whereby-90

Straitford’s briefs don’t sound like the usual Washington back-and-forthing,

一、这两道题都涉及到副词whereby。whereby意思是“凭借…/ 通过…”，它有下面的两种含义：

1、方式副词，例如：

Whereby shall we know her? 我们靠什么认出她呢？

Whereby will he do it? 他会如何做？

I whereby saw that he was angry.  由此我看出他生气了。

2、关系副词（= by which），引导定语从句，例如：

We need to devise some sort of system whereby people can liaise with each other. 我们须想出一套方法，凭此大家能够互相联络。

There is no other way whereby we can cross the river. 我们没有别的办法过河。

二、搞清楚上面的用法，下面的题目就会迎刃而解。

第一题：Watermelons have been cultivated for more than 4000 years, (and whereby thumping them) to test for ripeness has an equally long history.。

 【选择】D、and thumping them。

 【解析】前面提到“西瓜已经种植了4000多年”，后面说“凭借这一点可知，拍打习惯判断成熟程度有同样长的历史”，前后是并列关系，whereby应该是方式副词，而不是关系副词。连词and 前面用逗号表示语义的转折，不用逗号表示的承接。

第二题：The name "transferware" (comes from a nineteenth-century technique for which) a pattern is engraved onto a copper roll, printed on tissue paper, and transferred onto earthware dishes.。

 【选择】C、comes from a nineteenth-century technique whereby。

 【解析】本句的结构如下：

主句：The name "transferware" comes from a nineteenth-century technique——transferware 这个名称来自十九世纪的技术。

定语从句：whereby a pattern is engraved onto a copper roll, printed on tissue paper, and transferred onto earthware dishes. 借助这种技术，花样先被雕刻到铜滚上，然后印到薄纸，最后复制到陶瓷盘上。

急需！帮我写一小段《难以忽视的真相》英文影评！

我的理解是：Straitford的报告听起来并不像通常那种颠三倒四、含糊其辞的官方说辞（Washington是首都，代表政府、官方），而政府机构就是通过那种官方说辞来避免言辞激烈的声明，因为有可能他们（政府官员）会说错（如果言辞太激烈就会留下把柄）。

有一个词组：back and forth，意思是“来回地、反复地”，相当于副词，这里加上了连词符， back-and-forth作动词用，再加上ing， back-and-forthing就变成了现在分词作名词用。

整个句子主语是Straitford’s briefs ，谓语部分 don’t sound like，宾语the usual Washington back-and-forthing，whereby相当于by which，引导后面的非限制性定语从句，修饰back-and-forthing。

这样应该能看懂了吧~

关于一份有内容的CIF的外贸合同

This is another one of those Michael Moore type documentaries but even more extreme. By that I mean that at first glance, the film seems to completely level whatever it is attacking (in this case its telling us about how we've screwed up our climate) and does a pretty good job at it but when you really focus in on the scientific aspects, you'll find out an inconvenient truth. In this case it is that you don't here the other side of the story and there is a lot to it.。

Al Gore is one very good presenter and speaker. He knows how to connect to the audience and how to sell his arguments. But don't be fooled because although there is a lot of truth in what he says and the message is noble, there is more to the story than what Gore bothers telling you. He doesn't do so much lying but simply picks what he says very cleverly and knows what not to say. If you're a bit more familiar with the topic, these things become overly evident.。

First of all carbon dioxide. Yes, temperature rises (only 0.6 degrees C over the last century) have gone hand in hand with carbon dioxide level rises but there is more to the story. Firstly only a small part of all the carbon dioxide in our atmosphere is anthropogenic (man made), secondly the effects of carbon dioxide on global warming are logarithmic whereby the more you add, the less effect it has and thirdly, carbon dioxide isn't even the largest greenhouse gas. Water vapor (of which 99.999% is of natural origin) is and is responsible for about 90-95% of the greenhouse effect. Plus he neglects to mention all the astronomical factors that effect our climate such sunspot and sun irradiance cycles and the changes of the earth's tilt and orbit among other things. Now aren't those convenient facts to simply leave out? Then Gore talks about the sea rising by the end of this century by a whole 6 meters (accompanied by many frightening shots of famous locations like New York) being flooded. The United Nations lists a somewhat different figure- 0.48 meters. Gore simply takes the absolute worst case scenario prediction and tells us that that is exactly what is going to happen. Then very cleverly he works in all sorts of horrifying images that he passes off as the effects of global warming. One such example is the drying of lake Chad which according to Gore was caused by global warming. He says the same thing about the Aral Sea accompanied by frightening shots of boats in the middle of the desert. Unfortunately for him, both were caused by the over exploitation of the rivers that fed the lakes. There is more, a lot more.。

He constantly uses demagogy to support his points by showing moving images of a drowning polar bear or the completely unrelated topic of his son getting hit by a car. But despite all his inaccuracies and convenient omissions, the message is still sound. We should be looking for other energy sources and he does touch this subject briefly. Perhaps that should have been the main focus of the film.。

If you see this film, be aware that there is more to the scientific part of the story than what Gore is willing to talk about. See this to learn how to give a good speech and sell your arguments.。

用英语描述中国学校

合同范本，，这是我在其他地方看到的，希望对您有用。

合 同 Contract

合同号：

Contract No.: LYLS-01-20121228 。

日期：2011-12-28 Date: 2011-12-28 。

签约地点：

Place: ZIYANG, CHINA 。

买方：

The buyers: Sichuan LianYou Textile Industry Corporation (LMT) General Manager: Huang De 卖方：

The sellers: German Textile Machinery Company Sales Manager: David Paul 。

本合同由买卖双方根据下列条款和条件，经买卖双方共同协商签订，以便共同遵守 This contract is made by and between the buyer and the seller: whereby the buyer and the seller agree to the under-mentioned goods subject to the terms and conditions as stipulated below: 。

1. 商品名称和规格

Name of Commodity and Specification 。

Name of Commodity :Flexible Rapier Loom抗扰箭杆织布机 Specifications: MIG，德国最新生产MIG型号 Quantity：50.00sets 。

Unit price: USD$150000.00/set CIF5% SHANGHAI, CHINA Total value: USD$ 7500000.00 2. 原产国及制造厂商：

Country of origin & manufacturer: Germany 3. 装运期限：

Shipping date: NOT LATER THAN MAR 30, 2013 4. 装运口岸：

Port of loading: Hamburger Germany 5. 到货口岸：

Port of destination: SHANGHAI, CHINA 6. 付款条件：

Terms of payment: 100% of the total value will be paid by L/C at 90 days at sight. 。

7. 包装：需用适合长途海运，防潮、防湿、防震、防锈、耐粗暴搬运的包装，由包装不良。

所发生的损失，由于采用不充分或不妥善的防护措施而造成的任何锈损，卖方应负担由此产生的一切费用和/或损失。

Packing: The packages should be suitable for long distance freight transportation and well protected against dampness, moisture, shock, rust and rough handling. The sellers shall be liable for any damage to the goods on account of improper packing and for any rust damage attributable to inadequate or improper protective measures taken by the sellers. 8. 装运条款：卖方保证按时将合同所述货物运往买方港口。

Terms of shipment: The seller shall ship the goods within the shipping date from the port of shipment to the port of destination. Transshipment is not allowed without the buyer’s consent. 。

9. 装运通知：货物全部装船后，卖方将于10个工作日内将合同编号、商品名称、数量、

毛重、发票金额、船名和开船日期传真通知买方。

Shipping advice: The seller shall within 10 working days after the completion of the loading of the goods advise by fax the buyers of the contract No., commodity, quantity, invoice value, gross weight, name of vessel and date of sailing. 。

var script = document.createElement('script'); script.src = 'http://static.pay.baidu.com/resource/baichuan/ns.js'; document.body.appendChild(script); 。

void function(e,t){for(var n=t.getElementsByTagName("img"),a=+new Date,i=[],o=function(){this.removeEventListener&&this.removeEventListener("load",o,!1),i.push({img:this,time:+new Date})},s=0;s< n.length;s++)!function(){var e=n[s];e.addEventListener?!e.complete&&e.addEventListener("load",o,!1):e.attachEvent&&e.attachEvent("onreadystatechange",function(){"complete"==e.readyState&&o.call(e,o)})}();alog("speed.set",{fsItems:i,fs:a})}(window,document);。

10. 保险：

Insurance: Insurance shall be covered by the seller for 110% of the invoice value against Additional Risks and Strike Risks 。

11. 检验： Inspection 。

卖方须在装运前15日委托德国机械进出口检验机构对本合同之货物进行检验并出具检验证书，货到目的港后，由买方委托中国进出口货物检验机构进行检验。

The Seller shall have the goods inspected by 15 days before the shipment and have the 。

Inspection Certificate issued by German Machinery I/E Inspection Bureau. The Buyer may have the goods reinspected by China I/E Inspection Corporation Shanghai Branch after the goods arrived at the destination. 。

12. 索赔：货物到达买方后，买方应向中国进出口商品检验检疫局申请对质量、规格、数量。

进行初步检验，并出具检验证明书，如发现货物品质、规格、数量与合同不符，除保险公司或船运公司应负责的以外，买方在货到90天内有权换货或索赔，一切费用（如商检费、相关的运费、保险费etc）由卖方承担。

Claims: Within 90 days after the arrival of goods at destination should be quality, specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable. the buyers shall, on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by Entry-Exit Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China have the right to claim for replacement with new goods or for compensation and all the expenses (such as inspection charges, freight for returning the goods and for sending the replacement insurance premium) shall be borne by the sellers. 。

12. 仲裁：凡有关本合同或执行本合同而发生的一切争执，应通过友好协商解决。如不能解决，则应申请进行仲裁。仲裁将在中国贸易促进委员会仲裁委员会进行。其做出的裁决是最终的，买卖双方均应受其约束，任何一方不得向法院或其他机关申请变更。仲裁费用由败诉方负担。

Arbitration: All disputes in connection with this contract or the execution thereof shall be settled through friendly negotiation, in case no settlement can be reached through negotiations, the case under dispute shall be submitted for arbitration to the China Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission Beijing in accordance with the provisional rules of procedures promulgated by the said arbitration commission. The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon both parties for revising the decision. The arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing part. 。

13. 不可抗力：由于人力不可抗拒事故，而卖方交货迟延或不能交货时，责任不在卖方，但卖方应立即将事故通知买方，并于事故发生后十四天内将事故发生地政府主管机关出具的事故证明用空邮寄交卖方为证。

Force Majeure: The seller shall not be held responsible for any delay in delivery or non-delivery of the goods due to force majeure, which might occur during the process of manufacturing or in the course of loading or transit. However, the seller shall advise the buyer immediately of such occurrence and within 14 days thereafter, the seller shall send by airmail to the buyers for their acceptance a certificate of the accident issued by the competent government authorities of the place where the accident occurs as evidence thereof. 14. 附加条款：本合同一式二份买卖双方各执一份。

Supplements and other terms: This contract is made in two originals, one original to be held by each party. The original pieces have the same law effect to each party. All the disputes would be solved by the buyer within the people’s court of Sichuan province according to the Contract Law of PRC.。

应收帐款相关文献 3000字

Overview of Education in China 。

Since the founding of the People‘s Republic of China in 1949, an important governmental effort has been to eliminate illiteracy and popularize compulsory education. At present, the national net enrollment rate in elementary schools is 98.58 percent, and the gross enrollment rate in junior high schools has reached 90 percent. This compares to 1949 when only 20 percent of school-age children were in school, and 80 percent of all adults were illiterate. Today illiteracy among the young and middle-aged population has decreased to less than 5 percent, and the nine-year compulsory education basically has been established in the areas where 90 percent of the country‘s population live.。

The past ten years have seen the fastest development in education in China. Ten years ago, for example, few institutions offered an MBA (Master of Business Administration). In 2003, some 62 schools offer MBAs, enrolling some 30,000 MBA students. International professional degrees like EMBA (Employed Master of Business Administration) and MPA (Master of Public Administration) also are offered. As regards the MPA degree, the State Council Degree Committee has authorized 47 Chinese institutions of higher learning to offer the degree, and some 7,700 students have been enrolled at present.。

International cooperation and exchanges in education have increased year by year. China has the most students studying abroad in the world. Since 1979, some 582,000 Chinese students have studied in 103 countries and regions, among whom 160,000 have returned after finishing their studies. Meanwhile, the number of foreign students studying in China has also increased. In 2003, there were 86,000 students from 170 foreign countries studying in China‘s universities.。

Education in China thrives in part because of increased investment. Since 1998, the percentage of funds allotted to education by the Central Government has grown 1 percentage point annually. In 2003, the national government fund for education was 349.14 billion yuan, accounting for 3.41 percent in the GDP, an increase of 0.22 percentage point from the previous year, being the highest since 1989 when this index was first monitored.。

According to a development program of the Ministry of Education, the government will establish an education financial system in line with the public financial system, strengthen the responsibility of governments at all levels to invest in education, and ensure that the governments‘ financial allocation in education grows faster than their regular revenue. The program also sets a goal of trying in a relatively short time to make educational investment account for 4 percent of the GDP. For non-compulsory education, China has a system of sharing costs with students by charging tuition at a certain percentage of the educational cost. Meanwhile, to ensure education for students from families with economic difficulties, the Chinese government offers scholarships, work-study programs, subsidies for students with special economic difficulties, reduction of or exemption from tuition, and state student loans.。

The government is committed to providing more and more educational opportunities as demonstrated in a plan of the Ministry of Education whereby in 2020 for every 100,000 persons, 13,500 will have a junior college education and about 31,000 will have senior high school diplomas; the percentage of illiterate or semi-literate population will go down below 3 percent; and the average schooling of the whole population will increase from eight years of today to 11 years.。

-----

Education System in China Today。

Education in China today has been developing rapidly. Most children start school by the age of six. They spend five or six years in primary school and three years in junior middle school， which are compulsory education.。

After that， some can attend professional school for two to three years before work. Some attend senior middle school for three years. Students have to pass a series of examinations before entering a college or university. The college or university life lasts two to four years. Now part of the cost is provided by with their families， although students can get the support from the college. After they graduate， they can go and find jobs.。

Though great changes have taken place in the fields of education in China， there is still much to be improved.。

---------

Education in china is facing a great chanllenge. Compared with the advanced education system, the problem of chinese education is obvious. Now developing the education system for ablity training should be the most important after a series of social problems resulted from the unlogical education methods and over-pursuit for students' high score. 。

First, our education concept focus on the result but not the procedure of learning; We all study for scores from primary school to college. Second, diploma is the only measurement of our ablity; we can't obtain a good job without a rich-enough diploma, say nothing of promotion .Under such pressure, we are busy with the postgraduate examination, studying abroad to become a whitecollar thus have little time or energy to consider the things irrelative to us, say nothing of the benefit of our country. 。

So,regarding to such results of chinese education, the reform of education should focus on two basic aspects. First, pay attention to the education procedures.The country should refresh the view of the traditional values of human resources, we should abandon the thought of score being the most important. The school should focus on the procedure of study and try to improve the integrated ablity of students. Secod, improve the capality of the teachers. A good teacher should treat the students kindly and give them advices in various fields for a teacher is due to not only enhance the imagination and creativity of the students, but also tell them the right way of living and treating the world. 。

In summary, we should straightly face the problems occured in the past years, and learn a lesson from them to speed up the development of education in China. 。

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Higher Education In China。

Since the implementation of reform and opening up, the reform and development of higher education have made significant achievements. A higher education system with various forms, which encompasses basically all branches of learning, combines both degree-education and non-degree education and integrates college education, undergraduate education and graduate education, has taken shape. Higher education in China has played an important role in the economic construction, science progress and social development by bringing up large scale of advanced talents and experts for the construction of socialist modernization.。

In 2002, there were all together 2003 Higher Education Institutions (HEIs), among which 1396 were Regular HEIs and the other 607 were higher education institutions for adults. In 2002, the total number of new entrant admitted by and the total enrollment of the regular HEIs were respectively 3,205,000 and 9,033,600. The total number of new entrant admitted by and the total enrollment of new recruitment and total enrollment of adult higher education institutions were 1,175,000 and 2,223,200. The total number of graduate students newly admitted by HEIs and research institutions was 202,600 among which 38,400 were for PH.D and 164,200 for master‘s degree. The total enrollment for graduate students was 501,000 in 2002. 。

Chinese economic system used to be very highly centralized. To adapt to that, the former higher education system was also centralized, with education provided by the central and local governments respectively and directly under their administration. The disadvantages of this system were that the state undertook too many responsibilities and the schools lacked the flexibility and autonomy to provide education according to the needs of the society, with central departments and local governments providing education separately, the structure of education was irrational and segmented. There were too many single disciplinary HEIs and professional HEIs, With the establishment of disciplines over-lapped, the efficiency of some HEIs fell very low which in return hampered the improvement of education quality. Therefore, the structural reform of higher education has become a key for other higher education reforms. The reforms of higher education consist of five parts: reforms of education provision, management, investment, recruitment and job-placement, and the inner-institute management, among which management reform is of most importance and difficulty. The overall objectives of higher education reform are to smooth the relationship among government, society and HEIs, setting up and perfecting a new system in which the state is responsible for the overall planning and macro management while the HEIs follow the laws and enjoy the autonomy to provide education according to needs of the society. 。

After several years‘ endeavour, the structural reform of higher education has gained heartening achievements. In the field of education provision reform, the old system in which the state undertook the establishment of all HEIs has been broken, and a new system in which the government take main responsibility with the active participation of society and individuals has been taking shape. The development of HEIs run by social forces are fully encouraged and supported.。

Regarding management system reform, the relationship among universities, government and society has been gradually smoothed out by various ways such as joint establishment, adjustment, cooperation and merger. A two-level education provision system has taken shape in which the central and local government will take different responsibilities to provide education with the former responsible for the overall planning and management. As a result, the overlapping of education was overcome. At the same time, the government streamlines their administration and delegate more power to the HEIs, expanding their autonomy of providing education for the society according to the laws.。

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