distributing-70

肝脏微循环的重要性

公司概况（company overview）

WARNER BROS. ENTERTAINMENT INC. is a fully integrated, broad-based entertainment company and a global leader in the creation, production, distribution, licensing and marketing of all forms of entertainment and their related businesses. A Time Warner Company, Warner Bros. Entertainment stands at the forefront of every aspect of the entertainment industry from feature films to television, home entertainment/DVD, animation, product and brand licensing and interactive entertainment. The company’s vast library, considered one of the best and largest in the world, consists of more than 6,600 feature films, 48,000 television titles and 14,000 animated titles (including over 1,500 classic animated shorts). Warner Bros. Entertainment’s employee population ranges from 7,000 to 15,000 on any given day in North America (depending on the level of television and movie production) and some 2,000 employees overseas. 。

In 2007, Warner Bros. Pictures’ domestic and international divisions each had their most successful years ever, as well as their seventh consecutive billion dollar-plus years at the box office. The Studio’s domestic box office reached $1.42 billion, and overseas receipts soared to $2.24 billion, an industry record. Warner Home Video was once again the industry’s leader, with an overall 20 percent marketshare. The Warner Bros. Television Group’s companies remained category leaders, producing for all platforms and outlets, and are moving boldly into the digital realm with ad-supported video-on-demand as well as broadband and wireless destinations. 。

The Warner Bros. Pictures Group brings together the Studio’s motion picture production, marketing and distribution operations into a single entity. The Group, which includes Warner Bros. Pictures, Warner Bros. Pictures International and Warner Independent Pictures, was formed to streamline the Studio’s film production process and bring those businesses’ organizational structures in line with Warner Bros.’ television and home entertainment operations. 。

Warner Bros. Pictures produces and distributes a wide-ranging slate of some 18-22 films each year, employing a business paradigm that mitigates risk while maximizing productivity and capital. Warner Bros. Pictures either fully finances or co-finances the films it produces and maintains worldwide distribution rights. It also monetizes its distribution and marketing operations by distributing films that are totally financed and produced by others. The Studio’s 2008 feature film slate includes “10,000 BC,” “Speed Racer,” “Get Smart,” “The Dark Knight” and “Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince.”

Warner Bros. Pictures International is a global leader in the marketing and distribution of feature films, operating offices in more than 30 countries and releasing films in over 120 international territories, either directly to theaters or in conjunction with partner companies and co-ventures. 。

Founded in August 2003, Warner Independent Pictures finances, produces, acquires and theatrically distributes up to 10 feature films a year, largely budgeted under $20 million. Warner Independent served as the domestic distributor of the sleeper hit documentary “March of the Penguins,” which is the second most successful documentary film of all time. Warner Independent’s 2008 slate includes “Snow Angels,” “Funny Games” and “Towelhead.”

The Warner Bros. Television Group oversees the entire portfolio of Warner Bros. Entertainment’s television businesses, including worldwide production, traditional and digital distribution and broadcasting. In the traditional television arena, WBTVG produces primetime and cable (Warner Bros. Television, Warner Horizon Television), first-run (Telepictures Productions) and animation (Warner Bros. Animation) series, which are distributed worldwide by three category-leading distribution arms/operations (Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution and Warner Bros. International Television Distribution). 。

Among the primetime series produced by the Warner Bros. Television Group are “ER,” “Smallville,” “Without a Trace,” “Two and a Half Men,” “Cold Case,” “Nip/Tuck,” “The New Adventures of Old Christine,” “Supernatural,” “The Closer” and “Men in Trees.” The Warner Bros. Television Group also produces first-run syndicated series, including the Emmy Award-winning “The Ellen DeGeneres Show,” “Extra” and “The Tyra Banks Show,” and such animated series as “The Batman” and “Legion of Superheroes.”

Warner Bros. Entertainment is also a partner with CBS in The CW Television Network. WBTVG is an innovative leader in developing new business models for the evolving television landscape, including ad-supported video-on-demand, broadband and wireless, and has digital distribution agreements in place with all of the broadcast networks (representing an industry first for a major studio with unaffiliated networks). Internationally, the Studio is one of the world’s largest distributors of feature films, television programs and animation to the worldwide television marketplace, licensing some 50,000 hours of television programming, including more than 6,000 feature films and 70 current series, dubbed or subtitled in more than 40 languages, to telecasters and cablecasters in more than 175 countries. The group recently formed Studio 2.0, a digital production venture producing original short-form programming for broadband and wireless and a digital media sales unit devoted specifically to multiplatform domestic advertiser sales for both broadband and wireless. 。

Warner Bros. Animation’s combined classic and contemporary library currently boasts 14,000 animated episodes and shorts which air on domestic broadcast networks, as well as cable networks and in direct-to-video releases around the world. The classic library includes such brands as Looney Tunes, Merrie Melodies, Hanna-Barbera and Ruby-Spears as well as such beloved characters as Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck, Sylvester, Tweety, Taz, Tom and Jerry, Popeye, Batman, Superman, the Flintstones, the Jetsons and Scooby-Doo. 。

Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Group brings together Warner Bros. Entertainment’s home video (Warner Home Video), digital distribution (Warner Bros. Digital Distribution), interactive entertainment/videogames (Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment), direct-to-DVD production (Warner Premiere), technical operations (Warner Bros. Technical Operations) and anti-piracy (Warner Bros. Anti-Piracy Operations) businesses in order to maximize current and next-generation distribution scenarios. WBHEG is responsible for the global distribution of content through DVD, electronic sell-through and transactional VOD, and delivery of theatrical content to wireless and online channels and is also a significant worldwide publisher for both internal and third party videogame titles. 。

Warner Home Video distributes to 90 international territories—more than any other studio—commanding the largest distribution infrastructure in the global video marketplace. In 2007, in the U.S., Warner Home Video was the marketshare leader with 20% of overall purchase and retail spending. WHV was also the first studio to surpass sales of 100,0000 copies of a high definition DVD title with the 2006 Academy Award Best Picture winner, “The Departed.”

With more than 3,700 active licensees worldwide, Warner Bros. Consumer Products licenses the rights to names, likenesses and logos for all of the intellectual properties in the Warner Bros. Entertainment’s vast film and television library. With a global network of offices and agents in key regions throughout the world, including North America, Latin America, Asia and Europe, WBCP maintains an ongoing commitment to expand and build the power of its core brands’ recognition in the international marketplace through strong and creative merchandising, promotional marketing and retail programs. 。

DC Comics, which has been in continuous publication for more than 60 years, is the leading comic book publisher in the industry and the creator of some of the world’s most recognized icons. DC’s characters continue to headline blockbuster feature films, live-action and animated television series, direct-to-video releases, collectors’ books, online entertainment, countless licensing and marketing arrangements and, most recently, graphic novels. DC continues to attract new readers and fans all over the world with its signature characters Superman, Batman, Wonder Woman and Justice League leading the way. 。

Warner Bros. International Cinemas provides a true state-of-the-art movie experience to audiences in Japan and Italy, with more than 65 multiplex cinemas and more than 600 screens internationally, as well as manages 15 theaters with 101 screens in the U.S. One of the pioneers in multiplex development for the international marketplace, WBIC is continually exploring new markets for expansion. 。

Warner Bros. Entertainment is headquartered at the Warner Bros. Studios lot, 142 acres in Burbank, California, which is considered one of the foremost motion picture and television production and post-production facilities in the world and home to 34 soundstages (including one of the world’s tallest stages, which has an in-ground tank capable of holding more than two million gallons of water).。

中文翻译成英文 关于网络的 谢谢！！

肝脏是具有多种生理功能的最大腺体器官。既是物质代谢中心，又是重要的分泌、排泄、生物转化和屏障器官，还是多种凝血因子合成的场所。与其功能相适应，肝脏的体液循环结构与方式复杂，且不同种属又不尽相同，因此微循环研究困难，研究结果也可因研究对象与方法不同而有一定差异。

肝脏体液循环及其调节

1 肝脏血供丰富而独特，由门静脉与肝动脉双重供血。成人休息状态每分钟流经肝脏的血液高达1500～2000ml，约占心输出量的25～30％。正常肝脏门静脉血供占60～70％，肝动脉血供占30～40％。血流受神经、体液和肝血窦内压力等因素调节，但以肝动脉血供调节为主，正常时与门静脉血供呈负相关。血液在肝实质内进行物质交换后经肝静脉和丰富的淋巴管（部分无形成分）回心，分泌的胆汁经胆管排入肠道。

1.1 门静脉：门静脉主要汇集肠系膜上静脉和脾静脉的血流，将胃肠道吸收的营养和某些有毒物质输入肝内进行代谢和处理，故称功能血管。也有许多体液因子由此入肝营养肝细胞，称“养肝因子”（hepatotrophic factors）。其中胰岛素是维持肝细胞正常结构和功能及促进肝细胞生长发育与再生的主要养肝因子。门静脉分左、右两支，入肝后再逐渐分支为小叶间静脉，行于小叶之间。直径280μm以下的小叶间静脉称分配静脉（distributing vein），常发出小分支入肝小叶，其终末分支称终末门微静脉（terminal portal venule），直径约20～30μm，管壁仅见散在平滑肌，行于门管区内，组成单腺泡的中轴。终末门微静脉沿途发出若干短小分支称入口微静脉（Inlet venule），穿过界板与血窦相连。直径大于400μm的分支称导静脉（conducting vein）。最近有研究证实也可直接发出与血窦相连的入口微静脉。入口微静脉管壁无平滑肌但与血窦相连处内皮细胞较大，富微丝，细胞舒缩形成肝腺泡的入口括约（Inlet sphincter），调节肝腺泡内的门脉血流。

1.2 肝动脉：肝动脉是肝脏的营养血管，入肝后与门静脉伴行分支。小叶间动脉有数层环形平滑肌，直径100μm的小动脉含两层平滑肌，直径15～25μm者仅有一层平滑肌。肝动脉可有多种分支，包括（1）在门管区内形成毛细血管网供应结缔组织营养；（2）在胆管周围和上皮下形成胆管周围血管丛（Peribiliary Plexus），为胆管提供营养而后汇合成小静脉直接或与终末门微静脉吻合后连通肝血窦，形成所谓门静脉的“内根”。这种特殊血循环途径称为胆周门管（peribiliary portal vessel），对胆管的分泌、再吸收及胆汁浓缩有重要作用。“门管”血流流入血窦可能对肝细胞分泌胆汁功能起调节作用；（3）终末微动脉可直接进入小叶边缘的血窦，也可短程穿入肝小叶内再进入周边带的直血窦；（4）肝动脉与门静脉分支在行程中直接吻合，从而使肝动脉终末端的血压下降、血流减慢，而门静脉终末端的血压升高、血流加速使肝动脉与门静脉终末支进入血窦前的血压与流速得以平衡，加上终末微动脉及入口静脉壁内皮细胞的调节作用和吻合丰富的小叶周围血窦的减压作用，使进入小叶血窦的血液流量、流速得以控制，又避免了二种血流流速不同而产生涡流的可能。这对保证肝组织、细胞在稳定内环境中执行其多种生理功能至关重要，也是肝脏微循环的重要特点之一；（5）肝动脉-动脉吻合支：肝动脉发出的毛细血管，有时可在汇管区内返回肝动脉的远心端，其意义不清；（6）一些分支可穿过1～3个肝小叶，在其他小叶的间隙内分成窦支进入周边血窦；（7）动脉性毛细血管在较大汇管区内行走于肝动脉、门静脉及胆管之间可进入胆管周围毛细血管丛，经内根入门静脉，经根门静脉进入血窦，或重新返回肝动脉的远心端。总之，肝动脉的血液仅有一小部分直接进入血窦，大部分经过各种通路流经门静脉后再进入肝血窦。小叶间动脉及其分支在神经尤其是肾上腺素能神经作用下可收缩。在动脉分叉处，终末微动脉与血窦连接处，肝动脉-门静脉吻合支等均有括约机制。这些分支血管运动时对血窦的血流及压力起主要调节作用。

1.3 肝静脉： 肝静脉的终末支为中央静脉，直径约45μm，管壁无平滑肌，只有少量结缔组织。肝血窦可开口于中央静脉，开口处内皮细胞的舒缩形成出口括约（outlet sphincter）控制血窦内血液的输出。中央静脉与小叶基部的小叶下静脉垂直连接，在同一平面内，如有二条中央静脉与肝静脉属支相连，则夹角为120°。小叶下静脉直径约90～200μm，管壁结缔组织较厚，含弹力纤维较多。小叶下静脉汇集成较粗的收集静脉，进而汇合成三支肝静脉和数支肝短静脉进入下腔静脉。最近有研究表明，不仅中央静脉而且连接下腔静脉的肝静脉属支，甚至管径为2500μm的大属支也同样向心性地汇集放射状血窦的血液。

1.4 肝血窦与窦周隙： 肝血窦（hepatic sinusoid）位于肝板之间的陷窝内，实质为特殊形态的毛细血管，通过肝板孔而连接成网，宽大而不规则。不同种类动物的血窦形成、大小不同。人血窦呈囊状，直径20～30μm。窦壁衬有枯否细胞（kupffer cell）、内皮细胞、大颗粒淋巴细胞（pit细胞）。腺泡Ⅰ带血窦表面积与腔容积之比较大，窦腔窄而弯曲，血流缓慢，便于物质交换。Ⅲ带血窦较直而宽，血流快、易进入中央静脉。窦内血流速度不同，直窦快而连接部分慢。

内皮细胞是构成血窦壁的主要边界成分，细胞扁而薄，含核部分凸向窦腔，腔面有少量微绒毛及小凹陷。扁平部有众多直径0.1μm、甚至1～2μm的无隔膜窗孔，胞间疏松连接，但极少连接结构，常有0.1～0.5μm、甚至达1μm的间隙。因此血液与肝细胞间无严密屏障结构，血浆中除乳糜粒外其他大分子物质均可自由通过。血窦内皮细胞窗孔数量、大小随腺泡带而有差异，Ⅰ带孔数少而孔径大，适于大分子物质通过，Ⅲ带孔径小而数量多，适于最终完成腺泡内的物质交换，对血液内溶质浓度和pH值有精细调节作用。内皮细胞内还有微管、微丝并含有肌动蛋白和肌球蛋白使内皮孔窗的形态、大小受生理状况和药物的影响而缩小、关闭或扩大。

内皮细胞与肝细胞间存在狭小间隙称窦周隙或Disse氏间隙，窦周隙宽约0.4μm，血浆经内皮孔窗进入窦周隙，而肝细胞绒毛伸入该间隙，漂浮于血浆内，与血浆进行物质交换。电镜观察相邻肝细胞间近窦周隙处间隙较宽大，称细胞间陷窝，此处肝细胞绒毛较长，表面的小凹陷较多，是细胞吞饮和胞吐较活跃的部位。肝细胞间通道与窦周隙相通，故小叶间的窦周隙是相互通连的细微间隙。肝细胞以广大面积（72％）与窦周隙的血浆进行物质交换，窦周隙的血浆从肝小叶中心流向边缘是构成肝内淋巴液的主要来源。

1.5 肝的淋巴：肝被膜内及小叶间有丰富的淋巴管，肝小叶内则无淋巴管。淋巴管在肝被膜和间质中沿血管周围分布，形成淋巴丛。窦周隙内的体液在小叶周边经终末血管周围间隙出肝小叶进入门管区周围的Mall氏间隙内成为淋巴液，吸收入小叶间淋巴管内。淋巴液富含蛋白质，成分几与血浆相近。每公斤肝组织每分钟产生约0.5ml淋巴液，其中80％从肝门淋巴管导出，20％从肝静脉与肝短静脉周围的淋巴管出肝。窦周隙内血浆中的大部分物质经淋巴出肝，故淋巴管也是肝细胞分泌产物排出途径之一。淋巴内也可见许多淋巴细胞和血小板，它们是从肝血窦逸出至窦周隙进而进入淋巴的。

1.6 胆小管与胆汁的分泌与排泄：相邻两个肝细胞膜凹陷成槽并相对接形成胆小管，直径0.5～1μm，粗细较均匀，在肝板内联结成网。肝细胞近胆小管处的胞质含ATP酶和碱性磷酸酶较多，这两种酶的组化染色及银浸染法可显示胆小管。电镜下肝细胞胆小管面的微绒毛凸入管腔，两个肝细胞连接处的胆小管表面微绒毛较多，形成二条相对的边嵴（marginal ride），胆小管附近的肝细胞质宽约2～3μm，与胆汁排泄相关。邻近胆小管的相邻肝细胞膜形成由紧密连接、桥粒等组成的复合连接结构，封闭胆小管，防止胆汁外溢至细胞间及窦周隙内。活体显微录像可见肝细胞之间的胆小管有活跃的舒缩，先缓慢扩张，继之快速有力地收缩封闭，小管内的胆汁随之排入下一级胆管。用细胞松弛素B或D瓦解微丝后，胆小管及其周围微丝减少，胆小管收缩活动减弱或消失，小管扩张，胆汁淤积，表明肌动和肌球蛋白微丝的泵作用是胆小管收缩的机制。胆小管在肝小叶周边移行为小叶内胆管，二者间可见过渡性管道，称胆小管-胆管连接，系由1～2个立方形细胞和肝细胞共同构成。小叶内胆管与小叶边缘、直径约15μm、由立方上皮细胞组成的小叶内导管（hering canal）相连。小叶内导管穿过界板与位于门管区的小叶间胆管连接，小叶间胆管直径约30～40μm，由单层立方上皮细胞构成。小叶间胆管逐渐向肝门方向汇集，管径增大，上皮渐变为柱状。

1.7 肝的神经：肝动脉和门静脉周围有丰富的交感及副交感神经丛，它们来自内脏神经及迷走神经的分支和部分膈神经分支。神经纤维随血管分支入肝，在门管区三联管的外鞘内形成丛，纤维分支穿入管壁内终止于平滑肌细胞，调节血管运动及肝的血流。近年通过免疫荧光、放射自显影及电镜观察证实肝小叶内也存在神经终末支，可见少量神经纤维终末支止于门管区附近的血窦壁及肝细胞上，但肝内神经分布的种间差异甚大。免疫荧光及免疫组化研究显示：肝内神经丛由肾上腺素能和胆碱能纤维组成。刺激交感神经或给予拟肾上腺素药，肝内血管收缩，血流量减少，门静脉压升高。刺激副交感神经或给予拟胆碱药，肝血管也有收缩和扩张变化，但对门静脉影响小。目前已肯定包括灵长类在内的多数动物肝实质内有单胺类神经终末支分布在肝细胞中，而胆碱能神经仅见于门管区，肝小叶内尚未发现。此外门管区还有许多肥大细胞，它们释放的单胺类物质，尤其是5-羟色胺可影响肝血窦内皮孔窗变化及内皮细胞功能的改变。

2 肝脏的微循环单位

肝脏的微循环单位应该是肝脏最小的结构、功能单位的体液循环动态，所以经典肝小叶与门管小叶作为微循环单位的观点已被放弃，目前倾向于“肝腺泡”作为微循环单位。肝腺泡（liver asinus）以门管区发出的终末门静脉和肝微动脉为中轴，伴有胆管、淋巴管和神经分支，两端以中央静脉为界，从中轴至一侧中央静脉的肝板断面约有几十个肝细胞排列组成。其立体形态似橄榄、平面呈卵圆形。从一个终末前血管发出的三个终末支为中轴组成3个肝腺泡与其终末前血管周围的肝实质套先共同组成一个复腺泡，它的中心是一个较小的门管区。3～4个复腺泡组成一个腺泡球，中心为较大的门管区。一个腺泡球接受一条血管干供血，分泌的胆汁排入一个胆管。单腺泡、复腺泡和腺泡球构成肝的一级、二级和三级结构单位。肝腺泡内不同部位的肝细胞结构、代谢、酶活性都存在差异，称为结构和功能梯度差异。根据血流方向及肝腺泡获得血供先后优劣的微环境差异，可将之分为三个功能带。近中轴血管部分为Ⅰ带，肝细胞优先获得富含氧与营养成分的血供，细胞代谢活跃，细胞内线粒体体积大，细胞吞噬活动与抗病毒和再生能力较强；肝细胞富含琥珀酸脱氢酶，细胞色素氧化酶、ATP酶、转氨酶等含量也较高，为主要的蛋白和糖原合成部位。肝腺泡远端靠近中央静脉部分Ⅲ带，肝细胞获得氧和营养成分条件较差，抗病毒和再生能力较低，线粒体数量稍多，但体积小、细长、散在，细胞内以还原型辅酶Ⅰ、Ⅱ、黄素酶等含量较高。毒物所致中毒性变化首先出现于该带，早期肝硬化时这部分细胞首先为纤维组织取代。Ⅲ带主要为脂肪、色素、药物等代谢部位。Ⅰ带与Ⅲ带之间部分为Ⅱ带，肝细胞的营养条件也介于Ⅰ、Ⅲ带之间。若以门管区为中心又可将腺泡划为A、B、C三个区。B、C区从终末血管的较多分支获得较优血供，A区靠近门管区，终末血管分支少，肝细胞血供较差。

腺泡作为肝脏微循环单位已经组织和病理学证实，从而得到广泛认同和重视。但也有学者提出静脉也发出与周围血窦相连的入口静脉，肝动脉及其分支在行程中也不断发出肝动脉-门静脉直接吻合支、动脉性毛细血管、胆管周围毛细血管等侧枝通路进入肝血窦，而管径2500μm的肝静脉也同样接受血窦的血液，且凡是接受血窦血液的肝静脉周围的肝细胞与作为肝静脉终末支的中心静脉周围的肝细胞在形态、结构及病损时的改变基本一致。Rappaport根据血供先后及细胞功能梯度划分的三个区带中任何一个区带内肝细胞的损害程度、再生速度又绝非均等。因此认为肝腺泡尚可划分为更小的功能单位。提出以一条入口静脉所供应血液的相应血窦野、汇聚该血窦野而注入肝静脉的集合血窦以及在这个血窦野范围内的微胆管、微淋巴管和神经末梢作为一个肝微循环单位的观点。

总之，肝脏结构与功能复杂，正常肝功能的维持与众多肝内、肝外病变均与肝脏微循环密切相关，而对肝脏微循环的研究尚有待进一步深入。

Xianggashan Chromite Deposit in Qusum County（）

A trend : from network to play a network netizens concept of mutations, the growth in Internet users "avalanche" period. In China, Internet once or Wangchong owners just as a technical elite is changing the color, "netizens" is playing network from the crowd, to be extended to more white-collar oriented with the majority of network communities. Internet users grow into "avalanche" period. Figures from the Ministry of Information Industry, China's new Internet users per month growth rate of 5% to 6%, the most rapid growth among global countries. Two trends : portal and nearly reached the line, the "eyeball economy" Let applause again sounded. Data show that in 2001 more than 600 million yuan turnover advertising network, achieving double growth. China's Internet advertising industry also has a real sense of the advertising groups, according to statistics, in 2001 40% of the network advertising from traditional enterprises. To Sohu companies, for example, Sohu's advertising revenue in 2001 was 920 million. Three trends : industry web sites, industrial sites sudden appearance of a new force, and the network economy is in the doldrums around long after the break inflection point. Point two years with an average age, is registered to the five major industries in Zhejiang website (China Chemical Network, the fiber network, Chinese textile material Network, the China Hardware Network, the China Building Materials Network) by the end of 2001 "disc storage," each family has a surplus. Many earned 10 million yuan at least have more than 200 million of revenue. In addition, the Education website (Wangjiao) all profits. 4 trend : broadband network building mounting, the rapid development of distributed storage, network bottlenecks rising up. January 24, 2001, China Telecom announced that its total investment in China amounted to 890 million yuan of national high-speed telecommunications transmission Central website. The network span over 15,000 km, is the world's longest high-speed transmission network. Chengyuwang, then access / Zhudewang bandwidth is rapidly expanding, thus opening the network bottlenecks, formed end broadband applications environment. 5 trends : From information to the depletion of marine resources, the rapid growth of online information sources, "says Wang" era is dawning. June 2002, the Beijing Library Network colleges and universities formally opened in Beijing Normal University, 27 colleges and universities can achieve together, a total of knowing, sharing. Trends 6 : network charges in full swing, the website run into practical, the "charges era" has already arrived. From 590,000 users a 263 customer service charges, which individual users 350,000 new phenomenon seen, Internet users have become more mature consumer awareness information, the network began tiered consumer market demand. 7 trend : the wave of information technology to stimulate tremendous demand, the Internet has become a new point of economic development. According to the State announced the "information industry" 10th Five-Year Plan "outlines," "10th Five-Year Plan" period, China will invest 1.7 trillion yuan, and built the world's largest scale capacity, technologically advanced, safe, reliable, and meet the basic needs of national economic and social development of communication networks. In Beijing, the municipal government decided in the next five years invest 30 billion yuan for the informationization construction. Beijing communications companies in seven years, the annual 7-8 billion yuan investment for the Beijing Olympic communications infrastructure and network construction. 8 trends : the return of the capital market to, the second wave of investment flows favored pragmatic enterprise. Motorola claimed to 2006, China's market will achieve the cumulative input ;LG 100 million U.S. dollar investment 400 million U.S. dollars to build China headquarters ;2002, May 30, IBM announced the 100 million U.S. dollar investment for the incubation 100,000 Chinese software talent;。

PCCW to mainland investment of nearly 4.3 billion yuan, focusing on system integration; May 17, 2002, the Japanese electronics manufacturing giant Toshiba said they will invest 7 billion yen in China in building a new notebook personal computer production plant. March 2002, the United States emerged to spend 30 million U.S. dollars in cash to 33% of the shares Yiqu ;2002 in April 3721 nearly 10 million U.S. dollars by Japanese venture capital. Trends 9 : consortia Wang, the Chinese Internet in a major merger operations. 10 trends : an industrial chain and create ecological circle in the network economy is partially out of the tight encirclement.。

中文简历翻译成英文

The Xianggashan chromite deposit is located in the middle sector of the Lhobsa ultramafic massif.On the west of the deposit there is a gully separat-ing it from the Lhobsa chromite deposit.The elevation of the deposit ranges 4500-5100 m a.s.l.，the climate is more rigorous but the transportation is more convenient in comparison with Lhobsa.。

The Xianggashan chromite deposit is a part of the Lhobsa ultramafic mas-sif.It has much in common with the Lhobsa deposit in terms of lithofacies fa-cies zoning，rock association，chemical characteristics，ore type，etc.The dis-tribution of the major ore-bearing zone differs slightly from the Lhobsa de-posit.The two major differences between them are：firstly，the orientation of the Lhobsa ultramafic massif turns from east-west in Lhobsa to southeast in the Xianggashan sector，resulting in the NW-SE direction of the ultramafic massif of the latter；and secondly，the orebodies are more complicated in shape and the attitude is varying significantly.These factors，added by the well-de-veloped glaciation which created the extensive overburden of Quaternary sedi-ments and glacial deposits，have made the ore-prospecting work most difficult in the Xianggashan area.。

There are one hundred and more orebodies found in Xianggashan which can be classified into eight groups.One group occurs in the schistose serpenti-nite on the north margin of the massif，consisting of over 10 orebodies with the largest being 10-odd m long and 4 m thick.The orebodies are all made up by small lenticular or lumpy quality ores.Another group occurs in the dunite fa-ties zone dominated by disseminated ores with unevenly-distributed picotite.The rest of the groups occur in different positions of the harzburgite facies zone.。

Emphasis of exploration is currently placed upon three of the ore groups distributing along the north periphery of the massif，over 3 km long and 70-100 m wide，forming the most principal ore belt of the area.Over 30 chromite orebodies have been found in the belt，5 of which are relatively extensive.The two major ones have been proved through detailed survey to have over 600000 tons of chromite reserves.Being predominantly massive with picotite content over 85%，Cr2O3 averaging 54%；Cr/Fe greater than 4；low sulphur，arsenic and other harmful impurities，the ores can satisfy the State norm of metallur-gical chromite.They are stable in quality and are，like those in the Lhobsa de-posit，favorable for metallurgical use.。

The orebodies are extremely complicated in shape.Affected by the shape and attitude of the south periphery of the massif，they are inclining to the northeast.The upper part has relatively flat and thin orebodies generally 1-2 m thick，sometimes intermittent，while the lower part is thickening abruptly，ranging 30-45 m and pinching out very fast at a depth of 100-115 m.Spatially the orebodies are exhibited in the form of a huge NW-SE-lying pillar.。

The contacts between orebodies and country rocks are clear.The direct country rocks are mostly of dunite.Tectonic fracture zones are well developed nearby the orebodies.Rubbles and detritus seen in the zones reveal the im-pacts of ore structures on the orebodies.。

Li Pu and others of the Tibet Working Party of the CAS found the Lhobsa ultramafic massif in 1951.In 1961 the No.3 Geological Group of the Tibet Comprehensive Expedition Team of the CAS distinguished two ore groups in the Xianggashan area.In 1962 the Zangnan Geological Party of the TBG out-lined the Lhobsa massif by magnetic survey.。

In 1966 the No.2 Geological Party of Tibet conducted 1：25000 reconnais-sance mapping of the Lhabsa ultramafic massif；identified primarily the shape，attitude，major rock types and lithofacies zoning of the Xianggashan sector；found 20 and more outcropped chromite bodies；and made a brief description of the mineralization characteristics.In 1976 when surveying the Lhobsa deposit area，the party dispatched a reconnaissance group to Xianggashan.Through reconnaissance survey and tracing，the group discovered 1 7 new ore localities and revealed the orebodies by trenching and overburden-removing.Thus the prospecting and exploration of the Xianggashan chromite deposit was unfold-ed.In 1977-1984 the party carried out topographic mapping and geological mapping on various scales，performed geophysical prospecting（undertaken by the Geophysical Prospecting Party of the TBG），hydrogeological and engineer-ing geological surveys，and at the same time prospected the deposit by trench-es，shallow wells，boreholes.14 ore groups and nearly one hundred chromite orebodies were found.In 1986 the party made a detailed survey for 2 of the 14ore groups and submitted a reserve of chromite ores amounting to 600000 tons.The footage of drilling in the prospecting and detailed survey totalled 33000 m.The prospecting work is still being carried out and the evaluation is far from over.。

Before the evaluation was finished the mining of chromite had already started.In 1986 the No.2 Geological Party began to mine the deposit on a small scale and obtained good ecnomic benefits.In 1988 the Tibet Bureau of Geology transferred the Xianggashan deposit to the Xianggashan Chromite Re-sources Development Company Ltd.of the Tibet Autonomous Region for open-pit mining.The annual output amounted to 10000 tons and more.Later，the Geophysical Prospecting Party of Tibet，the Qusum County and some oth-er collective enterprises also mined the chromite deposit in Xianggashan.。

请帮忙翻译一下－－－跪谢

你英语都三级B了,连这么简单的都不会啊!你的证书是瞎说的吧.。

我英语没有考过级,我都会翻译了呢.你自己慢慢地琢磨吧，凡事都要学会亲力嘛。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/distributing-70.html