会的长幅画卷。主人公大卫是当时社会中为善良而奋斗、坚持正义的中产阶级青年的楷模。《荒凉山庄》、《艰难时世》、《小杜丽》是3部政治意识很强的重头作品。《荒凉山庄》以错综复杂的情节揭露英国法律制度和司法机构的黑暗；《艰难时世》直接描写罢工斗争，是对英国宪章运动的策应；《小杜丽》详尽描绘了负债人的监狱生活，同时也更为深入地揭露了英国官僚制度和机构的冗繁、腐朽。

狄更斯的后期作品明显地反映出创作主题的不断深化、技艺方面的成熟和多方面的探索。《远大前程》可以视为《大卫·科波菲尔》的负面，但探讨人生道路方面更有现实性和警世性，而作者早年的乐观态度明显减少。主人公匹普也是孤儿，但经不起环境的诱惑丧失了原有的淳朴天性，经历严酷的磨难后才翻然悔悟，重新生活，整个小说在结构上也更精练。《我们共同的朋友》是又一部广泛深入社会的批判小说，其中所包含的人性探索和生活哲理也更见深刻，作品运用的象征主义和侦探小说手法更增添其艺术魅力。狄更斯最后一部小说《埃德温·德鲁德之谜》虽仅完成23章，从中也可见其精雅文笔、严谨构思以及诱人的悬念和神秘色彩。

狄更斯的小说作品中，早期的《巴纳贝·拉吉》和后期的《双城记》是历史小说。《巴纳贝·拉吉》以18世纪末英国清教徒反对天主教统治的高登暴动为背景；《双城记》以法国大革命为背景。两部小说同样具有明显的讽喻性和警戒性，旨在说明不合理的制度和统治必定导致人民奋起反抗，而奋起的群众(狄更斯称之为“暴民”)犹如洪水猛兽，会一发而不可收拾，形成巨大的非理性破坏力量。两部小说无疑都代表了狄更斯的改良主义立场和悲观主义历史观，而《双城记》中以牺牲自己生命换取自己所爱女子的幸福的西德尼卡尔登，是狄更斯最高道德理想的化身，也是他的小说中反复颂扬的高尚情操的终曲。从这两部小说栩栩如生的描述、扣人心弦的情节，可以发现历史小说家司各特的明显影响。尤其是《双城记》，笔墨精雅深奥、结构简练完美、悬念重重设置以及对人生哲理和人物潜意识活动方面富有创造性的探索，历来被认为是狄更斯的最佳小说之一。

[编辑本段]影响 ：

狄更斯以其小说创作篇幅宏大，气势磅礴，内容包罗万象，风格雅俗共赏、丰富多彩，生前即已饮誉国内外，是英国19世纪小说繁荣时期最杰出的代表作家，19世纪英国最受欢迎的作家，影响遍及欧美以及世界各国,他被后世奉为“召唤人们回到欢笑和仁爱中来的明灯”，马克思把他和他同时代德英国著名作家萨克雷等誉为英国的“一批杰出的小说家”。他的作品以及根据这些作品演化而成的各种通俗、儿童读物和娱乐节目在世界范围内流传更广。在中国，早在20世纪初林纾等人就翻译过狄更斯的小说，许多优秀名作都有了中文译本。

查尔斯狄更斯的英文介绍?

汗，这是一学期的内容啊 。。。

美国文学史梗概

一、殖民地时代和美国建国初期

最早来自这片新大陆的欧洲移民主要是定居在新英格兰的清教徒和马萨诸塞的罗马天主教徒，二者虽然在教义上有很多不同之处，但他们都信奉加尔文主义：人生在世只是为了受苦受难，而他们唯一的希望是争做上帝的“选民”，死后进天国，相信“原罪”。这时的文学作品也主要反映了这些思想，和欧洲文学一脉相承。

代表作家：考顿·马瑟，乔纳森·爱德华兹，安妮·布拉兹特里特，爱德华·泰勒。

二、18世纪独立战争胜利后，美国经济社会进入稳步发展时期。

这一时期是启蒙主义文学运动的时期，主要文学指导思想是“自然神论”（Deism），强调理性，认为“宇宙的运动始于上帝”；自然万物是“神的体现”，人生在世，不再是受苦受难以换取来世的新生，而是要消灭种族、性别和信仰的不平等，建立自己的“人间乐园”。

主要特点：作家多是美国独立战争的积极拥护者和参加者；文学指导思想除了自然神论之外还有“唯理主义”和“新古典主义”，18世纪末还开始萌发了“早期浪漫主义”；文学种类主要有历史、日记和政论，也有诗歌，讽刺小品和劝人向善的故事，18世纪末还产生了话剧。

启蒙运动中出现大量优秀的散文作品，并多出自开国元勋之手，如本杰明·富兰克林，托马斯·潘恩，以及托马斯·杰斐逊。

三、19世纪南北战争时期

这一时期的文学先后发展了浪漫主义，现实主义和自然主义。

浪漫主义：18世纪70年代－19世纪30年代是浪漫主义发展的初期，南北战争前30年（1830－1860）为极盛时期，南北战争后10年逐渐衰微并向现实主义过度。浪漫主义注重“想象”、“激情”和“个性解放”，认为人本质是善良的，铲除邪恶和拯救人类的手段是抛弃一切传统束缚，摧毁一切陈规陋习而回归到“自然的原始状态中去。超验主义是其一分支，强调“天人合一”，认为上帝、人类和自然都是“超灵”的组成部分。

代表作家及作品：爱默生《自然》，索罗《瓦尔登湖》，霍桑《红字》，麦尔维尔《白鲸》，惠特曼《草叶集》。

现实主义：是美国政治、经济发展的必然产物，西部开拓运动、工业化、科学技术的进步都促进了其发展。现实主义的作家一般为实用主义和民主主义的信徒，他们追求和反映的是具有具有显而易见效果并被经验证实了的相对真理，他们创作题材的是普通人平常事，是中产阶级艺术的最高表现。

豪威尔斯是现实主义的奠基人，他发现了马克·吐温，鼓励和帮助了亨利·詹姆斯，影响了自然主义作家弗兰·克诺里斯和斯蒂芬·克莱恩。

自然主义：是现实主义的发展和继续，是现实主义与19世纪科学所强调的“分析法”和“因果律”互相结合的产物，有时被称为“悲观的现实主义”，认为人是一种软弱无能的动物，被置于机械化的世界汇总而成为这一世界中难以驾御的几种势力（包括环境、自然、遗传等）的牺牲品。

其里程碑是：19世纪70、80年代左拉的小说的出版，90年代克莱恩的《红色英勇徽章》，1900年德莱塞《嘉莉妹妹》，1912年《金融家》，1925年《美国的悲剧》。

四、20世纪美国文学经历了两次世界大战，跨越了三个时代。

a) 斯文时代（1880－1914，The Genteel Age）：这是一个跨世纪的，美国经济繁荣的时代。此时的美国文学与欧洲文学之间有着某种暧昧关系，本质上是欧洲式的和美国的小欧洲新英格兰式的。此时以西奥多·罗斯福为代表的民族主义在文学上有着强烈的反映，人们还念念不忘美国与欧洲的文化联系与差异。

b) 爵士时代（1918－1929, The Jazz Age）：一战后，产生了一代不受约束，幻想破灭了和玩世不恭的年青人，被格特鲁德·斯坦因称为“迷惘的一代”。

c) 经济萧条时代（1929－1941，The Depression Era）：20年代的玩世不恭的态度在此时转化为一种愤愤不平的悲观主义，30年代美国文学转向了“社会抗议文学”，“心理之学”和追求人的精神世界。

美国文学先后经历了现代主义，和后现代主义思潮：

现代主义：一战后到50年代，是一场自觉地反传统的文学艺术运动，表现无意识的荒谬心态，如斯坦因，乔伊斯的小说，运用意识流的手法，如福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》和《我弥留之际》；在组织构架上偏爱用神话，如艾略特的《荒原》，庞德的《诗章》，乔伊斯的《尤利西斯》；风格上以“意象”为主，语言上主张简洁、准确；题材上主要反映一战参与者的生活、思想、感情和前途命运，如多斯珀索斯的《三个士兵》，海明威的《太阳照样升起》，《永别了，武器》，描写了精神崩溃与幻想破灭的一代人。

邪恶是这是文学的主要题材之一，艾略特、弗罗斯特、奥尼尔、卡明斯、埃利森的作品中都有体现。

后现代主义：在二战后，纳粹极权主义大屠杀、原子弹、自然环境的破坏、世界人口过剩和饥荒造成西方人的精神摧残与危机，作家继续进行现代主义反传统的文艺实验，而且企图与当时业已形成规范的现代主义文艺形式决裂。后现代主义主张否定社会秩序，表现支离破碎的世界，认为文艺批评就是现象学形式的理论。此时，美国黑人文学，犹太文学，南方文学，反战文学和女权主义文学竞相发展。

小说家托马斯·品钦，诗人西尔维亚·普莱斯，戏剧家艾玛穆·阿米里·巴拉卡为典型的后现代主义作家。

索尔·贝娄，艾伦·金斯伯格，拉尔夫·埃里森，田纳西·威廉斯，阿瑟·密勒和爱德华·阿尔比是从现代主义向后现代主义过渡的著名作家。

20世纪美国文学的两个特征：

1. 现代主义作家一般是反对传统观念而提倡“个人主义”的或者说他们打破了美国社会、道德和文学的常规。

2. 现代作家潜心探索一种真正属于美国人民的写作手法和语言风格，他们试图以纯美国的方式进行创作。

英国的是我的笔记

英国文学史笔记

英国文学史笔记

1. Childe Harold’s Pilipimage。

the poem tells of Childe Harold’s (A youth of noble birth) travels in Europe. Harold is young aristocrat whose “world-weariness” be speaks his loathing for English high society ,He leaves him country to escape from the society he hears and hates being solitary and melancholy he seek the company ship of mountains and seas .But beneath this melancholia(精神忧郁症) is a sad earnest a suffering young man of ardent feelings with a keen understanding and a strong love of freedom .Besides Harold’s impressions of the countries he visits. The poem in interspersed with a lyrical out bursts representing Byron’s own philosophical and political views .At First the views are express through the mouth of Hreold ,but by and by the creator and the creation become one the poet steps from the backstage to the fore and speaks directory to the audience himself. 。

2. The cricissitudes of his life and his adventures in many countries are described against caries social backgrounds and he is seen to take part in different historical events this giving amid panorama of contemporary life (ababcc )。

3. Don Juan 。

Don Juan is Byron’s masterpiece writer in the prime of his creative power .His aim was to remove the choak which the manners and max of high society throw over their secret signs and show that to the world as they are .He called this poem an epic satire .A satire on abuse of the present state of society almost all Don Juan is real life .Either my own of from people I know. In Don Juan Byron displayed his genius as romanticist and a realist simultaneously 。

4. Ozymandias。

The author shows his strong love behavior and his consistent hatred for tyranny. In this poem he also expresses his long for the nevenage of a once tyrannical King.。

5. Ode to the West Wind。

The west wind is considered a “destroyer” because it drive the last sign of life from trees, it’s is also considered the “preserver” because it scatters the seas which was come to life in spring.。

6. To a Sky-Lark。

The author portrays the softy flight of the sky-lark, the west wind and the sky-lark are symbols of freedom spiritual vitality that the poet want to possess desperate his bitter criticism of the harsh society. The poet fuses in both poems a note of optimism of promising for humanity.。

7. John Keats。

About poem: To Keats poetry exist for it’s own sake if preoccupy with philosophy or politic or any course at all, it will lose it’s own identity or quality 。

Aim: Keats was not only the last but the most perfect of Romanticist the only artistic aim in this poetry was to create a beautiful world imagination as apposed to the Sophie realistic of his days。

创作原则: "beauty is truth, truth beauty " at the bottom of his poem lies his this satisfaction with the society in which he lied and experienced great miseries and sufferings。

8. On First Looking into Chapman’s Homer。

韵律韵脚：ABBA，ABBA，CDCD，CD（意大利）

9. Ode to a Nightingale 。

In this poem the author express his wishes to free himself form the burden of human cares and anxieties and to moaners himself in a world of beauty together with the bird 。

10. What is the genre of English literature in the 19th century。

So far as the literary form for genre is concerned, the main contribution made by the 19th century critical realists lies in their perfection of the novel. Like the realists of 18th century, the 19th century critical realists made use of the broad canvas of novel for full and detailed representations of social and political events, and of the fate of individuals and of hole social classes. However, the realistic novels of 19th century went further than those of 18th century in fact they not only pictured the conflicts between separate individuals who stood for definite social strata(circle), but also showed the broad social conflicts over and above the fate of the mere individual 。

11. The 19th century realists’ strength.。

The English realists of the 19th century not only give a satiric portal of a bourgeois and all the classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people classes, but also showed the profound sympathy for the common people. In their best works the greed and hypocrisy of upper classes are contrasted with the onshest and good heartedness of the sympathy men of the lower classes. Hence humor and satire are used; humor is tinged with lyricism and servers to stress the human qualities of positive characters. However, bitter satire is used to expose the seamy side of rural society, through the stretches of various negative characters given birth to by the capitalist system, critical realism reveals the corrupting influence of rule of cosy upon human nature. Here lies in the democratic and humanistic character of critical realism and … in the 19th century。

12. The 19th century realists’ weakness。

The critical realists of the 19th century did not, and, due to their world outlook, could, not, find a way to eradicate social evils. They did not realize the massive of changing bourgeoisie society, they were unable to find a good solution to the social contradictions, the chief tendency in their works is not a revolution but rather a reformism: they often start with a powerful exposure of the ugliness of the bourgeoisie world, merely to close in a much too co-incidental happy ending or an impotent compromise(So we can see at once the …)。

13. Characteristics of critical realism 。

In general the critical realists described with much vivid and great artistic skill. The chief traits of the English society and criticized the capitalized system. from a democratic view point:。

1Critical realism is reflection of the reality with objectivity specificity and facility 。

2It is an intense exposure and criticism of greed and hypocrisy of ruling class 。

3The representative characters depicted within the prevented surrounding unfair both to the summit 。

14. Analysis of Oliver twist 。

Oliver Twist tells the story of an orphan boy, whose adventures provide a description of the lower depths of London. 。

† In the preface to the novel, Dickens proclaims himself a realist:。

He makes his readers aware of the inhumanity of city life under capitalism. The first eleven chapters provide a most bitter and thoroughgoing exposure of the terrible conditions in the English workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by all sorts of “philanthropists” 慈善家.。

The famous scene in Chapter II, in which Oliver was beaten up and punished merely because he ventured to ask for an extra portion of gruel to alleviate his intolerable hunger, is only one of the many details to show the extreme brutality and corruption of the oppressors and their agents.。

It is in scenes like this we see the great critical realist voicing the helpless sufferings of the poor and the oppressed.。

† Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the lower classes:。

In the vivid description of the thieves’ den and of the under-world of London, Dickens succeeds in calling forth the reader’s sympathy for the down-trodden people of the lower classes, who, degraded and corrupted by the social environment of the time, either climb up to be parasites 寄生虫 of oppressors or fall to be victims of society or even criminals. Among the characters of the lower strata, Oliver is the only one who emerges happy and successful in the end. 。

This happy issue/ending which Dickens’ novels usually end in comes about as a result of his optimistic belief in the inevitable triumph of good over evil. 。

Defects of the novel:。

1. The improbability of the plot:。

Toward the end of the novel, the plot gets to be very intricate and the reader is simply mystified, and when the mystery is finally revealed to him, he is faced with impossible coincidences which lead to the happy ending. 。

At critical moments Oliver has been once and again saved by “kindly” gentlefolk, who happen to be his parents’ kith and kin. 亲属。

2. The unconvincingness of some characters. 。

Oliver himself is a pale figure who seems to be the helpless victim of fate. Fagin and Bill Sikes are too inhuman to be true, while the rich Mr. Brownlow and Miss Maylie are vaguely pictured as benevolent and good. 。

Here we may see that—

Dickens, while sympathizing with the miseries of the people, did not know what or who was responsible for such miseries and even cherished some illusion about rich and idle people like Mr. Brownlow and Miss Maylie. The whole social question, in Dickens’ opinion, would be settled if only every employer followed the example set by “good gentlemen” like Brownlow.。

15. Women’s novelists in 19th century。

Women novelists began to appear in England during the second half of the 18th century, but some gifted women of the 19th century made such contributions to the English novel that they have justifiably won their places in the front ranks of the brilliant realists headed by Dickens and Thackeray. These remarkable women novelists are Jane Austen, George Eliot and the Bronte sisters.。

I .Jane Austen

Founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middle class people.。

Her works:

Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Persuasion。

II. George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans)。

Novels:

Adam Bede (first)《亚当贝德 》

The Mill on the Floss 《弗洛斯河上的磨坊 》

Silas Marner 《织工马南 》

Adam Bede is a novel of moral conflicts, showing the contest of personal desires, passions, temperament, human weakness and the claims of moral duty. In the novel, the two pairs of lovers, Arthur and Hetty, and Adam and Dinah are described in contrast to each other. The former are shown to be always thinking of their own interests without any consideration of others, while the latter pair are endowed with high moral principles which guide their conduct for the good of others and themselves.。

According to Eliot, the moral principles of man are closely connected with the “religion of heart”. This shows the influence of the bourgeois positive philosophy which seeks to reconcile science with religion and to prove the possibility of social harmony and concord in the capitalist society. 。

Analysis to George Eliot and her works: the novels of George Eliot mark the beginning of a new stage in the development of English critical realism following that of Dickens and Thackeray. Her characters were not grotesque types, but real, common men and women, but in other aspects her work marks retrogression. She shifted the centre of gravity in the novel from the social problems to the problems of religion and morality. While being aware of the evils of bourgeois society, she did not attack the social system. She believed in the sentimental “religion of humanity”, and cherished the illusion that humanity and love could do away with the evils。

of capitalism.

III The Bronte Sisters。

I. Charlotte Bronte 。

a. The Lowood school is the embodiment of the bourgeois principles of education, the aim of which is to bring up obedient slaves for the rich.。

b. Another problem raised in the novel is the position of women in society. Jane Eyre maintains that women should have equal rights with men.。

c. Charlotte Bronte attacked the greed, petty tyranny and lack of cul-ture among the bourgeoisie and sympathized with the sufferings of the poor people. Her realism was colored by petty-bourgeois philanthropy. Like Dickens, she believed that education was the key to all social problems, and that by the improvement of the school system and teaching, most of the evils of capitalism could be removed.。

16. A brief review of historical backgrounds of 20th century。

In the period of the transition between the 19th and 20th century the British Empire in the reign of Queen Victoria fell into a decline from the summit of its worldwide supremacy.。

In the mean time, capitalistic Europe was divided into hostile camps for the colonial division of the world. 。

In 1917 the October Revolution broke out in Russia and a socialist state emerged. 。

1929 a great economic crisis in the capitalist world caused an unprecedented economic depression in Britain.。

17. The definition of Stream of Consciousness。

Stream of Consciousness is a narrative technique that presents as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind. Lacking chronological order, the events in a stream of consciousness narrative are presented from the character’s point of view, mixed in with the characters’ ongoing feelings and memories. 。

Developed by writers as James Joyce and Virginia Woolf, stream-of-consciousness writing is used to reveal a character’s complex psychology and to present it in realist detail. The novelists demonstrated an awareness of the inner workings of the mind. One’s present was believed to be the sum of his past. Time was no longer a series of chronological moments to be presented by the novelists in sequence, but as a continuous flow in the consciousness of the individual。

18. Thomas Hardy。

1). representative works.。

Tess of the d’Urbervilles, far from the Madding Crowd, under the Greenwood, the Reture of the Native, the Mayor of Casterbridge, Jude the Obscure.。

2). Hardy’s position in English literature.。

The last and one of the greatest Victorian novelists.。

3). theme.

Tess of the d’Urbervilles tells the tragic life story of a beautiful country girl. It is a fierce attack on the hypocritical morality of the society and the political status quo in England. The misery and tragedy of Tess rise to a bitter cry of protest and denunciation of the society. 。

Hardy became more and more convinced that mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life. So, there is a strong naturalistic tendency in the novel. 。

“Justice was done, and the Precedence of the Immortals had ended his sport with Tess.”

I. Consolidation and practice。

Compare the two main figures: Tess and Angel。

Tess: pure, simple。

Angel: hypocritical and selfish。

Angel is no angel at all, but an ordinary man. Tess has forgiven him, but he cannot forgive Tess.。

II. Summary。

The dominance of the novel which began in the Victorian Age, continued and increased during the。

老约翰如何体现狄更斯的幽默讽刺

Charles Dickens 。

Charles Dickens, the greatest representative(代表) of English critical realism (批判现实主义),was born in 1812 at Portsmouth. When he was four years old, his family moved to Chatham, and the five years he spent there were the happiest of all his boyhood. One day, he found a pile of English novels, which aroused his curiosity. Now the key to the treasure-house of literature had been put in his hand. 。

In 1821 the Dickens family moved to a poor quarter in London. Mr. Dickens was heavily in debt and did not know which way to turn for money. Finally he was taken to the Marshalsea Prison, London, for debt. Shortly afterwards Mrs. Dickens and the younger children went to the prison, too, to join the father.。

The 12-year-old Charles was sent to work in a factory in the East End of London. Work there began at eight in the morning and ended at eight at night. Sundays he spent at the prison, and during the week he was out working all day. His miserable life at the factory left an everlasting, painful brand on the boy’s mind. Years later, when he was a man, he would not walk by the place where the factory had lain. All this had a deep influence on Dickens’ thought and work in after years.。

Charles Dickens visited American in the fall of 1867. Wherever he went, the reception was always the same. The night before tickets went on sale, crowds arrived and lined up before the door. By morning the streets became campgrounds with men, women, and children sitting or sleeping right there. Hustlers(票贩子) were asking $25 for $2 tickets and $50 for $5 seats. In New York City, over 5,000 people waited from nine o’clock in the morning for the evening performance. Everywhere the readings were successful, but audiences were surprised to hear their favorite novel characters speak with an English accent. After 76 readings, Dickens got on a ship for England. When his fellow passengers requested a reading, he replied that rather than read a word, he would assault(殴打) the captain and be put in prison.。

The Critical Realism: The main stylistic feature of Dickens is his use of critical realism. Dickens’ novels are set in realistic environments such as in the factory or in the street. His characters represent all aspects of society from beggars, criminals and orphans to factory owners. This critically realistic description of Victorian working class life is perhaps the very essence(要素) which makes Dickens one of the greatest authors of all time.。

查尔斯狄更斯英文简介

：狄更斯是19世纪英国著名的批判现实主义小说代表作家, 以独特的幽默艺术和入木三分的刻画功力享誉世界文坛。《雾都孤儿》是他的代表作, 对世界文学产生了重要的影响, 刮起了一股幽默之风。在这部小说中, 狄更斯运用油墨艺术记录当时儿童的真实生活, 再现了当时英国社会存在已久的贫民问题, 表达了深刻的反思, 充满了浓厚的批判色彩。本文重点分析了狄更斯《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术, 并对作者独特的幽默表现方式作探讨, 希望能够对读者的阅读有所帮助。

关键词：狄更斯; 《雾都孤儿》; 幽默艺术;。

On Dickens' Humorous Art from Orphan of Whew City。

Zhang Wen-long

Wuxi Mechanical and Electrical Higher Vocational and Technical School。

Abstract：

Dickens is a famous writer of the 19 th-century English-famous critical realism novel, with a unique humorous art and a three-point scoring effort to enjoy the world's literary world. Orphan of Whew City is his masterpiece, has an important influence on the world literature, the wind blew up a sense of humor. In this novel, Dickens used the ink art to record the real life of the children at the time, and reproduced the long-lived problems of the poor people in the British society, expressing deep reflection and full of critical colors. This paper focuses on the analysis of Dickens Oliver Twist of the art of humor and the humor of the unique performance way, we hope to be able to help the reader.。

Keyword：

Dickens; Orphan of Whew City; art of humor;。

一、幽默艺术的概述

在现代汉语中“幽默”是一个舶来品, 是由英语“humour”直接音译过来的。《现代汉语词典》解释为“有趣或可笑而意味深长的”, 《辞海》中的“幽默”不仅仅是孤立的词语, 还是一种艺术, “通过讽喻、双关等修辞手法在善意的微笑中揭露乖讹和不通情理之处”, 达到愉快、情趣盎然的言语效果。提到幽默, 我们常常会想到讽刺一词, 这二者是有所不同的。在一个相同的滑稽因素中, 情感成分的比重增加, 理智成分减少, 这便是幽默;反之, 讽刺意味比较浓。了解这一点, 对于把握狄更斯小说的幽默艺术是十分有帮助的, 在他的前期小说中大多是善意、俏皮的幽默, 充满了轻松调侃的味道;后期小说中以黑色、揭露的幽默居多, 充满了愤世嫉俗的意味。明显, 《雾都孤儿》的幽默艺术属于后者, 他的幽默是自然的, 是夸张的, 也是犀利的, 通过他的幽默艺术, 表达了对当时英国资本社会虚伪与黑暗的揭露和抨击。

二、幽默艺术在《雾都孤儿》中的体现。

(一) 自然的幽默

狄更斯在小说《雾都孤儿》中真实再现了19世纪英国现实的社会, 如对妓女、流氓、窃贼等描述符合他们在现实社会中的所作所为, 是小说自然主义写作手法的表现。由此可见, 狄更斯在进行小说创作时进行了细致、深入的观察, 运用最自然、真实的语言描述社会底层, 给人一种自然真实的幽默, 博得读者一笑的同时, 引发深层次的思考。

1. 对反面人物的幽默描写。

济贫院的老太太想尽一切办法地去霸占原本属于孤儿院的资金;棺材店的老板、老板娘为了减少开支, 让学徒多挣钱, 想方设法的让他少吃饭、多干活;在奥利弗请求为自己粥水失败后, 旁观的人认为奥利佛会因此受到残酷的惩罚甚至被绞死等。狄更斯通过写实的手法, 虽然笔墨不多, 却生动地勾勒出这些市井小民为了金钱和贪婪竟然不惜以他人的死活为代价的丑恶嘴脸。他们的所作所为让人感到可笑, 读者在冷笑的同时, 也感受到他们的冷漠、贪婪、傲慢、无情, 揭露了当时黑暗社会的冷酷无情。

2. 对正面人物的幽默描写。

与窃贼、妓女、流氓灯这些反面人物相比, 主人公奥利弗无论是性格还是言行举止, 都显得与众不同。虽然他从小生活在济贫院, 在棺材店当学徒, 误入贼窝, 经过百般周折, 历经了磨难, 奥利弗的内心仍然保持着可贵的正直、善良等可贵的品质。狄更斯在小说中描写主人公奥利弗在深陷贼窝后, 在掌握一种偷窃技巧后忍不住开怀大笑, 其天真乐观的心态一览无余, 内心丝毫没有被污染。通过正面人物与反面人物的对比, 突出了奥利弗内心的纯洁, 反衬出其他人行为的可笑。试想, 一个从小并没有接受过教育的人却有着高尚的道德, 而那些接受过高等教育的人行为却如此龌龊, 产生了强烈的对比。很明显狄更斯运用了幽默艺术, 对奥利弗及儿童寄托了美好的希望。

(二) 夸张的幽默

浪漫主义与现实主义都是十分重要的文学创作手法, 狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中充分地运用这两种写作手法。其中, 浪漫主义写作手法之一是通过对现实社会的夸张描写, 并结合现实主义与浪漫主义产生强烈的幽默效果。具体来说, 小说从情节设计、语言表达与人物形象等方面进行浪漫主义幽默描写。

1. 情节设计的浪漫主义幽默。

狄更斯在情节上设计了一系列的巧合, 体现了幽默性的特点。如主人公奥利弗第一次盗窃的对象是他父亲多年的好朋友布朗罗;奥利弗第二次在被赛克斯劫持的情况下去偷窃的对象是自己的亲姨妈露丝·梅莱家。这样夸张、巧合的情节设计既保证情节的顺利开展, 也让人们直观地认识、感受到19世纪英国社会的混乱充斥着讽刺与幽默, 使读者在冷笑过后深刻地体会到奥利弗在那样艰难的处境下还能保持自己纯真、善良与正直的可贵。

2. 语言表达的浪漫主义幽默。

正话反说或是过度反应等夸张的语言运用在小说《雾都孤儿》中体现得较为明显。比如奥利弗从小就是孤儿, 挣扎在生与死的边缘, 可狄更斯并没有直接描述主人公的身世如何凄惨, 而是这样写道:“在这短短的时间内, 幸亏周围不都是知冷着热的老太太、嘘寒问暖的阿姨、有经验的保姆和专业的大夫, 否则他必定会整死的。”狄更斯正是通过这种独有的黑色幽默揭露了奥利弗恶劣的环境和凄惨的生活。他在福利院饥饿难耐, 向厨师表示想要再来一碗的时候, 对厨师及其助手的描写使用了过度反应, 厨师“立马愣住, 脸色发青”, 厨师助手“震惊得忘记了动作”, 折射出福利院工作人员对孤儿的冷漠, 具有幽默讽刺意味, 给读者留下深刻的影响。

3. 人物形象的浪漫主义幽默。

在人物形象方面, 作者狄更斯也进行了浪漫主义的刻画与夸张的处理。比如格林维格在说话的时候总是不忘带上一句口头禅:“我要把我自己的脑袋吃掉”作结尾;班布尔在干活的时候总是喜欢戴着一顶三角帽。读者在阅读的时候似乎看到了滑稽可笑的人物, 丑态毕现。这样, 狄更斯通过夸张的幽默艺术手法, 真实地揭露了那些贵族绅士在衣冠楚楚的背后无尽的贪婪、自私、凶残、冷漠, 可谓丑态毕露。

(三) 犀利的幽默

狄更斯在小说《雾都孤儿》中, 较多地运用了“犀利”的幽默, 在描写反面人物上体现得淋漓尽致。如在小说结尾处, 盗窃团伙的首领也是杀人犯费金接受了应有的惩罚。在这段一描写中, 狄更斯通过细节描写, 融合想象力, 细腻地刻画了令人发笑的滑稽心理。“他从天花板看到地板, 看见无数重重叠叠的眼睛注视着自己。当他听到他的罪行报告时, 又向律师投去了恳求的目光, 希望是律师能为自己辩护几句。这时, 他好像在围观他的人群中, 看到了有的人在吃东西, 有的人在用手帕扇着风, 还有一位青年在以他为模特画素描。他想伸过头去看看这位青年到底画得像不像......他看到有个人进去又出来, 他想:应该是去吃饭了吧, 也不知道是在吃什么。他又看到栏杆上的铁刺, 心想这应该很容易折断吧。当他又听到自己将被判处绞刑, 便喃喃自语:自己的岁数大了, 大了, 然后什么也说不出来了。”这段话看似啰嗦, 其实是对杀人犯费金在审判台上的彷徨无助, 恐惧绝望的心理状态进行了细腻、深刻的描写, 颇具幽默讽刺意味。“善有善报, 恶有恶报”, 反面人物费金终于得到应有的恶报, 这与读者产生了道德上的认同。狄更斯在这里所运用的幽默艺术是犀利的, 针对的是一群人, 是英国当时社会的方方面面, 有力地抨击了整个社会的丑恶乱象。

三、结语

总之, 狄更斯在《雾都孤儿》中运用了独特的幽默艺术, 再现19世纪英国的黑暗社会, 折射出形形色色的人物。自然、夸张、犀利三种幽默艺术交融相加, 对正面人物和反面人物进行描写, 大大增加了作品的内涵与吸引力, 让读者在开怀一笑的同时, 感到深深的沉痛, 引发对当时的社会现实进行了深刻的反思。这也是到今天《雾都孤儿》仍然能够长盛不衰的原因所在。

求《远大前程》英文版简介 狄更斯的作品

His classic novels and short stories will forever continue to entertain and provoke thought. A Brief Biography English novelist, generally considered the greatest of the Victorian period. Dickens's works are charactericized by attacks on social evils, unjustice, and hypocrisy. He had also experienced in his youth oppression, when he was forced to end school in early teens and work in a factory. Dickens's lively good, bad and comic characters, such as the cruel miser Scrooge, the aspiring novelist David Copperfield, or the trusting and innocent Mr. Pickwick, have fascinated generations of readers. Charles Dickens was born in Landport, Hampshire, during the new industrial age, which created misery for the class of low-paid workers and gave birth to theories of Karl Marx. His father was a clerk in the navy pay office, who was well paid but often ended in financial troubles. In 1814 Dickens moved to London, and then to Chatham, where he received some education. He worked in a blacking factory, Hungerford Market, London, while his family was in Marshalea debtor's prison in 1824 - later this period found its way to the novel Little Dorrit (1855-57). In 1824-27 Dickens studied at Wellington House Academy, London, and at Mr. Dawson's school in 1827. From 1827 to 1828 he was a law office clerk, and then worked as a shorthand reporter at Doctor's Commons. He wrote for True Son (1830-32), Mirror of Parliament (1832-34) and the Morning Chronicle (1834-36). He was in the 1830s a contributor to Monthly Magazine, and The Evening Chronicle and edited Bentley's Miscellany. In the 1840s Dickens founded Master Humphrey's Cloak and edited the London Daily News. These years as a journalist left Dickens with lasting affection for journalism and suspicious attitude towards unjust laws. His sharp ear for conversation helped him reveal characters through their own words. Dickens's career as a writer of fiction started in 1833 when his short stories and essays to appeared in periodical. His SKETCHES BY BOZ and THE PICKWICK PAPERS were published in 1836; he married in the same year the daughter of his friend George Hogarth, Catherine Hogart. However, some people suspected that he was more fond of her sister, Mary, who moved into their house and died in 1837. Dickens requested that he be buried next to her when he died and wore Mary's ring all his life. Another of Catherine's sisters, Georgiana, moved in with the Dickenses, and the novelist fell in love with her. Dickens had with Catherine 10 children but they were separated in 1858. Dickens also had a long liaison with the actress Ellen Ternan, whom he had met by the late 1850s. The Pickwick Papers were stories about a group of rather odd individuals and their travels to Ipswich, Rochester, Bath and elsewhere. Dickens's novels first appeared in monthly instalments, including OLIVER TWIST (1837-39), which depicts the London underworld and hard years of the foundling Oliver Twist, NICHOLAS NICKELBY (1838-39), a tale of young Nickleby's struggles to seek his fortune, and OLD CURIOSITY SHOP (1840-41). Among his later works are DAVID COPPERFIELD (1849-50), where Dickens used his own personal experiences of work in a factory, BLEAK HOUSE (1852-53), A TALE OF TWO CITIES (1859), set in the years of the French Revolution. GREAT EXPECTATIONS (1860-61), the story of Pip (Philip Pirrip), was among Tolstoy's and Dostoyevsky's favorite novels. The unfinished mystery novel THE MYSTERY OF EDWIN DROOD was published in 1870. From the 1840s Dickens spent much time travelling and campaigning against many of the social evils of his time. In addition he gave talks and reading, wrote pamphlets, plays, and letters. In the 1850s Dickens was founding editor of Household World and its successor All the Year Round (1859-70). In 1844-45 he lived in Italy, Switzerland and Paris. He gave lecturing tours in Britain and the United States in 1858-68. From 1860 Dickens lived at Gadshill Place, near Rochester, Kent. He died at Gadshill on June 9, 1870. Although Dickens's career as a novelist received much attention, he produced hundreds of essays and edited and rewrote hundreds of others submitted to the various periodicals he edited. Dickens distinquished himself as an essayis in 1834 under the pseudonym Boz. 'A Visit to Newgate' (1836) reflects his own memories of visiting his own family in the Marshalea Prison. In 'A Small Star in in the East' reveals the working conditions on mills and 'Mr. Barlow' (1869) draws a portrait of a unsensitive tutor. 最近在写雾都孤儿的英文报告，刚刚好哈~。

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