enlisted
入伍
双语对照
词典结果:
enlist for[英][inˈlist fɔ:][美][ɛnˈlɪst fɔr]。
v.征募;
以上结果来自金山词霸
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Enlisted从军柏林战役高级小队购买指南 性价比与强度分析。
2022-02-18 09:56:41来源:逗游网作者:yakisarami。
Enlisted从军高级小队是游戏中的氪金要素之一,柏林战役有哪些高级小队?下面一起来看看Enlisted从军柏林战役高级小队购买指南。
强度:自然是当前环境和最强竞品比较下真金白银的强度,毕竟是买来的,需要保值保熟。
独特性:战役能解锁同性能武器or载具吗?玩法有非他不可的独特性吗?这是氪金时候必然会考虑的问题。
性价比:冷无缺的谈谈价格
娱乐性:路人a:“抛开事实不谈,强度看技师手打,性能哪怕是战役单位复制,这个小队能整活吗?”,包括颜值在类的其他乱七八糟优缺点都谈谈。
柏林战役,由于近距离战斗比较多,而且各种瞄人缝的街角对战让枪对精度也有一定要求,整体武器强度是跟随战役等级平稳上升的,很少出现老鼠吞大象的情况,一言概之一分价钱一分货。
从军的坦克单车组和坦克三车组强度完全是两个次元,柏林一开始除了初始坦克车组只有毕业后的虎式和IS-1可以作为第二车组,这就让柏林的三车组门槛相比其他几个战役异常的高, 资金投入自然也非常大 ,加上IS-1现在的小丑表现,两个阵营高级坦克组要谨慎考虑投资方向,当然成形后破坏对面游戏体验效果极佳。
莫辛纳甘M44L
强度:5分,枪本身是极致的莫辛纳甘,高威力高射速,近距离威力足以让敌人一枪去世,缺点也很明显,9人纯步兵小队在缺乏战术灵活性,就是每个战役都有的高级填线师小队,但是在地形复杂的柏林9人步枪发挥明显不如其他地形相对开阔的环境。
独特性:6分,往好了说是究极莫辛纳甘,往坏了说初始枪威力+2。柏林没有温彻斯特之类老步枪挺遗憾的,等以后根据资料出点外国枪罢。
性价比:6分,价格十分便宜的高级小队,下限比较高,上限也很快定死了,栓动要在熟悉战役地图地形以后才能玩出花来。
娱乐性:7分,技能组和枪优秀的性能让这个小队有潜力作为铁准星狙击队架死一些地图的点位,当作狙击手看就很强力,不过吃地图也吃视力。
勒贝尔1886M93
强度:6分,10发弹仓的栓动步枪,极高威力射速尚可,近战有资本架一些二十米的小路,10发弹仓的爆发力在中近距离也非常可观。相比使用10发弹匣的VG2后坐力更小射击更平稳,缺点则是填单只能单发装填打完了就必须一发发装很久。
独特性:8分,抛弃烂大街的98k,勒贝尔是德国人的一股清流,准星也是难得的开放式缺口。
性价比:7分,相比对手M44L枪本身10发弹仓在熟练老兵手里就强一手,随着柏林新图开阔地形增多大栓也有了呼吸的空间(虽然不大)。
娱乐性:6分,持续性的火力更优,玩法和M44L基本一样,阻击战专精,不过进攻对9人大栓来说比较吃玩家水平。
PPD-40 DZS
强度:8分,PPD40的71发弹鼓虽然削弱了装填速度,但是高级小队多出来的刺刀在近战改版后杀伤力也不容小觑。4人小队人数在当前版本显得少了一点,精度毕竟不如正统PPsh41,应当避免长距离对上机枪和FG42。
独特性:6分,20级就有免费PPD40无刺刀版,本身容易在战役后期被自己练的突击或者机枪队替代掉,身上的防弹板甲终究只是个外观。
性价比:6分,柏林冲锋枪内卷太严重,PPsh41一到手基本就下岗了,非打折期间还是显得略贵,不过毕竟是开服期间把德国人杀的灰飞烟灭的标志之一。
娱乐性:5分,大弹鼓突突突的代表,虽然后期可能出场率不高,除非三突击队轮战。
MP40/1
强度:7分,MP40本身强度不变,但是这把使用了并列弹夹,打光第一个弹夹32发以后拉动备用弹夹可以1s快速上弹第二个弹夹继续射击,不能开镜瞄准中直接上弹虽然有些瑕疵,但是十分适合柏林这个环境。
独特性:7分,德国唯一的拟似64发大弹夹冲锋枪,但是毕竟是MP40的底子,在从军就显得一般化。
性价比:7分,早期可以用很久的突击小队,后期贝雷塔M38还是太好用了。
娱乐性:4分,同PPD40的问题,后期被内卷卷没。
PPD1944
强度:6分,简化版71发弹鼓冲锋枪,射速偏低精度也不好,上弹甚至比PPD40慢……同样的四人小队,这队就显得明显偏弱。
独特性:6分,准星视野非常好,低射速比较适合新手练习腰射。
性价比:5分,太贵,性能很一般,甚至满星初始枪都卷不过……
娱乐性:3分,和诺曼底德国人玩MP18的体验一样,cosplay专用。
03式实验型半自动步枪
强度:8分,15发弹匣老版本G43射速,准星优秀,技能组加成下可以很容易打出高精度连射放倒对面一整个小队,9人栓动小队强度有限,9把半自动就很凶残了。目前只有毛系半自动吃到弹匣容量buff的情况下在德系鹤立鸡群,前提是FG42还没出。
独特性:7分,9人半自动突突突大队。FG42之下万人之上,纯步兵队需要其他带工兵的小队提前搭台就是,否则弹药续航是大问题。
性价比:8分,开荒期很好用,哪怕是后期当填线师强度也在线。
娱乐性:6分,配备大量炸药的情况下可以拖住敌人很长时间,满星半自动步枪在柏林的交战距离秒人也比较容易。
T34-85E
强度:6分,战役版T34-85换皮,增加的防HEAT金属格栅防御聊胜于无,铁拳直接糊脸都能砸死的情况下也不存在太大的实际意义。
独特性:4分,外观多了些歪七扭八的金属格栅,战损版做的还算上点心,但是终究是套皮。
性价比:4分,柏林毕竟很缺坦克车组,多一组也是好的,但是作为复制粘贴车辆价格不打折就没太大吸引力。
娱乐性:5分,组坦克三车队时可以考虑,毕竟比现在只是个笑话的IS-1还算靠谱些……
四号指挥坦克J型
强度:6分,战役版4J换皮,和85E同分是因为虽然本身不如85,但是侧面裙甲一定概率是能抵抗砸侧面落地后炸药包攻击的,关键时刻救命相比侧面完全裸奔的战役4J算是个加分项。
独特性:4分,套皮载具,格栅贴的比85E好看。
性价比:3分,理由同上,战役坦克小队少对坦克玩家来说是硬伤,价格也是硬伤,没有虎式之前多个4J可能是好的,但是毕业就是沉没成本。
娱乐性:4分,组三车组虎式双豹正常的多。
M4A2(76)W谢尔曼
强度:8分,目前唯一的湿式弹药架坦克,柏林坦克战本身是个同等水平互秒条件下先手必胜的游戏,湿式弹药架改变了游戏规则,谢尔曼和战雷版不同大部分弹药架埋在底盘位置,被弹最糟糕的情况也就被带走车身右侧三个乘员,不会出现一发入魂就意味着对射多了一条命,坦克对射状态也有很大优势。
独特性:7分,虽然在诺曼底看腻了谢馒头,但是在柏林德国人甚至会把馒头看成豹子……
性价比:7分,IS-1拉跨的现在湿式谢尔曼甚至是柏林毛子坦克的顶点也不为过。
娱乐性:8分,抛开坦克战性能不谈,车载机枪有250发的并列勃朗宁和200发弹匣的车长老干妈双枪组合,熟练老车长用来反步兵也是手到擒来。
豹A
强度:7分,虽然炮盾有窝弹区不如豹G,但是从军现在还没有跳弹击穿的概念,相比战雷反而不算是个弱点。
独特性:5分,12级就有豹G,多车组可以考虑,单车组就没必要。
性价比:7分,坦克多车组轮换的拼图之一,本身价格倒是便宜的离谱。
娱乐性:7分,车组数量就是战斗力,上面也说过双豹驱虎强度很高。
BF109 G-14
强度:6分,MK108吊舱x2给了70发备弹,宣传里的对地反坦克就是个笑话,但是拿来锤钢铁UFO伊尔2和伊尔10效果是非常好的。对地扫射步兵比扫射载具效果好就更神秘,记得绑定独立的特殊武器射击按键,免得30炮光速打空弹药对空又尴尬了。
独特性:6分,MK108弹数过少,有的时候不如炸弹好用。加上柏林飞机本身能攻击的空间不多,没有太好射击窗口给飞机用直射火力长时间覆盖,CAS对地攻击效果并不明显。
性价比:5分,看到大炮对地机就应该避雷,当然纯防空的可以考虑。
娱乐性:6分,G6可能还更实用一些,可惜没有诺曼底的BF110大哥,柏林也没有火箭弹。
活动赠送:
PPK42
强度:8分,卡拉什尼科芙设计的第一把枪,920射速2.1s装填25发弹匣的高精度冲锋枪,活动送的四人小队,全自动射击手感非常好,所以可能弹药有些吃紧。
独特性:9分,AK祖宗准星也非常好用,但是不得不吐糟四个人亮绿色的迷彩服过于显眼,仇恨值也很高。
性价比:5分,活动赠送,复刻估计也快了就是。
娱乐性:8分,打腻了波波沙和PPD那种泼水枪以后换个口味就非常舒适。
后勤基地战斗通行证(季票)兑换武器和载具简评,往期季票武器和载具可以用金卡兑换或者金币直接购买,当期只能金卡兑换。金卡季票送或者活动发或者登录概率给。
苏军武器:
PDM-42:之前也提过了,这里单独讨论在柏林环境下——很容易被卷没的冲锋枪,开荒期或者收集用。
RMN-50:相比莫斯科,高低差更大的柏林巷战相对减小了榴弹的自爆风险,一个弹药箱站楼上可以割很久韭菜,不像莫斯科很多时候要靠训练去大远距离抛射,使用门槛低很多。
PPD 1929:前期只有PPS42和43时期弄一把很不错,极高的射速确保了容错率。
德军武器:
G43(7.92x33mm):和在诺曼底篇吹过的一样,和FG42平分秋色的步兵武器。
Mkb35/III:柏林没有德国大威力突击步枪前就靠这把挽回突击兵的牌面。
埃尔玛EMP44:和诺曼底相比稍微好混了一些,没有贝雷塔前尚可一战。
苏军载具:
T34-85/Zis-S-53:武器升级系统改进前很多人都换了这辆满星起步,但是毕竟12级就有,相比初始车D5T也只是多了装填手加快装填,铜卡能升级以后性价比已经没有一开始吸引人。
SU-85M:只有85炮在巷战强度也实在堪忧,如果一定要玩记得藏住右侧指挥塔,正面白给弱点。
雅克-3:20炮备弹还没拉5多,没有炸弹爆装挂载,意义不大。
德军载具:
豹G:和上面85差不多,换不换见仁见智,缺武器铜卡还是缺金卡自己斟酌即可。
四号歼击70:巨大的车体弱点还不如活动送的四歼,和豹子抢位置不现实。
Me410:不能依靠兑换跳级,后面也有190D12竞争。
从军
从军
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先解释下图上的内容:Popeye Lee 应该是名字,貌似还是一个李姓华人。A POS是指A型血。T S的意思不清楚。232707825应该是军籍号。USMC是指该人为美国海军陆战队的军人。C的意思也不清楚。NO PREFERENCE的意思是不信奉任何宗教。
这里到百科给你查了点资料。
美军狗牌的格式
一 身份识别牌(狗牌)基本形式:
A 圆形单侧打孔,尺寸:半美圆银币左右;
B 圆形两侧打孔,尺寸:半美圆银币左右;
C 椭圆形单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.25英寸(3.18厘米),长1.5英寸(3.81厘米);
D 椭圆形两侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.25英寸(3.18厘米),长1.5英寸(3.81厘米);
E 长方形两端圆头,有一个V形切口,单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.125英寸(2.86厘米),长2英寸(5.08厘米);
E 长方形两端圆头,单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.125英寸(2.86厘米),长2英寸(5.08厘米)......一 身份识别牌(狗牌)基本形式:
A 圆形单侧打孔,尺寸:半美圆银币左右;
B 圆形两侧打孔,尺寸:半美圆银币左右;
C 椭圆形单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.25英寸(3.18厘米),长1.5英寸(3.81厘米);
D 椭圆形两侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.25英寸(3.18厘米),长1.5英寸(3.81厘米);
E 长方形两端圆头,有一个V形切口,单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.125英寸(2.86厘米),长2英寸(5.08厘米);
E 长方形两端圆头,单侧打孔,尺寸:宽1.125英寸(2.86厘米),长2英寸(5.08厘米)。
二 A型和B型狗牌(用于1916~1921)简介:
1 官方正式使用始于1916年;
2 材质:铝;
3 狗牌数目:一个或两个;
4 狗牌链:编织布带,绕在布条外;
5 狗牌标识制作:蚀刻或冲压;
6 第一面内容:冲压刻制个人数据;
7 第二面内容:空白或蚀刻右食指指纹或刻制AEF军人号(自1918年开始)
注:在一次大战中被编入驻法国的美国远征军(AEF American Expeditionary Forces)的美国海军陆战队。
使用A型和B型狗牌,1921年的美国海军陆战队手册说明:"...授权在目前装备(指狗牌)用完之前海军陆战队身份识别牌的使用,之后将使用海军制式的身份识别牌(C型狗牌)。"一二战之间的时期以及二战开始阶段狗牌不是标准装备。在1940年1921年的美国海军陆战队手册写到:"...身份识别牌将在‘战时或国家紧急状态'时做为正式列装。"。
军官狗牌冲压内容:
1 名的缩写及姓
2 军阶及任命日期,按月、日、年的顺序-如 1.5.16.。
3 连队(自1917年开始)-如 95 CO.。
4 团或军(自1917年开始)-如 6 REG.。
5 USMC
士兵狗牌冲压内容:
1 名的缩写及姓
2 入伍日期,按月、日、年的顺序-如 7. 1. 18.。
3 军阶(自1917年开始)-如 PVT.。
4 连队(自1917年开始)-如 95 CO.。
5 团或军(自1917年开始)-如 6 REG.。
6 USMC
三 C型和D型狗牌(用于1921~50年代早期)简介。
1 官方正式使用始于1921年(最初的美国海军制式狗牌 originally U.S. NAVY "Dog Tag");
2 材质:蒙耐合金(注2)或抗腐蚀材料(黄铜、不锈钢等);
3 狗牌数目:两个;
4 狗牌链:蒙耐合金在棉条外,或蒙耐合金链,或钢索外包塑料套等;
5 狗牌标识制作:早期制式样品为蚀刻(注3),后期为冲压;
6 C型狗牌正式使用-见于1921年美国海军陆战队手册(单侧穿孔型)
7 D型狗牌正式使用-见于1940年美国海军陆战队手册(双侧穿孔型)
注2:蒙耐合金材料为抗腐蚀的镍铜合金,含少量铁和锰的成分。
注3:早期制式狗牌在第一面蚀刻手写个人数据,第二面蚀刻右食指指纹。
狗牌刻制内容:这是统一格式,但各单位的狗牌的格式可能会有不同,下图显示了1941年。
至1945年间不同的狗牌格式,其中"L.DIAMONDS"的狗牌蚀刻制作的一个例子,而且其数。
据是以海军(USN)的格式制作的。(见USMC在狗牌上的位置)
第一行:姓
第二行:名及缩写(或只有缩写)
第三行:军官军阶或士兵服役号-12345,123456或1234567,并留出三个字符的空格至右侧信仰栏,宗教信仰只用首字母表示,如C表示天主教(CATHOLIC),H表示犹太教(HEBREW),P表示新教(PROTESTANT)
第四行:以字母T开始的破伤风疫苗注射日期(如T-8/40)和血型-A、C、AB或O。
第五行:USNC或USMCR
下图为蚀刻(只有L.DIAMONDS的狗牌)和冲压狗牌的示例:
四 E型狗牌(用于1940~1959)简介。
1 官方正式使用始于1940年(最初的美国陆军M-1940狗牌 originally U.S. ARMY "Dog Tag" M-1940);(注4)
2 材质:蒙耐合金、黄铜或不锈钢;
3 狗牌数目:两个;
4 狗牌链:珠串式不锈钢链;
5 狗牌标识制作:冲压;
注4:在二战中美国海军陆战队制式狗牌为C和D型,美国陆军M-1940狗牌在海军陆战队的广。
泛使用是在二战结束后开始的。在目前能收集到的美国海军陆战队和美国海军使用的M-1940。
狗牌上多数没有刻制破伤风疫苗注射日期,而该日期是二战中C型和D型狗牌的标准内容,因此。
这些美国海军陆战队和美国海军使用的M-1940狗牌应该是二战后或二战晚期的。战后M-1940。
狗牌逐步代替了C型和D型狗牌。
狗牌刻制内容:这是统一格式,但各单位的狗牌的格式可能会有不同。
第一行:姓
第二行:名及缩写(或只有缩写)
第三行:服役号-12345,123456或1234567。
血型-A、B、AB或O
首字母BT(BLOOD TYPE 血型)也有使用。(见下图)
第四行:USNC或USMCR
第五行:宗教信仰
只用首字母,如-C表示天主教(CATHOLIC),H表示犹太教(HEBREW),P表示新教。
(PROTESTANT)
使用全称,如-CATHOLIC, HEBREW, PROTESTANT。
五 F型狗牌(用于1959~2002)简介。
1 官方正式使用始于1959年(与所有美军单位相同)
2 材质:不锈钢;
3 狗牌数目:两个;
4 狗牌链:珠串式不锈钢链;
5 狗牌标识制作:冲压;
狗牌刻制内容:这是统一格式,但各单位的狗牌的格式可能会有不同。
第一行:姓
第二行:名及缩写(或只有缩写)
第三行:服役号-12345,123456或1234567。
社保号(SSN:Social Security Number)-123 45 6789(自19965年开始使用)
血型-A、B、AB或O以及Rh因子(注5)
第四行:USNC或USMCR以及防毒面具尺码-XS, S, M, L, XL。
第五行:宗教信仰使用全称,如-BAPTIST, CATHOLIC, EPISCOPAL, HEBREW, PROTESTANT等。
备注:
越战时期狗牌的陆军士兵号开始有前缀了,例如大家看到的RA就是Regular Army(常规陆军,指志愿入伍者),US(强行征召入伍者),NG(National Guard 国民卫队),ER(Enlisted Reserve 应征后备役者),O(Officer,军官)。
社会保险号码为9为数字,1967年,美国陆军引入社会保险号码后,一直到1969年这期间,狗牌上两个号码是并存的,到了1969年后,狗牌上的识别号码就只有社会保险号码了。
宗教信仰那一栏也有所改变,如果一个士兵是没有宗教信仰的话,该栏不再是空白,而是打上"NO PREFERENCE"。
而现役狗牌中,除了陆军以外的军种在狗牌上都会打上相应的军种名称,例如USN,USMC,USCGR,USAF等。具体的位置不是很敢确定,等确定了再补充吧。
足球的历史
Games revolving around the kicking of a ball have been played in many countries throughout history. According to FIFA, the "very earliest form of the game for which there is scientific evidence was an exercise of precisely this skilful technique dating back to the 2nd and 3rd centuries BC in China (the game of cuju)."[11] Various forms of football were played in medieval Europe, though rules varied greatly by both period and location.。
The modern rules of football are based on the mid-19th century efforts to standardise the widely varying forms of football played at the public schools of England.。
The Cambridge Rules, first drawn up at Cambridge University in 1848, were particularly influential in the development of subsequent codes, including association football. The Cambridge Rules were written at Trinity College, Cambridge, at a meeting attended by representatives from Eton, Harrow, Rugby, Winchester and Shrewsbury schools. They were not universally adopted. During the 1850s, many clubs unconnected to schools or universities were formed throughout the English-speaking world, to play various forms of football. Some came up with their own distinct codes of rules, most notably the Sheffield Football Club, formed by former public school pupils in 1857,[12] which led to formation of a Sheffield FA in 1867. In 1862, John Charles Thring of Uppingham School also devised an influential set of rules.[13]。
These ongoing efforts contributed to the formation of The Football Association (The FA) in 1863, which first met on the morning of 26 October 1863 at the Freemasons' Tavern in Great Queen Street, London.[14] The only school to be represented on this occasion was Charterhouse. The Freemason's Tavern was the setting for five more meetings between October and December, which eventually produced the first comprehensive set of rules. At the final meeting, the first FA treasurer, the representative from Blackheath, withdrew his club from the FA over the removal of two draft rules at the previous meeting, the first which allowed for the running with the ball in hand and the second, obstructing such a run by hacking (kicking an opponent in the shins), tripping and holding. Other English rugby football clubs followed this lead and did not join the FA, or subsequently left the FA and instead in 1871 formed the Rugby Football Union. The eleven remaining clubs, under the charge of Ebenezer Cobb Morley, went on to ratify the original thirteen laws of the game.[14] These rules included handling of the ball by "marks" and the lack of a crossbar, rules which made it remarkably similar to Victorian rules football being developed at that time in Australia. The Sheffield FA played by its own rules until the 1870s with the FA absorbing some of its rules until there was little difference between the games.。
The laws of the game are currently determined by the International Football Association Board (IFAB). The Board was formed in 1886[15] after a meeting in Manchester of The Football Association, the Scottish Football Association, the Football Association of Wales, and the Irish Football Association. The world's oldest football competition is the FA Cup, which was founded by C. W. Alcock and has been contested by English teams since 1872. The first official international football match took place in 1872 between Scotland and England in Glasgow, again at the instigation of C. W. Alcock. England is home to the world's first football league, which was founded in Birmingham in 1888 by Aston Villa director William McGregor.[16] The original format contained 12 clubs from the Midlands and the North of England. The Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the international football body, was formed in Paris in 1904 and declared that they would adhere to Laws of the Game of the Football Association.[17] The growing popularity of the international game led to the admittance of FIFA representatives to the International Football Association Board in 1913. The board currently consists of four representatives from FIFA and one representative from each of the four British associations.。
Today, football is played at a professional level all over the world. Millions of people regularly go to football stadiums to follow their favourite teams,[18] while billions more watch the game on television.[19] A very large number of people also play football at an amateur level. According to a survey conducted by FIFA published in 2001, over 240 million people from more than 200 countries regularly play football.[20] Its simple rules and minimal equipment requirements have no doubt aided its spread and growth in popularity.。
In many parts of the world football evokes great passions and plays an important role in the life of individual fans, local communities, and even nations; it is therefore often claimed to be the most popular sport in the world. ESPN has spread the claim that the Côte d'Ivoire national football team helped secure a truce to the nation's civil war in 2005. By contrast, football is widely considered to be the final proximate cause in the Football War in June 1969 between El Salvador and Honduras.[21] The sport also exacerbated tensions at the beginning of the Yugoslav wars of the 1990s, when a match between Dinamo Zagreb and Red Star Belgrade devolved into rioting in March 1990.[22]。
篮球的历史故事
The first rules, court, and game。
In early December 1891, Dr. James Naismith,[2] a Canadian-born physical education professor and instructor at YMCA Training School[3] (today, Springfield College) in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA, sought a vigorous indoor game to keep his students occupied and at proper levels of fitness during the long New England winters. After rejecting other ideas as either too rough or poorly suited to walled-in gymnasiums, he wrote the basic rules and nailed a peach basket onto a 10-foot (3.05 m) elevated track. In contrast with modern basketball nets, this peach basket retained its bottom, and balls had to be retrieved manually after each "basket" or point scored; this proved inefficient, however, so a hole was drilled into the bottom of the basket, allowing the balls to be poked out with a long dowel each time. The peach baskets were used until 1906 when they were finally replaced by metal hoops with backboards. A further change was soon made, so the ball merely passed through, paving the way for the game we know today. A soccer ball was used to shoot goals. Whenever a person got the ball in the basket, his team would gain a point. Whichever team got the most points won the game.[4] The baskets were originally nailed to the mezzanine balcony of the playing court, but this proved impractical when spectators on the balcony began to interfere with shots. The backboard was introduced to prevent this interference; it had the additional effect of allowing rebound shots.[5] Naismith's handwritten diaries, discovered by his granddaughter in early 2006, indicate that he was nervous about the new game he had invented, which incorporated rules from a children's game called "Duck on a Rock", as many had failed before it. Naismith called the new game "Basket Ball".[6]。
The first official game was played in the YMCA gymnasium on January 20, 1892 with nine players. The game ended at 1-0; the shot was made from 25 feet (7.6 m), on a court just half the size of a present-day Streetball or National Basketball Association (NBA) court. By 1897–1898 teams of five became standard.。
Women's basketball。
Women's basketball began in 1892 at Smith College when Senda Berenson, a physical education teacher, modified Naismith's rules for women. Shortly after she was hired at Smith, she went to Naismith to learn more about the game.[7] Fascinated by the new sport and the values it could teach, she organized the first women’s collegiate basketball game on March 21, 1893, when her Smith freshmen and sophomores played against one another.[8] Her rules were first published in 1899 and two years later Berenson became the editor of A.G. Spalding’s first Women's Basketball Guide[8], which further spread her version of basketball for women.。
回答字数在10000字以内,所以就放了2005年希望对你有用。
2005 Passage 1
Everybody loves a fat pay rise. Yet pleasure at your own can vanish if you learn that a colleague has been given a bigger one. Indeed, if he has a reputation for slacking, you might even be outraged. Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance. But a study by Sarah Brosnan and Frans de Waal of Emory University in Atlanta, Georgia, which has just been published in Nature, suggests that it all too monkey, as well.。
The researchers studied the behaviour of female brown capuchin monkeys. They look cute. They are good-natured, co-operative creatures, and they share their food tardily. Above all, like their female human counterparts, they tend to pay much closer attention to the value of “goods and services” than males. 。
Such characteristics make them perfect candidates for Dr. Brosnan's and Dr. de waal's; study. The researchers spent two years teaching their monkeys to exchange tokens for food. Normally, the monkeys were happy enough to exchange pieces of rock for slices of cucumber. However, when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.。
In the world of capuchins grapes are luxury goods (and much preferable to cucumbers) So when one monkey was handed a grape in exchange for her token, the second was reluctant to hand hers over for a mere piece of cucumber. And if one received a grape without having to provide her token in exchange at all, the other either tossed her own token at the researcher or out of the chamber, or refused to accept the slice of cucumber .Indeed, the mere presence of a grape in the other chamber (without an actual monkey to eat it) was enough to reduce resentment in a female capuchin.。
The researches suggest that capuchin monkeys, like humans, are guided by social emotions, in the wild, they are a co-operative, groupliving species, Such co-operation is likely to be stable only when each animal feels it is not being cheated. Feelings of righteous indignation, it seems, are not the preserve of people alone, Refusing a lesser reward completely makes these feelings abundantly clear to other members of the group. However, whether such a sense of fairness evolved independently in capuchins and humans, or whether it stems form the common ancestor that the species had 35 million years ago, is, as yet, an unanswered question.。
21. In the opening paragraph, the author introduces his topic by。
[A]. posing a contrast. 。
[B]. justifying an assumption. 。
[C]. making a comparison. 。
[D]. explaining a phenomenon.。
22. The statement “it is all too monkey” (Last line, paragraph l) implies that。
[A]. monkeys are also outraged by slack rivals. 。
[B]. resenting unfairness is also monkeys' nature. 。
[C]. monkeys, like humans, tend to be jealous of each other. 。
[D]. no animals other than monkeys can develop such emotions.。
23. Female capuchin monkeys were chosen for the research most probably because they are。
[A]. more inclined to weigh what they get. 。
[B]. attentive to researchers' instructions. 。
[C]. nice in both appearance and temperament. 。
[D]. more generous than their male companions。
24. Dr. Brosnan and Dr. de Waal have eventually found in their study that the monkeys。
[A]. prefer grapes to cucumbers. 。
[B]. can be taught to exchange things. 。
[C]. will not be co-operative if feeling cheated. 。
[D]. are unhappy when separated from others.。
25. What can we infer from the last paragraph? 。
[A]. Monkeys can be trained to develop social emotions. 。
[B]. Human indignation evolved from an uncertain source. 。
[C]. Animals usually show their feelings openly as humans do. 。
[D]. Cooperation among monkeys remains stable only in the wild.。
重点词汇:
assumption (假定;承担;呈现)是assume的名词形式;见1997年Text 2。.参consumption,2002年Text 3。assumption — the mother of screw-up 臆断——把事情弄糟的根源。underlying assumption 潜在的假定。
grievance /n.委屈冤情不平。申诉人提出不满意见交付仲裁者。悲痛伤心事不幸忧伤。因为有冤情()而满怀悲痛()向申诉人申诉。
tardily adv.缓慢。形容词形式拖拉的。(谐音记忆:他地,工作是他的,所以我可以拖拉)
counterpart (相似或对应的人或物)即counter+part,counter-前缀“对等”,part部分,“对等的部分”。见2000年 Passage 4 。
token n. 表示, 向征, 记号, 代币 adj. 象征的, 表意的。Tears are queer tokens of happiness. 眼泪是快乐的一种奇怪的表示。
reluctant (不愿的,勉强的)即re+luct+ant,re-看作“反复”,luct可看作词根lect“选择”,-ant形容词后缀,人们都不愿反反复复地作选择,所以“反复选择”→不愿的。Suggestion systems can work — don't be reluctant to use them.建议制度是有效的——不要不愿使用它们。
indignation n. 愤慨, 义愤。 记忆:in-dig挖(坑)-nation,挖坑藏在里面的民族,能不愤慨吗?比如老萨,呵呵。形容词形式 indignant adj. 愤怒的, 愤慨的 。
难句分析:
①Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”, with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.。
前一分句是句子的主句,其中使用了短语regard…as…的被动形式;with加名词作状语,即“带有潜在的假定”,其中assumption后接有that引导的同位语从句解释说明假定的内容。
翻译:这种行为被看作是“人之长情”,他潜在的假定就是其他动物不可能有这种高度发达的不公平意识。
②when two monkeys were placed in separate but adjoining chambers, so that each could observe what the other was getting in return for its rock, their behaviour became markedly different.。
该句子的主句是their behaviour became markedly different.前面是when引导的时间状语从句,其中包含了so that引导的目的状语从句。
翻译:当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里,能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时,猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
试题解析:
这篇文章是讲猴子有一种天然的公平意识,文章本身难度不是太大,一开始做了一个类比,讲人的公平意识。然后根据这个类比,文章重点谈猴子们的公平意识。这篇对比性的文章两个方面要理解,第一,人类和猴子之间都有一种近似的表现,当受到不公正待遇的时候,都有义愤填膺的感觉,如果把握这个逻辑,就是类比的逻辑。第二, 最后两段关于选择的实验的对象以及实验的结果。
21题,我们应该选择C,考察第一段的写作手法,明显用的是猴和人之间的相似形的比较关系。
22题答案是B,也是在把猴子和人做类比,指出猴子与人一样都抱怨不公平。
23题答案选A,这个是事实细节题,答案是根据文章第三段第一句话得到的,雌性的猴子被选择做研究,是因为她们更加注重她们获得的东西。
24题答案选择C,他们最终的发现是什么,篇章最后两段反复重复,如果没有受到公平的话,
25题选择B.这篇文章第一段和最后一段都出现一个词,"假设"为什么猴和人都有这种心理反应,这个问题没有得以解决。
全文翻译:
人人都喜欢大幅加薪,但是当你知道一个同事薪水加得比你还要多的时候,那么加薪带给你的喜悦感就消失的无影无踪了。如果他还以懒散出名的话,你甚至会变得怒不可遏。这种行为被看作是“人之长情”,其潜在的假定其他动物不可能具有如此高度发达的不公平意识。但是由佐治亚州亚特兰大埃里莫大学的Sarah Brosnan 和Frans de Waal进行的一项研究表明,它也是“猴之常情”。这项研究成果刚刚发表在《自然》杂志上。
研究者们对雌性棕色卷尾猴的行为进行了研究。它们看起来很可爱,性格温顺,合作,乐于分享食物。最重要的是,就象女人们一样,它们往往比雄性更关注“商品和服务”价值。这些特性使它们成为Brosnan 和 de Waal理想的研究对象。研究者们花了两年的时间教这些猴子用代币换取食物。正常情况下,猴子很愿意用几块石头换几片黄瓜。但是,当两个猴子被安置在隔开但相邻的两个房间里,能够互相看见对方用石头换回来什么东西时,猴子的行为就会变的明显不同。
在卷尾猴的世界里,葡萄是奢侈品(比黄瓜受欢迎得多)。所以当一只猴子用一个代币换回一颗葡萄时,第二只猴子就不愿意用自己的代币换回一片黄瓜。如果一只猴子根本无需用代币就能够得到一颗葡萄的话,那么另外一只就会将代币掷向研究人员或者扔出房间外,或者拒绝接受那片黄瓜。事实上,只要在另一房间里出现了葡萄(不管有没有猴子吃它),都足以引起雌卷尾猴的怨恨。
研究人员指出,正如人类一样,卷尾猴也受社会情感的影响。在野外,它们是相互合作的群居动物。只有当每只猴子感到自己没有受到欺骗时,这种合作才可能稳定。不公平而引起的愤怒感似乎不是人类的专利。拒绝接受较少的酬劳可以让这些情绪准确无误地传达给其它成员。但是这种公平感是在卷尾猴和人类身上各自独立演化而成,还是来自三千五百万前他们共同的祖先,这还是一个悬而未决的问题。
2005 Passage 2
Do you remember all those years when scientists argued that smoking would kill us but the doubters insisted that we didn't know for sure? That the evidence was inconclusive, the science uncertain? That the antismoking lobby was out to destroy our way of life and the government should stay out of the way? Lots of Americans bought that nonsense, and over three decades, some 10 million smokers went to early graves.。
There are upsetting parallels today, as scientists in one wave after another try to awaken us to the growing threat of global warming. The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made. The clear message is that we should get moving to protect ourselves. The president of the National Academy, Bruce Alberts, added this key point in the preface to the panel's report “Science never has all the answers .But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure. This is a dangerous game: by the 100 percent of the evidence is in, it may be too late. With the risks obvious and growing, a prudent people would take out an insurance policy now.。
Fortunately, the White House is starting to pay attention. But it's obvious that a majority of the president's advisers still don't take global warming seriously. Instead of a plan of action, they continue to press for more research-a classic case of “paralysis by analysis”.。
To serve as responsible stewards of the planet, we must press forward on deeper atmospheric and oceanic research But research alone is inadequate. If the Administration won't take the legislative initiative, Congress should help to begin fashioning conservation measures .A bill by Democratic Senator Robert Byrd of West Virginia, which would offer financial incentives for private industry is a promising start Many see that the country is getting ready to build lots of new power plants to meet our energy needs. If we are ever going to protect the atmosphere, it is crucial that those new plants be environmentally sound.。
26. An argument made by supporters of smoking was that。
[A]. there was no scientific evidence of the correlation between smoking and death. 。
[B]. the number of early deaths of smokers in the past decades was insignificant. 。
[C]. people had the freedom to choose their own way of life. 。
[D]. antismoking people were usually talking nonsense.。
27. According to Bruce Alberts, science can serve as。
[A]. a protector. 。
[B]. a judge. 。
[C]. a critic. 。
[D]. a guide.。
28. What does the author mean by “paralysis by analysis” (Last line, paragraph 4) 。
[A]. Endless studies kill action. 。
[B]. Careful investigation reveals truth. 。
[C]. prudent planning hinders. 。
[D]. Extensive research helps decision-making.。
29. According to the author, what should the Administration do about。
[A]. Offer aid to build cleaner power plants. 。
[B]. Raise public awareness of conservation. 。
[C]. Press for further scientific research. 。
[D]. Take some legislative measures.。
30. The author associates the issue of global warming with that of smoking because。
[A]. they both suffered from the government's negligence. 。
[B]. a lesson from the latter is applicable to the former. 。
[C]. the outcome of the latter aggravates the former. 。
[D]. both of them have turned from bad to worse.。
重点词汇:
prudent adj. 谨慎的。It's prudent to take a thick coat in cold weather when you go out. 在寒冷的天气下外出时带上件厚外套是谨慎的。名词形式prudence n. 审慎。记忆:rude 粗鲁的,无礼的,p不-rude粗鲁的-ent形容词后缀。
paralysis n. 瘫痪, 麻痹。 para-侧面。参见2003年Text 2。
paraphrase (n.v.释意)即para+phrase,para-前缀表“在旁边、辅助”,phrase即“短语;用短语表达”,故“用短语辅助表达”→释意。以para-为前缀的单词还有paragraph(文章的段、节;短评)←para+graph写;parameter(参数)←para+meter计量;parasite(寄生虫)←para+site地点。
analysis n. 分析, 分解。记忆:an-a-lysis,后缀同上,分析成一个an,a。联想:反义词synthesis n. 综合, 合成。
take the legislative initiative 。
take the initiative 带头,开始着手 took the initiative in trying to solve the problem.开始着手试图解决这个问题。
initiative n. 主动。 名词形式initiate vt. 开始, 发动, 传授 v. 开始, 发起。
legislative adj. 立法的, 立法机关的 n. 立法机关。参见1999 Passage 4 。legislation (立法;法规)看作leg+is+lat(e)+ion,leg词根“法律”(参allegation宣称,2003年Text 2),is是,late迟的,-ion名词后缀,“法律是迟的”→旧法律难以适应新事物→所以要不断“立法”→“立法”之产物即“法规”。
难句解析:
①The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us that the Earth's atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.。
主干部分是The latest was a panel,表语panel后接有两个定语成分:from的介词短语和含enlisted的过去分词,即“白宫召集的、来自国家科学院的专家团”,其中第二个定语成分中又包含一个不定式结构,表目的,即“为了告诉我们……而召集的(专家团)”。
翻译:最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。
②But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that out nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.”
该句子的主干是由and连接的两个并列从句,前一分句的主干是science…provide us with…guide;后一分句的主干是it is critical,其中it为形式主语,真正的主语是that引导的主语从句。从句的主干是our nation and the world base…policies on…judgments,judgments后接有两个定语结构,一是that引导的定语从句,一是concerning分词结构。
翻译:但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
③Just as on smoking, voices now come from many quarters insisting that the science about global warming is incomplete, that it's Ok to keep pouring fumes into the air until we know for sure。
该句子的主干是voices now come from many quarters;句首Just as结构做比较状语,意为“正如…一样”;insisting 引导的分词结构做定语修饰主语voice,分词结构中含有两个并列的由that引导的宾语从句,第二个宾语从句的真实主语是不定式结构to keep…
翻译:就象吸烟问题一样,来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。
试题解析:
第二篇文章是一篇一般的时事性文章,这也是一篇类比,考完了以后很多考生说这篇文章讲抽烟,其实不是的,作者讲抽烟是想说明现在的温室效应,也是一种类比,许多人抽烟没有人去管,因为缺乏足够的证据,咱们各国政府也不管温室效应, 也是同样的原因。中心讲的是世界各个政府对温室效应的解决的态度,篇章的关键词围绕这样三个问题展开,第一个就是证据不充足。第二是科学的意义。第三是制定法律,尤其最后三段大量出现立法和法规的现象,
26题选C,
27应该选D,科学应该作为一个指导性,是答案是根据文章第2段的最后两句话。
28题是猜单词题,单词所在的句子的意思是有些人总要科学证据,结果抹杀了行动。所以选A。29答案选择D,采取某种法律措施,法律在最后的段落重复的最多。
30题作者谈的抽烟的教训对我们温室处理也是一样的,选B。
全文翻译:
还记得科学家们认为吸烟会致人死亡,而那些怀疑者们却坚持认为我们无法对此得出定论的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为缺乏决定性的证据,科学也不确定的时候吗?还记得怀疑者们坚持认为反对吸烟的游说是为了毁掉我们的生活方式,而政府应该置身事外的时候吗?许多美国人相信了这些胡言乱语,在三十多年中,差不多有一千万烟民早早的进了坟墓。
现在出现了与吸烟类似的令人感到难过的事情。科学家们前仆后继,试图使我们意识到全球气候变暖所带来的日益严重的威胁。最近的行动是由白宫召集了一批来自国家科学院的专家团,他们告诉我们,地球气候毫无疑问正在变暖,而这个问题主要是人为造成的。明确的信息表明是我们应该立刻着手保护自己。国家科学院院长Bruce Alberts在专家团报告的前言中加上了这一重要观点:“科学解答不了所有问题。但是科学确实为我们的未来提供了最好的指导,关键是我们的国家和整个的世界在做重要决策时,应该以科学能够提供的关于人类现在的行为对未来影响最好的判断作为依据。
就象吸烟问题一样,来自不同领域的声音坚持认为有关全球变暖的科学资料还不完整。在我们证实这件事之前可以向大气中不断的排放气体。这是一个危险的游戏;到了有百分之百的证据的时候,可能就太晚了。随着风险越来越明显,并且不断增加,一个谨慎的民族现在应该准备一份保单了。
幸运的是,白宫开始关注这件事了。但是显然大多数总统顾问并没有认真看待全球气候变暖这个问题。他们没有出台行动计划,相反只是继续迫切要求进行更多的研究――这是一个经典的“分析导致麻痹案例”。
为了成为地球上有责任心的一员,我们必须积极。