broadly-0

dance-off是什么意思?

加拿大政府的英文资料：

The Government of Canada (Gouvernement du Canada) is the name of the federal government of Canada. The powers and structure of the federal government are set out in the Constitution Act, 1867.。

In modern Canadian use of government and the Canadian wordmark displayed at right are used broadly by the cabinet of the day (as of 2006, the Harper cabinet) as well as the non-political staff within each federal department or agency – that is, the civil service. The legislative and judicial branches, as a whole, are not normally considered part of the government in this sense. Canadians usually refer to the Government of Canada as "the Federal Government."。

Head of State

Elizabeth II as Queen of Canada is the head of state and repository of executive power, which she normally does not exercise herself. As expressed in the constitution, "the Executive Government and Authority of and over Canada is hereby declared to continue and be vested in the Queen". The government acts in her name. The term The Crown is usually used to represent the power of the monarchy. Government ministers are ministers of the Crown. Criminal prosecutions are made by Crown prosecutors in the name of the monarch.。

Since the monarch does not reside in Canada, she appoints a governor general to represent her and exercise her powers. The person who fills this role is selected on the advice of the prime minister. "Advice" in this sense is a choice without options since it would cause a major political crisis if the prime minister's advice were not followed. This convention protects the monarchy. As long as the monarch is only following the advice of her ministers, she is not held personally responsible for the decisions of the government. The governor general has no term limit, but the practice in recent decades is for the governor general to be replaced after about five years in office.。

[edit] Head of Government。

The prime minister is the head of government. The prime minister is appointed by the governor general, but to ensure the continuity of a stable government this person will always be the one who has the confidence of the House of Commons to lead the government. In practice, the position usually goes to the leader of the political party that has the most seats in the lower house. On several occasions in Canadian history no party has had a majority in the House of Commons and thus one party, usually the largest, forms a minority government. As of 2007, the current government of Canada is a minority government.。

The prime minister holds office until he or she resigns or is removed by the governor general; therefore, the party that was in government before the election may attempt to continue to govern if they so desire, even if they hold fewer seats than another party. Coalition governments are rare at the federal level: since Sir John A. Macdonald's Conservative/Liberal-Conservative governments in the mid 1800s, Canada has had only one other coalition government, the Union Government of Sir Robert Borden during World War I.。

Political parties are private organizations that are not mentioned in the constitution. By the convention of responsible government, the prime minister and most of his cabinet are members of Parliament so they can answer to Parliament for their actions. But, constitutionally, any adult Canadian is eligible for the jobs, and prime ministers have held office after being elected leader but before taking a seat in the Commons (John Turner, for example), or after being defeated in their constituencies. The prime minister selects ministers to head the various government departments and form a cabinet. The members of the Cabinet remain in office at the pleasure of the prime minister.。

If the Commons passes a motion of no confidence in the government, the prime minister and his cabinet are expected either to resign their offices or to ask for Parliament to be dissolved so that a general election can be held. To avoid a non-confidence motion from passing, parties enforce strong party discipline, in which members of a party - especially from the ruling party - are strongly urged to vote the "party line" or face consequences. While a member of a governing party is free to vote their conscience, they are constrained by the fact that voting against the party line (especially in confidence votes) might lead to expulsion from their party. Such an expulsion would lead to loss of election funding and the former party backing an alternate candidate. While the government likes to keep control in these circumstances, in unwritten practice, the only time the government can fall is if a money bill (financial or budget) is defeated. However, if a government finds that it can not pass any legislation it is common (but not required) that a vote of confidence should be held. The exception is if the Prime Minister or the government declared that they consider a given bill to be a matter of confidence (hence how backbenchers are often held to strict party voting).。

Members can be elected as independents, such as Chuck Cadman in 2004 and Andre Arthur in 2006. Most independent members are elected under a party, but either chose to leave the party or are expelled from it. After the Conservative Party of Canada was formed, a number of members of the Progressive Conservative Party and the Canadian Alliance party chose to sit as independents.。

When there are enough seats for another party to form a government after the resignation of a prime minister, the Governor General may ask the other party to try to form the government. This became clear after the King-Byng Affair in 1926. In practice, it is unlikely there could be a separate and new alliance created.。

汉译英——急！！！

dance-off.原意是一种非正式的舞蹈比赛，舞者轮流上场，而且必须比对手更强。

dance-off ：An informal competition between two dancers who must progressively dance better than their opponent.。

这里是把科学比作为舞蹈比赛：

这是一场科学的舞蹈比赛，所申请参赛的舞蹈将被分为物理学......（后面没有完）

for(int i=0;q[i]=p[i]; i++) ; 我想知道 这里 i 是如何让终止的...

Practice the socialist concept of honor and create a new socialist practice needs the participation of the entire society.Social and successors of the socialist construction as the students practice the socialist concept of sharing responsibility, butSome students day wishy-washy manner that does not try to improve.Love or waste any more time, indulging in the network, or eager utilitarian, have hurt profits, or lack sincerity and move.How to deal with these problems and how to solve these problems, then the socialist concept of honor for our explorations.Only one person from thinking clearly what is shameful, what is the shame can consciously restrain their words and deeds.Eight-eight shame as the main contents of the socialist concept of honor, covering the patriotism, collectivism and socialist ideology.building for the citizens to set a new goal of moral cultivation.It is not only a guide to enhancing the spirit of patriotism, but also the attitude of the students.a civilized standards of daily ritual.Students should start with oneself, start from the trivial to improve self-cultivation and self-display of the spirit of contemporary college students.(Add a few thoughts own experience what) the large numbers of young people sharing only firmly establish the concept of socialism.can be of high moral character and good sense, to master modern science and technology talents.lofty ideals can be achieved.Our graduates to establish a socialist concept of honor and strive to "8 -"for a bright future of our great motherland contribute to the work force.。

保德区块中低阶煤压裂存在的问题及技术对策

for循环终止条件是q[i]=p[i]这个表达式为假,也就是p[i]=0时候.即当i＝6时退出。

因为字符串常量123456后面要跟一个\0代表字符串结束，而字符\0在字符串位置是6。

急…！！！关于太空space的简介！要英文的！！

彭少涛 刘川庆 朱卫平 孙 斌 刘学鹏。

( 煤层气开发利用国家工程研究中心，北京 100095)。

摘 要: 鄂尔多斯盆地东缘保德区块以中低阶煤为主，分布十分广阔，虽然其含气量不高，但其煤岩厚度大，渗透性好，机械强度高，具有高产潜质。目前，保德区块压裂施工中面临压裂液滤失极大，造缝不充分，加砂困难的问题，易导致施工失败，影响压裂效果。本文针对 2010 年压裂施工中所遇到的难题，开展了煤层气井地质与压裂施工资料的统计与分析，总结了问题的原因，提出了从优选压裂液体系、优化支撑剂组合、调整施工工艺入手的技术对策; 该研究成果可为今后保德区块中低阶高渗煤层的压裂工作提供可参考的依据，从而为储量目标的完成与产能建设提供技术保障。

关键词: 保德区块 中低阶煤 压裂 技术对策。

The Problems and the Corresponding Technical Strategies of Low Rank Coal Fracture in Baode Block。

PENG Shaotao LIU Chuanqing ZHU Weiping SUN Bin。

( China United CoalBed Methane National Engineering Research Center，Beijing 100095，China)。

Abstract: Low rank coal is the main kind of coal in Baode block of Ordos Basin，which is very broadly dis- tributed. Though the gas content is not high，it has a high yield potential for big coal thickness，good permeability and high mechanical intensity. Currently，it easily leads to fracturing failure for enormous filtration and insufficient fracture extension，which affect the gas production greatly. In this article，aiming at the fracturing problems in 2010，we started statistics and analysis of geological and fracturing data. After summarizing the reasons，we pres- ented some technical strategies，which include preferring fracturing fluid，proppant portfolio optimization and process adjustment. The research fruit in this article will provide a basis for reference of low rank coal fracture， and also offer technical support for production capacity building.。

Keywords: Baode block; low rank coal; fracturing strategy。

作者简介: 彭少涛，男，1970 年 11 月生，2007 年获西南石油大学硕士学位，现为高级工程师、煤层气开发利用国家工程研究中心储层改造所所长，长期从事石油、天然气、煤层气勘探开发技术研究与管理工作，通信地址:北京市海淀区中关村环保科技园地锦路 7 号 1 幢，邮编: 100095，E mail: pengst@ nccbm. com. cn。

1 前言

煤层气是一种非常规的天然气资源，是成煤过程中生成的以甲烷为主要成分的各种烃类气体，经运移、散失后，仍保留在煤层和顶底板岩石中的部分。煤层中游离气很少，煤层甲烷主要以吸附状态(70%～90%)附在煤层微孔隙内表面上。煤层吸附甲烷的能力随着压力升高而增大，饱和后以游离态存在，少量溶于水中［1］。煤层的裂隙系统是煤层甲烷运移的主要通道，但其连通性差、渗透率低，难以形成具有高导流能力的通道。为了开采这种气体，必须采出大量的水，降低裂隙系统的压力，气体从煤层表面上解吸进入裂隙系统。为了使气体从裂隙系统流入井筒，必须在煤层的天然裂隙与井筒之间建立起有效的连通孔道，而产生这种连通孔道的最有效的方式是对煤层进行压裂。

2 保德区块中低阶煤特性

保德区块位于鄂尔多斯盆地东北缘，晋西挠褶带的北端;总体形态为向西缓倾的大型单斜构造，地层倾角较为平缓;构造简单，走向近北东。区内煤岩Ro介于0.68%～1.1%，平均0.72%，煤阶较低，以气煤为主，次为肥煤，属于中低阶煤。虽然煤阶较低，含气量不高，但其埋藏较浅，渗透性好，具有高产潜质。

通常情况下，中低阶煤具有割理发育，渗透率较高，机械强度相对高，含气量低的特点。通过查阅相关资料，证实:。

(1)保德区块煤岩割理较为发育，面割理密度在5～13条/5cm，渗透率较高，介于0.3～12mD，一般在2.5～8mD;。

(2)根据煤芯岩石力学参数实验，弹性模量为10501.9MPa，泊松比为0.23;对比韩城、吉县区块(弹性模量在1355～9755，泊松比在0.22～0.45)来说，保德区块机械强度相对高;。

(3)区内发育两套主力煤层，从含气量来看:X1#煤层平均含气量为3.45m3/t，X2#煤层平均含气量为4.23m3/t;相比于韩城区块(约15m3/t)和大宁—吉县区块(约11.5m3/t)来说，保德区块含气量较低。

此外，保德区块煤岩还具有其他一些特点，如:。

(1)厚度大、夹矸多;保德区块主要含煤地层为二叠系山西组和石炭系太原组，煤层厚度大、分布稳定。X1#煤层平均厚6.83m，含夹矸1～5套，平均3.6套;X2#煤层平均厚6.94m，含夹矸0～3套，平均2套;。

(2)部分煤层段具有软煤岩特征;通过对保德区块测井资料统计分析发现，大部分井X1#煤层上部、X2#煤层下部呈现低密度、低电阻、高声波时差，为软煤特征。

3 保德区块中低阶煤压裂存在的问题。

3 保德区块中低阶煤压裂存在的问题。

根据保德区块煤岩特征，结合压裂液评价实验结果，2010年优选了活性水作为保德区块主要采用的压裂液体系，并提出了大排量、大液量、射孔避开软煤层等压裂思路。

从施工情况来看，成功率仅为80%。说明2010年采用的压裂工艺不能完全满足保德区块煤层改造的需要。因此，有必要开展影响保德区块活性水压裂成功率的原因分析，并提出针对性强的技术对策，提高压裂施工成功率;同时，也为今后其他区块中低阶煤开发提供技术储备。

为了找到影响压裂成败的因素，提高施工成功率，我们对2010年压裂失败层的原因进行了分类统计(见图1)。

图1 2010年保德区块压裂失败原因分类统计。

从图1可以看出，煤层因素占66.67%，主要表现为加砂困难，是影响保德区块压裂一次成功率低的主因。煤层因素涉及的面比较广，只有对其进行更为细化的分析，找到影响一次成功率的关键性因素，才能提出针对性强的压裂工艺改进措施。

3.1 渗透率高造成压裂液滤失大。

保德区块渗透率较高，一般在2.5～8mD，远高于其他区块的煤层渗透率。因此，施工成功率较低的原因很可能是压裂液滤失大，造缝效率低，引起缝内脱砂，导致砂堵失败。为了验证是否由于滤失过大造成砂堵的原因，我们引入了压后压降分析技术，通过G函数曲线计算压裂液滤失效率。

G函数压降分析法最早由Nolte［2］提出，20世纪80年代中期在国内外油田得到了广泛的应用。压后关井裂缝闭合期，压力动态在很大程度上有压裂液滤失特征以及裂缝形态所决定，所以可用来确定裂缝几何参数，压裂液滤失系数以及液体效率。图2是我们根据A井X2#煤层压后压力实时数据绘制的G函数曲线图，然后根据压力曲线的斜率可计算出7.5m3/min排量的活性水滤失系数为7.1×10－3m/min0.5;同理，对其他一些层的压降数据进行计算，得到其滤失系数在(4.2～9.6)×10－3m/min0.5。由此说明，保德区块采用活性水压裂滤失非常大，是造成成功率低的一个重要原因。

3.2 割理发育、煤层非均质性强造成压裂时产生多裂缝。

保德区块割理发育，面割理密度为5～8条/5cm。割理发育，就会影响并局部改变煤层气藏中的地应力分布格局，水力裂缝不再是沿最大地应力方向扩展的单一裂缝，而是形成复杂的多裂缝(俗称菊花缝)，难以形成主裂缝，造成地层加砂困难，易砂堵。

这是因为，煤层割理发育，割理处表现出的是一种弱面胶结，依据水力压裂人工裂缝的启裂机理是弱面破裂的理论，煤层压裂过程中将产生大量的分支裂缝，同时由于保德地区X1#夹矸较多，射孔时人为将X1#分为多段，这同时加剧了多裂缝产生的几率。

多裂缝的产生一方面消耗了驱动裂缝扩展的部分能量，另一方面将严重影响人工裂缝的宽度，造成支撑剂难以进入人工裂缝，形成砂堵。因此对于易于产生多裂缝的井，选择合适的支撑剂是压裂成功的关键。为了进一步了解保德区块压裂过程中多裂缝形成的情况，对B井和C井进行了压后净压力分析，见图4，图5。

图2 A井X2#煤层压后压降G函数曲线。

图3 多裂缝形态示意图

图4 B井净压力分析

图5 C井净压力分析

通过净压力分析得到B井和C井压裂过程中多裂缝的形成趋势:。

B井开缝因子:3～5条(48min～98min)。

C井开缝因子:5～7条(90min～140min)。

开缝因子:指有多少条平行裂缝在争夺同一开启的裂缝空间。

因此，从以上两口井的开缝因子分析，保德区块煤层气井压裂过程中多裂缝产生严重，由于多裂缝的影响，裂缝宽度较小，往往造成压裂加砂过程中砂堵。从这一点出发尝试较小粒径支撑剂，以提高压裂一次成功率。

3.3 其他因素对压裂成败影响的分析。

通过对压裂煤层数据的统计发现，扩径率是影响保德煤层压裂成败的突出因素，因为出现了支撑剂堵塞的煤层平均扩径率超过20%，而未出现砂堵的煤层平均扩径率不到12%。进一步分析认为:扩径率大，反映煤质较软，压裂时容易产生大量煤粉，堵塞在裂缝前端，影响裂缝的延伸与扩展。

另外，根据压裂工艺因素(如:液量、砂比、排量等)对煤层压裂成败影响的分析，发现:施工排量的大小及其变化也是影响煤层压裂成败的重要因素。2010年，保德区块压裂的核心理念是“低伤害、大排量、大液量”，其施工排量为7.0～8.2m3/min左右。从统计结果看，排量在7.8m3/min以上的，施工成功率约84.5%;排量在7.8m3/min以下的，施工成功率约76.1%，由此证明，适当增加排量可提高成功率。此外，排量的稳定性也是不容忽视的重要因素，因为在压裂过程中出现了支撑剂堵塞的压裂中，施工排量不稳定的占60%，稳定不变的占40%;而在压裂施工过程中未出现支撑剂堵塞的施工中，排量波动较大的占16.67%，排量有较小起伏的占25%，稳定不变的占58.33%。从这个情况来看，施工排量稳定也有利于减少支撑剂堵塞。

综上所述，影响保德区块煤层压裂施工成败因素如下:。

(1)保德区块渗透性较好，导致低粘压裂液滤失大，造缝效率低;。

(2)保德区块割理发育，煤层压裂过程中多裂缝产生严重，人工裂缝宽度狭小，“吃”砂能力弱，易产生砂堵;。

(3)扩径率大，反映煤岩软，压裂时产生的大量煤粉堵塞在裂缝前端，影响裂缝的扩展与延伸;。

(4)排量(7.0m3/min)偏小，导致活性水有效利用率低，携砂能力差，易引起砂堵;。

(5)排量不稳定，尤其是中途停泵，必然导致沉砂，引起支撑剂堵塞。

4 保德区块中低阶煤压裂技术对策。

针对上面分析的几个影响保德区块煤层压裂施工成败的因素，通过反复认真的思考，提出了相应的技术对策。

4.1 压裂液的优选

2011年采用的活性水作为保德区块煤层压裂的主体压裂液是基本可行的。但是，基于中低阶煤层具有渗透性好、滤失大以及其他方面的需求(例如，利于造缝和携砂，加大砂量，提高前置液百分数和砂比，降低滤失等)，可考虑引入低伤害且具有较高携砂能力的TD1清洁压裂液［3］。根据压裂液评价实验来看，TD1清洁压裂液对保德区块煤芯的平均伤害率约为15.79%，可完全满足保德区块煤层压裂改造的需要。

另外，对于扩径率大的煤层，其煤岩软，压裂时产生的大量煤粉堵塞在裂缝前端，影响裂缝的扩展与延伸。针对这种类型的煤层，可在压裂液中加入煤粉分散剂，使煤粉在压裂液中均匀分布，避免其在裂缝前端聚集。从前期在韩城区块的试验情况来看，使用煤粉分散剂活性水压裂液，可有效降低施工压力，提高施工成功率。

4.2 支撑剂的优化组合

考虑到中低阶煤压裂时易形成扭曲的缝宽较窄的多裂缝形态，造成加砂困难，建议2011年保德区块煤层压裂时，加大40/70目中细砂的用量，以保证支撑剂更易被携带到裂缝的深部。同时开展小粒径支撑剂压裂试验，将目前常规的20～40目和16～20目支撑剂均缩小一个粒径等级，即用30～50目替代20～40目支撑剂，以20～40目替代16～20目支撑剂进行施工。从2010年底所做的裂缝内的支撑剂优化组合实验来看，适当降低支撑剂粒径，不会造成裂缝导流能力的明显下降。

4.3 提高施工排量，保证排量稳定性。

通过排量的提升来降低相对滤失量，提高活性水携砂能力;同时，考虑到设备承受能力及井场实际情况，施工排量从7.0～8.0m3/min提升至8.5～9.0m3/min;此外，要求泵车在40MPa的压力下，排量能够稳定在9.0m3/min，正常工作2小时以上。

5 现场应用

5.1 概况

截止到2011年6月20日，中石油煤层气公司综合应用上述几项压裂技术对策，在保德区块施工29井次，成功率93.10%。相比2010年的施工成功率(80%)来说，有了明显提高。从压后产气效果来看，虽然投产井数少(8口)且时间较短(不足70天)，但已有4口井见气，2口井见套压，显示了良好的潜力。

5.2 应用实例

A井钻井井深750m，煤层埋深610～680m，X1#煤层厚度8.5m，X2#煤层14.1m，含气量6.1m3/t。2011年3月，先用102枪127弹射开X1#，X2#煤层，然后以8.7m3/min排量注入煤粉分散剂活性水879m3，加石英砂51.2m3(40/70目8m3，30/50目30m3，20/40目13.2m3)。压后投产55天，执行连续、稳定、缓慢、长期的排采原则，目前产气量610m3/d，且呈现出良好的上升势头。

6 认识与结论

(1)保德区块煤层渗透性好，压裂液滤失大是影响压裂成败的重要因素;。

(2)保德区块割理发育，非均质性强，这些特征改变了煤层气藏地应力分布形态，使压裂时裂缝扩展呈现多裂缝形态;多裂缝的产生严重影响了人工裂缝的宽度，造成支撑剂难以进入人工裂缝，形成砂堵;。

(3)优选压裂液体系，优化支撑剂组合，选择合适稳定的排量是解决保德区块煤层压裂成功率低的有效途径。

参考文献

［1］王红霞，戴凤春，钟寿鹤.2003.煤层气井压裂工艺技术研究与应用.油气井测试.12(1):51～52。

［2］EconomidesMJ，NolteKG.2002.油藏增产技术(第三版).张保平等译.北京:石油工业出版社。

［3］李曙光，李晓明等.2008.新型煤层气藏压裂液研究.2008年煤层气学术研讨会论文集.317～334。

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