gymnasts-70

体操的专用术语有哪些？（包括动作名称）

中文片名

女生向前翻

原片名

Stick It

更多中文片名

站稳了

忍耐

坚持就是胜利

影片类型

喜剧 / 运动

片长

103分钟

国家/地区

美国

对白语言

英语

色彩

彩色

混音

杜比数码环绕声 DTS SDDS。

评级

Rated PG-13 for some crude remarks.。

级别

USA:PG-13

上映日期

加拿大

Canada

2006年4月21日

美国

USA

2006年4月28日

法国

France

2007年1月10日

[编辑本段]演职员表

导演

杰茜卡·班汀吉尔 Jessica Bendinger。

编剧

杰茜卡·班汀吉尔 Jessica Bendinger .....written by。

演员

约翰·帕特里克·阿梅多里 John Patrick Amedori。

杰费·布瑞吉 Jeff Bridges。

米西·佩若格米 Missy Peregrym。

Vanessa Lengies .... Joanne Charis。

Nikki SooHoo .... Wei Wei Yong。

Maddy Curley .... Mina Hoyt。

Kellan Lutz .... Frank。

Mio Dzakula .... Ivan。

Svetlana Efremova .... Dorrie。

Jon Gries .... Brice Graham。

Gia Carides .... Alice Graham。

Tarah Paige .... Tricia Skilken。

Polly Holliday .... Judge Westreich。

Julie Warner .... Mrs. Charis。

Annie Corley .... Officer Ferguson。

[编辑本段]剧情介绍

影片讲述了一名年仅17岁前体操明星海莉曲折的经历。海莉生长在一个问题家庭，从小就养成了桀骜不驯的个性。出于叛逆的心理，她在体操赛场上半途而废，渐渐走上了歧途，由于误触法网，还多次被捕。无奈之下，她只能重返体操赛场，希望能够重新找回当年那个积极向上的自己。

任性叛逆的17岁女孩海莉·格雷厄姆(梅西·帕瑞格兰饰)惯于挑战权威和地心引力，她的单身父亲为了管束女儿一筹莫展、无计可施。越发有恃无恐的海莉终于触犯了法律，因损坏财产而被告上少年法庭，法官责令她进入一所异常严厉的体操学院学习，掌管这所学校的是以军事化管理见长的传奇教练伯特·维克曼(杰夫·布里奇斯饰)。

几年前，海莉曾是一名才华横溢的体操运动员，可在她即将参加体操锦标赛的决赛之前，突然得知当时的教练同自己的母亲有染，心灰意冷的她在关键时刻退出比赛，使自己的团队与金牌失之交臂。强制下，海莉不得不背负着背叛队友的指责重返体操界，在接受规则约束的同时，还要面对自己的朋友和对头。伯特教练很快就发觉海莉的体操天赋，不管她愿不愿意，他都要让她重新出现在赛场。当然，刁蛮顽劣的海莉同教练之间难免会有一场明争暗斗，而这种抵触情绪随即演变成相互的尊敬，由此海莉和她的精英团队也开始渐入佳境。

[编辑本段]相关评论

一部拙劣的体育电影，甚至连主人公都不可爱。

——《纽约邮报》

除了布里奇斯的魅力表演之外，影片的其余部分实属平庸。

——《好莱坞报道》

班汀吉尔的这部电影可谓独特有趣，对那些小运动员们既有取笑也有崇敬。

——《旧金山纪事》

[编辑本段]幕后制作

杰茜卡·班汀吉尔

1966年出生的杰茜卡·班汀吉尔曾是世界著名的精锐模特公司的签约模特，在大学期间她就开始为音乐杂志撰稿，后来开始为Masters of Reality、Loudness等当红艺人拍摄MV，1991年，她还因为奎恩·拉蒂法的单曲《Fly Girl》拍摄的MV获Billboard最佳说唱录影带和最佳导演提名。出于对写作的热爱，杰茜卡开始创作剧本，《欲望城市》便是有她加盟的杰作。在电视界取得成功之后，杰茜卡来到洛杉矶寻求发展，然而，她的第一部电影剧本《魅力四射》却四处碰壁，先后被27家电影公司拒之门外。最后，这部由灯塔电影公司制作、环球公司发行的《魅力四射》在票房榜冠军交椅上稳坐两周，成为对这个编剧新丁的充分肯定。在为多部明星云集的影片担任编剧之后，杰茜卡以本片拉开了导演生涯的序幕。

打造职业水准

导演杰茜卡在童年时也曾同影片主人公一样有过体操运动员的经历，虽然从9岁开始只学了3年，但小有天赋的她曾拿到过州季军，对体操运动员的生活与内心也深有体验。从影之后，杰茜卡一直希望能制作一部有关体操竞技的电影，而且在几年间收集了大量有关体操运动的资料。2004年10月，杰茜卡用自己手中的体操录像剪辑出两分半的画面，以此吸引制片方的关注，这段录像很快引起了一轮竞价，最终影片的拍摄权落到迪斯尼公司手中。

为了呈现出真实而多彩的体操生活，杰茜卡在2003年创作剧本时联系到了著名体操杂志出版商、赞助商和经纪人保罗·泽特，向他咨询各种技术问题，并物色到了19位刚刚毕业的体操运动员、13位外国体操运动员和新近的美国体操冠军娜斯蒂亚·柳金。

在影片开拍的3个月前，4位主要演员便在体操顾问的指导下开始接受严格的体操训练，在短时间内，这些演员的体操水平要从入门级发展到中级水平，而作为先决条件，他们必须首先学会在训练和拍摄中保护自己。在每天长达5、6个小时的训练中，演员们不仅提高了体能和柔韧性，而且形体也达到了前所未有的标准。

影片阵容

导演杰西卡·班丁吉尔在电影界并不算出名，但在TV界已经大红大紫，由她担纲编剧的《欲望城市》(《Sex And City》)已经成为全世界女性必看的电视剧，被奉为“都市女性的圣经”。如今她执导的本片也是一部讲述体操女运动员的影片，一帮女人在一起的故事已然又是杰西卡的强项，从这个角度来讲，笔者还是比较看好这部片子。

本片的演员大部分都是启用的新人，较为大牌的也就是教练的扮演者杰夫·布里吉斯了。这位曾经获得三次奥斯卡最佳男配角和一次奥斯卡最佳男主角提名的老戏骨，当年与克林特·伊斯特伍德在《霹雳与光脚》(《Thunderbolt and Lightfoot》)中同场竞技的时候，就曾以其出色的表现让伊斯特伍德相形见绌，从而力压他获得自己第二次奥斯卡最佳男配角的提名。事实上，杰夫多次与小金人擦肩而过已经让多数影评家感到愤愤不平。想他当年的竞争对手如今已手捧小金人，而今年来教练的角色通常又比较讨巧，不知杰夫能否在本片中大放异彩。

[编辑本段]精彩花絮

由于影片是体操题材的，而且涉及到不少比赛场景的拍摄，必须靠专业的体操运动员，所以在影片筹拍阶段，剧组在世界范围内征选体操运动员参与影片的拍摄，美国一些奥运会选手和法国、西班牙、澳大利亚等多个国家著名体操运动员参加了这部电影的拍摄。

值得一提的是，我国刚刚退役的体操名将杨云，在自己粉丝的推荐下参与了这部影片的拍摄，扮演其中的一名亚裔体操运动员，杨云也因此成为中国登陆好莱坞的第一位体操运动员。虽然杨云扮演的只是一名小配角，在赛场上做几套动作而已，也没有台词，但她努力认真的态度，扎实的基本功底让导演和现场做指导的罗马尼亚体操名将科马内奇的教练连连夸赞，并被选中参加了电影海报的拍摄。

在好莱坞的七天触电旅程中，杨云度过了非常快乐的一段时间，她还教会了剧组中的其他各国体操运动员唱“我爱你，爱着你，就像老鼠爱大米”，她希望这次影片拍摄能成为她今后一个良好的开端。

影片于2005年6月13日开拍，同年8月22日拍毕，全程在南加州拍摄。

在最后决赛的场景中，剧组招募到了诸多赫赫有名的体操名将，如2004年奥运会体操全能冠军卡里·帕特森，法国队的Iabelle Severino，当今世界冠军娜斯蒂亚·柳金，澳大利亚队的阿兰娜·斯雷特尔，以及中国体操队不久前退役的杨云等等。

剧组使用了名为“Spydercam”的摄影装置，这种悬垂在缆绳上的摄影机可以由遥控器来完成俯冲和急升等复杂运动，从而体现出银幕上从未出现过的体操镜头，此前，《蜘蛛侠2》的拍摄就曾使用这种装置。

影片主题曲《We Run This》出自6次格莱美奖得主Missy Elliott的最新专辑《The Cookbook》，Missy Elliott还在片场拍摄了这首歌曲的MV，并在MV中也同样扮演了一位体操运动员。

海莉第二次冰浴时，她的黑色文胸在切换镜头后变为灰色。

影片的一些镜头中有山出现，而在影片故事的发生地休斯顿是没有山的。

[编辑本段]精彩对白

Burt Vickerman：You gonna be ready soon?。

伯特：你会很快准备就绪吗？

Haley Graham：Yup.。

海莉：是的。

Burt Vickerman：You gonna hurt yourself?。

伯特：你会伤到自己吗？

Haley Graham：Probably.。

海莉：或许。

Burt Vickerman： Just don't get any blood on the equipment.。

伯特：不过不要把血弄到器械上。

Haley Graham：Too late!。

海莉：太晚了！

Haley Graham:Elite gymnastics is like, the navy seals, only harder. There are like 2000 navy seals, there are only like, 200 elite gymnasts…. the things gymnasts do make navy seals look like wusses. And we do them without a gun.。

海莉：体操运动员中的精英就像海豹突击队员，只会有过之而无不及，海豹突击队有2000人，而最出色的体操运动员只有200人，体操运动员所经受的训练会让那些士兵看上去像胆小鬼，我们不用枪就能战胜他们。

紧急,回答好的我追加分

艺术体操术语

Abrupt interruption of the music 突然中断。

Absence 缺少

Absence of a formation 缺少一个队形。

Absence of balance 缺乏平衡。

Absence of contact 无接触。

Absence of harmony 不和谐。

Absence of unity 缺乏一致性。

Absence of variety 缺乏多样。

Acrobatic 技巧动作

Acrobatic elements 技巧动作。

Active bounces 主动拍球。

Aesthetic 美的

A "grasped" ball 抓球。

A knot in the rope 绳打结。

Alteration of the formation 队形改变。

Alteration of the pattern formed by the ribbon 带的图形改变。

Alteration of the trajectory 改变抛物线。

Amplitude 幅度

Ankle 踝

A position on the floor 地上一个姿势。

Apparatus 器械

Apparatus balanced on one part of the body 器械在身体某一部位的平衡。

Apparatus held 持器械。

Apparatus held for a long time 长时间持器械。

Apparatus do not conform to the specifications 器械不合规格。

Appropriate symbols 正确符号。

Arabesque 阿拉贝斯

Arch jump 挺身跳

Arms too far apart during the mills 小五花时手臂距离过大。

Artistic Value 艺术值。

A series of tosses 一串小抛。

Aside from hands 除手以外。

A spirit of cooperation 合作精神。

"Assisted rolls" 有帮助的滚动。

Assistant Judge 辅助裁判。

Asymmetric movements 不对称动作。

Asymmetric throw and catches 不对称的抛和接。

At the end of the exercise 动作结束时。

At the horizontal 在水平位置。

Attitude 阿提丢

Back bend of the trunk 体后屈。

Back splits 后劈腿。

Back splits without help 无帮助后劈腿。

Backward 向后

Balance 平衡

Balance on one knee 单膝支撑的平衡。

Ball 球

Ball held against the forearm 球靠在前臂上。

Base score 基础分

Basic characteristics 特征。

Basic composition 基本编排。

Basic technique 基本技术。

Be coordinated with the apparatus 与器械相结合。

Behind the back 在背后。

Being in suspension 悬空。

Below horizontal 水平以下。

Below the leg(s) 腿下。

Body movement elements 动作要素。

Boomerang roll (roll with return ) 倒滚圈。

Boomerang throws 拉带抛 Broken apparatus 器械断裂。

Butterfly 蝴蝶跳

Cabriole 羚羊跳

Cartwheels 侧手翻

Catch 接

Catches of large throws 接大抛的器械。

Catch on the floor 在地上接。

Catch the ball with 2 hands 双手接球。

Change of planes 面的改变。

Change of support 改变支撑。

Character of apparatus 器械特点。

Chinese Gymnastic Association 中国体操协会。

Choice of apparatus elements 器械动作的选择。

Choice of body movements 身体动作的选择。

Choice of elements 动作选择。

Choice of music 音乐的选择。

Choreography 舞蹈。

Choreographic elements 舞蹈动作。

Circles 绕环

Closing Ceremony 闭幕式。

Clubs 棒

Code of points 评分规则。

Collaboration among the gymnasts 运动员间的合作。

Collision between the apparatus 器械相撞。

Collision between the gymnasts 运动员相撞。

Combination of difficulties 联合难度。

Competition 比赛

Competition for Groups Exercises 集体赛。

Competition for Individuals Exercises 个人赛。

Competition Hall 比赛馆。

Competition schedule 比赛时间表。

Compulsory body movements required for each apparatus 各项器械所规定的身体动作组。

Connection 连接

Contact with the apparatus 接触器械。

Contact with the arm 接触上臂。

Contact with the forearm 接触前臂。

Contraction 紧张

Co-ordination 协调性。

Correctness 准确性。

"Cossack" jumps or leaps "哥萨克"。

Criteria 标准

Crossed arms 双臂交叉。

Degree of faults 失误程度。

Diameter 直径

Dibble(bounce) 拍（弹）

Different movements 不同的动作。

Different plane and direction 不同面和方向。

Different planes 不同的面。

Different position 不同姿态。

Different types of throw 不同类型的抛。

Difficulties with exchange of apparatus 器械交换难度。

Difficulties with left hand 左手难度。

Directions 方向

Direct passing 直接过渡。

Discipline of coaches 教练员纪律。

Discipline of the gymnasts 运动员纪律。

Dress of gymnasts 运动员服装。

Dress of judge 裁判服。

During a jump/leap 跳的过程中。

During the catch of the apparatus 接器械的过程中。

During the exercise 动作过程中。

During the flight of the apparatus 器械飞行过程中。

During the throw 抛的过程中。

Dynamics 动力性

Each additional half-turn 每增加180度转体。

Each additional rotation 每个附加的转体。

Each time 每次

Elegance 优美性

Elements of collaboration 合作动作。

Elements over the hoop 圈上动作。

Entry 入场

Evaluation of exercises 评分。

Events 项目

Exchanges by throwing 抛的交换。

Exchange difficulties 交换难度。

Exchange difficulties with combinations 联合交换难度。

Exchanges by throws 抛交换。

Execution 完成

Execution faults 完错错误。

Execution in "canon" 以"轮唱"方式完成。

Execution in rapid succession 快速连续完成。

Exercises without apparatus 徒手动作。

Expression 表现力

Federation International de Gymnastique 国际体操联合会。

Feet caught in the hoop 脚碰圈。

Feet caught in the rope 脚碰绳。

Figure eights 8字。

Finals 决赛

Finals by apparatus 单项决赛。

Finishing position 结束动作。

Flexibility 柔韧

Flexion of the trunk 躯干弯曲。

"Flip overs" 翻转。

Floor Area 场地

Foot higher than the head 脚高过头。

Formations 队形

Forward 向前

Forward or backward rolls 前后滚翻。

Forward or backward walkovers or cartwheels 前后软翻/侧手翻。

Fouette 浮埃迪

Four Continents RG Championships 四大洲艺术体操锦标赛。

Free rolls 自由滚动。

Free rotations 自由转动。

Front bend of the trunk 体前器屈。

Front splits with back bend of the trunk 踹燕。

Fundamental groups 基本组。

General Competition 预赛。

General criteria 一般标准。

General impression 总体印象。

Generalities 总则。

Good amplitude 幅度大。

Grip 握法

Group Exercises 集体动作。

Group work 团体动作。

Guiding idea 主题思想。

Gymnastic quality 体操特点。

Gymnasts 运动员

Handling 运用

Head touching the leg 头触腿。

Holding the clubs by the body 持棒体。

Holding the clubs by the head 持棒头。

Holding the clubs by the neck 持棒颈。

Hoop 圈

Horizontal 水平

Horizontal axis 水平轴。

Illusion 伊柳辛

Illusion backwards 向后伊柳辛。

Immediate retrieval 立即捡回。

Immobility 静止状态。

Imprecise planes or directions 面和方向不准确。

Imprecise trajectory 抛物线不准确。

In all directions 所有方向。

In an unstable position 在不稳定平衡位置。

Incomplete movement 动作不完全。

Incomplete roll over the body 在身上的不完全滚动。

Incomplete rotation 不完全转体。

In connection with the apparatus 与器械相结合。

Incorrect catch 接法不正确。

Incorrect execution technique 完成技术不正确。

Incorrect handling 运用不正确。

Incorrect roll with bounce 滚动不正确有跳动。

Individual all-around competition 个人全能赛。

In flight 飞行中

Insufficient 不足。

Insufficient amplitude 幅度不充分。

Insufficient difficult 难度不足。

Insufficient difficulties of exchange 交换难度不足。

Insufficient handling of the apparatus 器械运用不充分。

Intermediary step 中间步。

International Tournament (Competition) 国际比赛。

Interruption 中断。

Invalid difficulties 无效难度。

Involuntary contact 无意接触。

Involuntary wrapping 无意缠身。

Inward 向内

Isolated difficulties 单独难度。

"Jete" with a turn 反跨跳。

"Jete" with ring(+leg) 反跨跳结环。

Judge 裁判

Judge Procedures 裁判程序。

Judge with FIG Brevet 持有国际体联证书的裁判。

Jump or leap above a partner 从同伴身上跳过。

Jump over the hoop 从圈上跳过。

Jumps and leaps 大跳。

Jumps/leaps into the rope 过绳大跳。

Juries 仲裁

Kick the hoop 踢圈。

Knot with interruption in the exercise 打结并中断动作。

Knot without interruption in the exercise 打结但未中断动作。

Lack of height 缺乏高度。

Large roll 长距离滚动。

Large throws 大抛。

Large traveling 长距离移动。

Leap difficulty with double turn of the rope 双摇跳。

Leaps in the rope 大跳过绳。

Leaving the floor area 出界。

Leg high up 高举腿。

Leg high up front or sideways or back 向前、侧、后高举腿。

Leg high up in ring position 向后高举腿结环。

Leg in ring position 腿在结环位置。

Legs high up 双腿高举。

Length 长度

Levels 水平

Line judges 视线员。

Long stop in a formation 一个队形停留时间长。

Loops or waves insufficiently tight 环和波浪不紧凑。

Loops or waves not of the same amplitude 环和波浪幅度不同。

Loss 掉地

Loss and retrieval of the apparatus 器械掉地并捡起。

Loss of apparatus 失去器械。

Loss of apparatus during the difficulty 在难度过程中失去器械。

Loss of balance 失去平衡。

Loss of rhythm 失去节奏。

Major fault 严重错误。

Making the catch easier 使接法变得容易。

Mark of composition 编排分。

Mark for execution 完成分。

Master judge (or head judge) 裁判长。

Mastery 熟练性

Material 材料

Medium fault 明显错误。

Mills 小五花

Mixed difficulty 混合难度。

Modes 方式

Monotony of music 音乐单调。

Music 音乐

Musical accompaniment 音乐伴奏。

Musical introduction 音乐前奏。

Multiple exchanges 复合交换。

Musical composition 音乐编排。

Musical introduction 音乐前奏。

National team 国家队 Non aesthetic elements 不美的动作。

Non-compulsory body movement 非必须的身体动作组。

Non-valid difficulties 无效难度。

Not visibly held 无明显停顿。

Novel isolated difficulty 新难度。

Novel relationship 新关系。

Number of difficulties 难度数量。

Of different types and levels 不同类型和水平。

Official Championships for Rhythmic Gymnastics 艺术体操正式比赛。

Official forms 正式表格。

Of the same type and level 同种类型和水平。

On a part of the body 在身体的一部分。

One difficulty 一个难度。

One leg over the other bent 一腿弯曲在另一腿上。

One leg over the other stretched 一腿伸直在另一腿上。

On the chest 胸部支撑。

On the floor 在地上。

On the hand 在手上。

On the knee 跪平衡。

On the stomach 腹部支撑。

Opening Ceremony 开幕式。

Open rope held by both hands 双手持绳。

Originality 独创性。

Other groups 其它组。

Outside the visual field 视线外。

Outward 向外

Over the body 在身上。

Overuse 过多运用

Passé 巴塞

Passing of the boundary of floor area by the gymnast 运动员出界。

Passing on the floor 通过地面。

Passing through a partner 从同伴身上通过。

Passing through the hoop 从圈中穿过。

Passing twice through the apparatus 两次穿过器械。

Passing with splits 经过劈腿。

Passive bounces 被动拍球。

Penalization 判罚。

Penalties 扣分

Pike jump 屈体跳

Pivots 转体

Pivots with small hops 小跳转体。

Pre-acrobatic elements 近似技巧动作。

Present a risk 有惊险动作。

Primary technique 基本技术。

Prohibited elements 禁用动作。

Protest 抗议

Provisional 条文

Rebound (kick back) of the stick of the ribbon。

反弹（踢回）带棍

Rebounds 反弹

Relationship and collaboration among the gymnasts 运动员之间的联系和合作。

Relationship between the gymnasts。

运动员之间的关系

Relaxation 放松

Repetition 重复

Repetition of exercises 重做。

Replacement apparatus 替换器械。

Reserve gymnasts 替补运动员 Rethrows 连抛。

Rhythmic Gymnastics 艺术体操（韵律体操）

Ribbon 带

Ring leap 结环跳

Roll in a circle 圆圈滚动。

Rolls 滚动

Rolls on the floor 地上滚动。

Rope 绳

Rope folded in 2 双折绳。

Rotation 旋转

Rotations of the rope 转动绳。

"Sails" 帆

Scissors leap 剪式跳。

Scissors with a turn 剪式跳转体180度。

Series of a minimum of 5 bounces。

一组拍球，至少5次

Series of mills 一串五花。

Series of small throws 一组小抛。

Series of snakes on different planes 一组在不同面上的蛇。

Series of spirals on different planes 一组在不同面上的螺。

Shape 形状

Shape of the rope 绳的图形。

Shape fixed and well defined 姿态准确固定。

Short traveling 短距离移动。

Side splits without help 无帮助侧劈腿。

Skipping on the rope 小跳过绳。

Skips and hops 小跳（单、双脚）

Skips/hops into the rope 过绳小跳。

Sliding movements 滑动动作。

Sliding on the arm 滑到上臂。

Sliding onto the forearm 滑到前臂。

Slow turn 慢转

Small circles 小绕环。

Small fault 轻微错误。

Small or medium throws 小抛或中抛。

Small tosses ("echappers ") 小抛。

Snakes 蛇形

Sound signal 声音信号。

Special artistic characteristics 特殊艺术性。

Speed 速度

Spinning 旋转

Spinning movements with the ball。

旋转球

Spiral pivot 螺旋转体。

Spirals 螺形

Split leap 跨跳

Split leap with bent leg 屈腿交换腿跳。

Split leap with legs stretched 直腿交换腿跳。

Splits 劈腿

Stag leap 鹿跳

Stag leap with ring 鹿跳结环。

Starting position 开始动作。

Static apparatus 器械静止。

Stick 棍

Straddle jump 分腿屈体跳 Style 风格。

Successive leaps 连续跳。

Summary table 总结表。

Support 支撑

Support leg bending progressively 支撑腿逐渐弯曲。

Support leg bent 支撑腿弯曲。

Support leg from bent to stretched 支撑腿从弯曲到伸直。

Support on the forearm 前臂支撑。

Swing 摆动

Synchronization and harmony 和谐一致性。

Take off from both feet 双脚起跳。

Tapping 敲击

TC 技术委员会

Technical faults 技术错误。

Technical movements 技术动作。

Technical value 技术值。

Technique 技术

Technique with apparatus 器械技术。

Temperament 个性

The balance position has been fixed 平衡姿势已经固定。

The distance 距离。

The end of the ribbon stays on the floor 带尾拖地。

The level of the exchange 交换的水平。

The majority of the gymnasts 大多数运动员。

The same movements 相同的动作。

The value of the difficulties without exchange无交换难度的值。

The vertical axis of the apparatus。

器械的垂直轴

The vertical axis of the body。

身体的垂直轴

Throughout the duration of the balance difficulty 在平衡难度持续的过程中。

Throw 抛

Throw with another apparatus。

用另一个器械抛

Throw with rotation(s) 带旋转的抛。

Thrusts 预摆

Toes 足尖

"Tonneau" 多努转体

Toss of one end 小抛绳的一端。

Total body wave 全身波浪。

Trajectory 抛物线

Traveling 移动

Trip turn of the rope 三摇跳。

Trunk at the horizontal 上体水平。

Trunk bent backwards 上体前屈。

Trunk bent forward 上体前屈。

Tuck jump 团身跳

Turn 转体

Turn and leap(Jete with a turn) 反跨跳。

Turn of the trunk 转体。

Turn of the whole body 整个身体转体。

Two consecutive boomerang throws 两个连续的拉带抛。

Unauthorized acrobatic elements 不允许的技巧动作。

Uncrossed arms 双臂不交叉。

"Unit" 单元

Unstable balance position 不稳定平衡位置。

Use of the floor area 场地使用。

Use of the replacement apparatus 使用替换器械。

Value of the difficulties 难度值。

Value of the movements 动作价值。

Variety 多样化

Various methods of traveling 各种移动。

Vertical 垂直

Vertical jump 垂直跳。

Very brief 非常短

Vibrations 颤动

Voluntary stops 有意停顿。

Walkover 软翻

Wave 波浪

Weight 重量

With "choral" execution 以"合唱"方式完成。

With collaboration in execution 以合作方式完成。

With "contrasting" execution 以"对比"方式完成。

With interruption in the exercise 动作中断。

Without connection with the apparatus 与器械无联系。

Without heel support 无脚跟支撑。

Without help of hands 不用手。

Without intermediary heel support 无中间脚跟支撑。

Without physical contact 无身体接触。

Without risk 无惊险动作。

Without step 无中间步。

With physical contact 有身体接触。

With ring 结环

With synchronized execution 一致完成。

With the help of the body 用身体帮助。

With the help of one hand 用身体帮助。

With/without help 有/无帮助。

World championships for RG 世界锦标赛。

Wrapping 缠绕

谁有关于奥运的资料(英文),我有急用,拜托了.

1． When was the first Olympic Games held?。

B.C.776第一次奥运会在哪里举行？公元前776。

2.Where was it held?。

Olympia, Greece第一次奥运会在哪里举行？希腊/奥林匹亚城。

3.which city is the religious center in the ancient Greek world?。

A. .Olympia B. Spain C. the Black Sea D. Egypt。

哪个城市是古希腊世界的宗教中心？A.奥林匹亚城 B. 西班牙 C.黑海 D.埃及 奥林匹亚城。

4.Who could not compete in the ancient Olympics?。

什么人不可以参加古代奥运会？

A. men B. boy C. women 妇女。

5.At that time, what prizes did Olympic victors get?。

古代奥运会上获胜的选手能得到何种奖励？

A.一个由橄榄树叶做成的桂冠 B.钱 C.奖牌。

A. a crown made from olive leaves B. money C. a medal。

一个由橄榄树叶做成的桂冠

6.Where did people get the Olympic flame for the first Olympic games?。

第一次奥运会人们从哪里采集奥运圣火？Olympia奥林匹亚城。

7.What was used to light the torch at that time?。

那时侯用什么点燃火炬？The sun’s rays. 阳光。

8. What does the torch relay stand for?。

火炬传递意味着什么？Spirit, knowledge and life知识，生命和精神。

9.When did the Olympic Torch Relay begin?。

A．1942 B.1952 C.1962。

奥运火炬传递从什么时候开始？1952。

10.How many days will the torch relay last at 28th Olympic Games?。

第28界奥运会火炬传递将持续多少天？78 days 78天。

11. How many torchbearers will take part?。

3600多少火炬手将参与这次传递？3600。

12． How many kilometres will it cover?。

全程多少公里？78，000 kilometers.78000公里。

13．When did the Athens Olympic torch relay begin in Beijing ?。

June 9, 2004奥运火炬的北京传递在什么时间举行的？2004.6.9。

14.How many people took part in the torch relay in Beijing?。

148多少火炬手将参与这次北京传递？148人。

15．Where did the torch relay begin in Beijing?。

The Great Hall of the People北京火炬接力起点在哪？人民大会堂。

16.where did it end?。

终点在哪？The Summer Palace.颐和园。

17.How long is it from the great Hall of the people to the Summer Palace?。

55 kilometers北京火炬传递全程是多少？55公里。

18.what do the five interlocked rings stand for?。

Africa, American, Asia, Australia and Europe./the five continents.。

奥运的五环标志是什么含义? 非洲，美洲，亚洲，大洋州和欧洲/五大洲。

19．What are the colours of the five interlocked rings?。

blue, black, red, yellow and green五环的颜色是什么？

兰色，黑色，红色，黄色和绿色

20. the Olympic motto is "Swifter, Higher, Stronger." Please put it into Chinese.。

把奥林匹克格言”更快、更高、更强”翻成中文。

20．What is the most important thing in the Olympic Games?。

“not to win but to take part”奥林匹克运动会的信条是什么？

重要的不是取胜，而是参加

21．Who is the founder of the modern Olympic Games?。

Coubertin现代奥运的发起者是谁？顾拜旦。

22．When was the first modern Olympic Games held?。

1896第一届现代奥运会什么时候举行？1896。

23．Where was the first modern Olympic Game held?。

Athens.第一届现代奥运会在哪举行？雅典。

24．What is the Olympic Spirit?。

什么是奥运精神？

The Olympic Spirit is the spirit of mutual understanding, friendship, solidarity and fair play. 奥运精神是: 理解, 友爱, 团结和公平.。

25．What do the winners receive at the modern Olympic games ?。

Gold, silver and bronze medals 现代奥运会获胜者会受到何种奖赏？

金牌, 银牌和铜牌

26.what is the age limit for diving?。

A.13 B.14 C.15。

跳水比赛的年龄限制是：14

27．How often are the Olympic games held?。

Every four years 奥林匹克比赛多少年举行一次？4年。

28．How many Olympic Games have been held?。

25 Games 奥运会已举行了多少届? 25届。

29. What happens in the Opening and Closing Ceremonies of the Olympic Games?。

开幕式和闭幕式有什么节目？

Music,singing, dancing and fireworks.。

音乐，歌曲，舞蹈，焰火。

30what’s the significance?。

有何意义？

To discover the culture of the country hosting the Games.。

发觉和表现举办国家的文化。

31. How many Olympic Winter Games were hold before?。

曾举办过多少届冬季奥运会？

18

32. What are the dates for the next Olympic Winter Games?。

下届冬季奥运会何时举办？

In Turin, Italy, Feb. 11-26, 2006.。

2006年2月11至26日于意大利都灵举办。

33. When was the first modern Olympic Games?。

第一届现代奥运会哪年举办？

1896.

34. Which countries took part in every Olympic Games?。

哪些国家每届奥运会都参加过？

Greece, Britain, Swiss, Australia。

希腊，英国，瑞士，澳大利亚。

35. Which country hosted the Olympic Games for the most times?。

哪个国家举办奥运会次数最多？

The U.S. A (7 times)。

美国，举办过7次。

36: what does IOC stand for?。

IOC代表什么？

IOC: the International Olympic Committee (June 23, 1894,Paris)。

国际奥委会，于1894年6月23日在巴黎成立。

37. where is it located? 座落在哪里？

In Lausanne(洛桑), Switzerland。

瑞士的洛桑。

38. What do the following Abbr. stand for?。

以下简写形式分别代表什么？

IFs : International Sports Federations (As of February 2000, there are 35 International Federations) (国际体育联合会)。

NOCs: the National Olympic Committees (As of February 2000, the IOC recognized 200 National Olympic Committees) （国家奥委会）

OCOGs: Organizing Committees of the Olympic Games （奥组委）

39. Who is the first Chinese member of IOC?。

国际奥委会的第一位中国成员是谁？

Wang Zhengting 王正廷。

。

40. How many Chinese have been elected as IOC members?。

共有多少位中国人被选为国际奥委会成员？

Before 1949,the Liberation of China, three Chinese were elected as IOC members. Kong Xiangxi(1939)was a famous one.。

在1949年解放以前有三位，其中孔详熙是最有名的一位。 After 1970s, four Chinese from the sport world elected as IOC members. He Zhenliang is the most famous.。

70年代以后，体坛有四位中国人被选为其成员，何振梁是最有名的一位。

41. What time can the marathon date back to?。

马拉松可以追溯到何时？

It can date back to the 5th century B.C.能追溯到公元前5世纪。

42. What was Marathon then?。

那时马拉松是什么？

It was a small town about 26 miles from the city of Athens in Greece.。

是希腊的一个小镇，距雅典城26英里。

43. Where did the marathon come from?。

马拉松运动的起源是什么？

It came from the story in the 5th century B.C. how a herald named Phidippides ran the 26 miles from Marathon to Athens to announce the Greek victory and died on the spot.。

它起源于公元前5世纪雅典长跑运动员费迪皮迪兹的故事，他以传令官的身份从马拉松到雅典跑了26英里宣告希腊在战争中的胜利，最后却牺牲生命。

44. Was the marathon one of the ancient Olympic events?。

古代奥运会有马拉松运动吗？

Never没有。

45. What’s the distance the modern Olympic marathon covered?。

现代奥林匹克马拉松全程有多长？

Approximately 26 miles。

大约26英里。

46. How long does it take for athletes to finish?。

运动员要花多长时间跑完全程？

It usually takes over 2 hours for athletes to finish.。

通常要花2个多小时。

47. How many Olympic disciplines do aquatics consist of?。

奥林匹克水上运动包括哪些项目？

Four disciplines: Swimming, Water polo, Diving, and Synchronized swimming.。

四项：游泳，水球，潜水，花样表演。

48.. Who is the best jump player who broke the world record for 13 times in the world? 谁是历史上成绩最佳的跳高运动员，并打破世界记录13次？

Sergei Bobka. Ukrainian Since 1984, he broke the world record for 13 times. Pole Vault (撑高跳)，乌克兰运动员布伯卡，自1984年起，打破世界记录13次。

49. Who won the most gold medals at one Olympic Games?。

在一次奥运会上赢得奥运金牌最多的运动员是谁？

Mark Spitz dominated in the Munich pool of 1972, accumulating an incredible seven gold medals。马克.斯毗茨在1972年慕尼黑奥运会赢得另人难以置信的7枚金牌。

50. When did China begin to take part in the Olympic Games?。

中国何时起开始参加奥运会？

China took part in the Olympic Games in 1928. 于1928年。

51．Where did China begin to take part in the Olympic Games?。

中国在何地开始参加奥运会？In Holland.在荷兰。

52．How many Olympic Games have Chinese athletes participated in?。

中国运动员参加过多少届奥运会？

six Olympic Games.参加过六届。

53．Which Olympic Games have Chinese athletes participated in?。

中国运动员共参加了哪几届奥运会？

15th, 23rd, 24th, 25th, 26th,27th Olympic Games.。

参加过15、23、24、25、26、27届奥运会。

54．How many gold medals have been won by Chinese at the Olympic Games?。

中国共取得过多少枚金牌？

From the 23rd Olympic Games, Chinese athletes have won 55gold medals.。

从第23届开始，运动员取得过共55个金牌。

55．In what sports do we Chinese do best?。

中国人最擅长哪些运动项目？

Badminton,(羽毛球) Diving,(跳水) Table tennis(乒乓球) Weightlifting(举重)。

56．Who was China’s first medallist?。

谁是中国第一个金牌获得者？XuHaifeng 徐海峰。

57．Who is the first Chinese woman to win a gold medal in the Olympic women's balance beam competition.？,。

中国第一位在奥运会平衡木比赛中获得冠军的选手是谁？Liu Xuan. 刘旋。

58．Who won four gold medals in diving events at 25th, 26th, 27th the Olympic Games?。

连续在第25, 26, 27 次奥运会上获得跳水冠军的选手。

Diving Queen(跳水皇后): Fu Mingxia（伏明霞）

59．Who won the first gold medal in Men’s Gymnastic?。

谁在男子体操比赛中获得第一块金牌？LiNing 李宁。

60．Who won the first gold medal in Women’s Swimming?。

谁在女子游泳比赛中获得第一枚奥运金牌？ZhuangYong 庄泳。

61．Who won three gold medals at the 23rd Olympic Gams?。

在第23届奥运会上谁获得三枚金牌？ Li Ning. 李宁。

62. At 27th Olympic games, in which sport did Chinese gymnasts win the gold medal in for the first time in the history?。

在第27届奥运会上在哪个体育项目上中国体操运动员首次获得金牌？

Men’s Team event 男子团体。

63. In which year did Asia hold the first Olympic Games?。

奥运会在哪一年首次在亚洲举行？1964. (Tokyo) 1964．（东京）

64. When did China win the first medal at Olympic Games?。

中国首次获得奥运奖牌是在哪一年？1952。

65. How many gold medals did China win at the 2000 Sydney Olympics? in which place was China ranked?。

在2000年悉尼奥运会上中国共获得多少枚金牌？金牌总数位居第几？

28, ranked 3rd

66. Which Chinese team won the most medals for China at Olympic Games?。

哪一个中国体育代表队为中国赢得了最多的奥运奖牌？

Swimming team. 游泳队。

67. Who is the first international communicator?。

谁是中国第一位奥运大使?Cheng Long 成龙。

68． Who won the most gold medals at the Olympic games in Chinese history?。

谁在中国的奥运史上赢得了最多的金牌？ 邓亚平和伏明霞。

69. When are the 2004 Olympic Games held? 2004年奥运会的举办时间。

from August 13-29, 2004. 2004年8月13-24日。

70. What is the emblem of the 2004 Athens Olympic Games?。

2004年雅典奥运会的会徽是什么？

an olive wreath 一个由橄榄枝做成的花环。

71. What is the mascot of the 28th Olympic games?。

第28届奥运会的吉祥物是什么？

72. Name five sports that will be included in the 28th Olympic games?。

说出至少五种奥运会比赛项目

baseball; basketball; boxing; table tennis; diving, swimming, swimming and water polo 棒球，篮球，拳击, 乒乓球, 跳水、游泳, 水球,。

73.. what’s the name of the sport in the picture?。

图中是何种运动? Wrestling 摔跤。

74. Will there be any new discipline in the 2004 Olympic Games?。

2004年奥运会有没有添加新的比赛项目？Female wrestling 女子摔跤。

75. How to say this place in English?。

图中所示场所用英语怎样表达? Stadium 体育馆。

76. What is the capacity of it?。

该体育馆能容纳多少观众？ 76000。

77. What’s in this picture? 图中所示为何物?。

Emblem 北京申办奥运会的会徽。

78. 北京申办奥运会的口号是什么。

新北京，新奥运

79. What were they doing? Where is it? When was it?。

他们在做什么？在什么地方？什么时候？

Cheering china won the bid for 29th Olympic Games at Beijing's Millennium Monument on July 13, 2001。

2001年7月13日在北京世纪坛为北京成功申办第29届奥运会而欢呼。

80. What is The official emblem of Beijing 2008?。

2008年北京奥运会的官方会徽是什么样的？

"Chinese Seal-Dancing Beijing"。

81. What does it stand for? 它象征着什么？

stands for the name of the host city and represents a particularly significant Chinese style.。

象征主办城市北京和重要的中国特色。

82. Name one of the four meanings of this emblem.。

说出其四层含义之一

- Chinese culture,。

- the color of red China。

- Beijing welcomes friends from all over the world。

- to challenge the extreme and achieve the perfect and promote the Olympic motto of "Citius, Altius, Fortius (Faster, Higher, Stronger).。

这一设计有以下四层含义：

-----中国文化

-----红色中国

----- 北京欢迎来自世界的朋友。

---- 挑战极限，挑战自我，“更快，更高，更强”。

83.When will be the Opening date and Closing date for the 29th Olympic Games?。

第29届奥运会什么时候开始到什么时候结束？

2008，8，8-----2008，8，21。

84. Which Country will hold the 29th Olympic Games?。

由哪个国家主办第29届奥运会？

China 中华人民共和国

85. How many competition venues will be in Beijing for 29th Olympic Games?。

第29届奥运会将有多少比赛场地？ 37。

86. What’s the name of the stadium? 这个体育馆的名称是什么？

the National Swimming center. 国家游泳馆。

87. What are the names of these stadiums?。

这个体育馆的名称是什么？ the National stadium。

88. Where are the stadiums? 这些体育馆将坐落在什么地方？

Olympic Park. 奥林匹克公园。

89. How many people can be seated in the National Stadium?。

国家体育馆将能容纳多少坐席？

80,000-seat 8万座位。

90. Where will they be built?。

这些体育馆将在什么地方建设？

Wukesong and Laoshan.五棵松和老山。

91.How many training venues will be used for the 29th Olympic Games in Beijing?。

29届奥运会北京将使用多少训练场地？59.。

92. How many competition venues have already been complete?。

多少比赛场地已经建成？12.

93. When will the other 22 competition venues be built?。

其他22个比赛场地什么时候建成？By 2007. 到2007年建成。

94. How many stadiums will be built in Shijingshan for the 29th Olympic Games?。

29届奥运会，北京将在石景山建设几个体育馆？2．。

95. What stadium will be built in Wukesong?。

五棵松将建设什么体育馆？

Baseball Field.棒球场。

96. What is the average temperature in Beijing?。

北京全年平均气温是多少？8—12 °C.。

97. What is the population in Beijing by November 1st, 2000?。

到2000年11月1日北京人口总数多少？13.82 million.1382万。

98. How many districts are there in Beijing?。

北京有多少个区？13.

99. How many counties are there in Beijing?。

北京有多少个县。5.

100. How long is the history of Beijing?。

北京有多少年的历史？

More than 3,000 years.3000多年。

101.How long has Beijing been used as the capital city?。

北京有多少年的都城史？

Over 800 years.800多年。

102. How many star-grade hotel is there in Beijing by 2,000?。

到2000年北京、有多少星级宾馆？456.。

103. How many star-grade hotel will Beijing have in 2008?。

到2008年北京将有多少星级宾馆？

About 800.大约800个。

104.How many museum are there in Beijing (by 2000)?。

到2000年北京有多少博物馆？112.。

105.How many large-scale and specialized hospital are there in Beijing?。

北京有多少大型和专科医院？

More than 50. 50多家。

106.How many mobile users will there be in Beijing by 2008?。

到2008年北京将有多少移动用户？

10 million.1000万。

107. How many passengers can the Beijing International Airport handle every year by 2008?。

到2008年北京国际机场每年将能运送多少乘客？

48 million.4800万。

108..Who was the Taekwondo champion in 27th Olympic Games?。

第27届奥运会跆拳道冠军是？陈中。Chen Zhong.。

霍尔金娜的一生事迹 要求英文的

New Beijing, Great Olympics. 。

The 2008 Olympic Game has been the most discussed and anticipated event throughout Beijing ever since Beijing bid for it years ago,yet the focus has shifted from making.a promise to making good a promise after Beijing's successful bid. In my opinion, to bridge the gap between promise and reality, Beijing still has a long way to go. To begin with, infrastructure construction should be the concern. Such infrastructures as communications and. transportation system and facilities ought to require our constant attention. First, traffic jam has been an age-old headache in Beijing. The scene of long queues of vehicles worming their way inch by inch while discharging dark fumes into the air will surely cause great inconvience to athletes and journalists, and blemish the city' s image. 。

Next, to add enchantment to convenience, and overall city - plan- 。

ning is indispensable. If time permits, a redesign of city layout and adjustment of architectual style would provide a better environment for fostering the characteristic, blending, oriental elegance with international grandear, will tower aloft among surrounding architectures. To achieve such effect, Beijing shall solicit opinions from first- rate architects and make an overall plan.However, Rome was not built in a day. To make good the promise of "New Beijing, Great Olympics" ,deeds speak louder than words. 。

2008年，奥运会将在北京举行。作为中国人，我们都想对奥运会有一个更全面的了解，尤其是怎么用英语表达，我想通过一些常用的术语以及句子来增强对它的了解。

首先，我们来了解常用的术语：

奥运会Olympic Games 。

奥运会选拔赛Olympic trial 。

国际奥委会International Olympic Committee 。

奥运会会歌Olympic Anthem 。

奥运火炬Olympic torch 。

奥运会代表团Olympic delegation 。

奥运村Olympic village 。

组委会organization committee 。

开幕式opening ceremony 。

闭幕式closing ceremony 。

吉祥物mascot

颁奖台podium

其次，我们通过一些句子来增强对奥运会的了解。

The international Olympic Committee constituted itself on 23rd June 1894.国际奥委会于1894年6月23日成立。

The Olympic symbol, the five interlocking rings, represents the union of the five continents and the meeting of the athletes of the world at the Olympic Games.奥林匹克的标志是五个相连的圆环，它代表着五大洲的团结和全世界运动员在奥运会上相聚一堂。

The official languages of the IOC are French and English.国际奥委会的官方语言是法语和英语。

The Olympic flame is a symbol reminiscent of the ancient Olympic Games.奥运圣火是人们缅怀古代奥运会的象征。

The Olympic Games consist of the Games of the Olympiad and the Olympic Winter Games. Both take place every four years.奥运会包括夏季奥运会和冬季奥运会，它们都是每四年举办一次。

The Olympic Games shall be proclaimed open by the Head of State of the host country.奥运会由东道国国家元首宣布开幕。

The delegation parade in alphabetical order according to the language of the host country, except for Greece, which leads the parade, and for the host country which brings up the rear.代表团按东道国语言文字的字母顺序入场。希腊和东道国例外，希腊代表团第一个入场，东道国代表团最后一个入场。

April 6, 1896, was definitely a day to remember. King George I of Greece announced the opening of the first International Olympic Games in Athens. A total of 245 athletes from 14 nations competed in the ancient Panathenaic stadium. 。

In this first modern Games, the winner was awarded a silver medal. The second athlete was given a bronze medal while the third athlete received nothing. 。

The man who re-introduced the Olympic Games to the modern world was Baron Pierre de Coubertin (1863-1937) of France. He was enthusiastic about the Games because he thought they were similar to the French education system, which combined moral and social education in school games. 。

He travelled the world to gather support for his dream to have countries come together in the name of sport. "The important thing in life is not the victory but competing; the main thing is not to have won but to have fought well," he said. 。

Coubertin held an international meeting in Paris in 1894 and established the International Olympic Committee. Two years later his ideal — bringing together the youth of the world in a friendly competition - became a reality at the first celebration of the modern Olympic Games. 。

From the start of the modern Olympics, male athletes of every race, religion, and nationality have been allowed to participate. 。

No women competed in 1896. A few female golfers and tennis players were allowed to take part in the 1900 Games. Female gymnasts and track-and-field athletes first competed at the 1928 Games. Women's Olympic sports have grown hugely since then. Today women make up about half of the total number of competitors. 。

This has not been the only change. Figure skating was part of the Summer Games of 1908 and 1920, and ice hockey was played in 1920. They then became part of the Winter Olympics, which was first held in 1924 in France. 。

Although founded to help world peace, the modern Olympic Games sometimes become a stage for political arguments. The most controversial Olympics were the Berlin Games of 1936. Under the rule of the Nazis, German Jewish athletes were banned from the German team. 。

The Olympic Games were interrupted twice during the First and Second World Wars. The event was not held in 1916, 1940 and 1944. 。

回眸现代奥运百年之路，感受沧桑变化中那份历久弥坚的执著 。

1896年4月6日是一个值得纪念的日子。那天，希腊国王乔治一世宣布希腊举办的首届国际奥林匹克运动会开幕。来自14个国家的245名运动员参加了这场在古老的雅典体育场举行的盛会。

在这次首届现代奥运会上，冠军被授予一枚银牌，亚军获得一枚铜牌，而季军什么奖牌也没有。

法国人巴隆·皮耶尔·德·顾拜旦 (1863-1937)将奥运会重新引入了现代世界。他之所以对奥运会热情很高，是因为他觉得奥运会与法国的学校教育具有相通之处，两者都将道德教育和社会教育融入到运动会之中。

他周游世界，寻求人们对他奥林匹克梦想的支持，希望世界各国能以体育运动的名义相聚。他说：“人生最重要的东西并不是胜利本身，而是竞争的过程，重要的不是赢得胜利，而是努力奋斗。”

1894年，顾拜旦在巴黎召开了一个国际会议，成立了国际奥林匹克委员会。两年后，他的梦想——以一个友好比赛使各国青年汇聚——在首届现代奥林匹克运动会时变成了现实。

自现代奥运会诞生之日起，各种族、宗教、民族的男性运动员均被允许参赛。

1896年奥运会的时候，还没有女性选手参赛。1900年奥运会时，开始有一些女性高尔夫球选手和网球选手获准参赛。而到了1928年奥运会，女性体操和田径运动员首次出现在比赛场上。自此以后，奥林匹克运动在女性中发展壮大。如今，女选手大约占据了参赛选手总人数的半边天。

除此之外，奥运会的变化还有很多。比如，花样滑冰成为1908年和1920年夏季奥运会的运动项目，此外，1920年的比赛项目中加入冰球。它们随后成为了冬季奥运会的竞赛项目。首届冬季奥运会于1924年在法国举行。

举办现代奥运会的初衷在于促进世界和平，但有时它却变成一个政治纷争的舞台。1936年的柏林奥运会最受争议。当时因为纳粹在德国主政，所以德国的犹太运动员被禁止代表德国队参赛。

现代奥运会曾因两次世界大战而中断，1916年、1940年和1944年的奥运会都未能如期举行。

北京人怎么为奥运会作准备？

"The Games of the 29th Olympiad in 2008 are awarded to the city of Beijing."With the motto "New Beijing, Great Olympics", Beijing promises to host a "Green Olympics", a "Hi-tech Olympics" and the "People's Olympics". 。

Chinese people always appreciate the purposes and principles of Olympic ideal, support the efforts of Olympic Games to promote world peace. The Chinese Government and people are doing our the utmost/best to prepare for the 2008 Olympic Games in Beijing, and shooting at the pageant with advocating Olympic ideal, sparkpluging world peace and enhancing the relationships among the world. Olympic spirit are gonna spread again in orient cultural ancient China. 。

The government and people of China have always admired the purposes and principles of the Olympic spirit and supported the efforts made by the Olympics in promoting world peace. The Chinese government and people are doing our utmost in preparation for the 2008 Olympics in Beijing. It is our hope to make it a grand gathering that will carry forward the Olympic spirit, promote world peace and enhance the friendship among people of the world, so that the Olympic spirit will flourish once again, this time in China, an oriental country with an ancient civilization. 。

中国人民一向赞赏奥林匹克精神的宗旨和原则，支持奥林匹克运动为促进世界和平所做的努力。中国政府和中国人民正全力以赴，做好2008年北京奥运会的筹备工作，力争把2008年奥运会办成一次弘扬奥林匹克精神、促进世界和平、增进各国人民友谊的盛会，让奥林匹克精神在中国这一东方文明古国 再次得到发扬。

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Svetlana the Great。

Russia's gymnastics queen preens at the all-around finals.。

By Meghan O'Rourke。

Updated 神码, Aug. 20, 2004, at 11:32 PM ET。

Sore loser

As Carly Patterson cheerfully bounced and flipped her way to gymnastics' coveted all-around title—making her only the second American to win all-around gold—the Russian gymnast Svetlana Khorkina glowered, picked her nails, and stuck out her tongue at the TV cameras. Patterson's night ended with a hug; Khorkina's with a flounce. The NBC commentators railed against the Russian's insouciance. "Khorkina's Final Act Is Centered on Bitterness," the New York Times trumpeted this morning, eviscerating Khorkina for her "self-indulgence."。

But it's not as simple as all that. Patterson deserved to win last night: She was in great form and turned in the most consistent performance of all the gymnasts. Previously, I've found her wholly uninspiring, but my ambivalence dissolved as she followed a shaky start on vault with a steady assault on each piece of equipment—there was the dramatic height of her release moves on the uneven bars, her engaging way of playing to the crowd during the floor exercise, her nearly perfect beam routine. (I still maintain that she and Courtney Kupets dance like the robot guy from Chappelle's Show. Get those girls some rhythm!)。

Patterson is the model of steadiness and determination. Svetlana Khorkina, on the other hand, is all hunger; she loves the power of being an athlete and, with the lean lines of a greyhound, gives off the impression of being someone who metabolizes the world at twice the speed of the rest of us. Khorkina, 25, has been doing gymnastics for some 20 years. Her dedication to the sport is extreme, and her desire to win is palpable. In an interview with NBC, filmed prior to the Olympics, she said, bizarrely and sincerely, "I want to win a gold medal as much as I want to mother my own child." This desire manifests itself in the simple fact that she has worked so long despite the difficulties posed by her body—at 5-foot-5, she makes an unlikely champion. Shorter gymnasts like Patterson have a much easier time whipping their legs around or controlling their center of gravity. Khorkina's power is diffuse, and that's what makes her perfect split leaps and back-layout-step-outs so astonishing.。

Khorkina's Marie Antoinette-style imperiousness has repeatedly brought out a creepy puritanical streak in the NBC commentators—and I find it infuriating. "Our cameras continue to watch Svetlana Khorkina's every move, and that's just the way she likes it," NBC commentator Al Trautwig proclaimed. But Khorkina's demeanor was actually much more nuanced than the announcers would have you believe. Khorkina was bitter at the very end, but earlier in the evening she smiled with real, open pleasure throughout her floor routine. Besides, she should feel cheated in her drive to win an all-around Olympic title. During the all-around competition at the 2000 Olympics, her vault was set at the wrong height after a brilliant floor routine had put her in strong position for the gold medal. She fell and then, shaken, fell again on the uneven bars.。

The truism of "good sportsmanship" holds that an athlete should embrace his defeat without the slightest public ambivalence—a legacy of parental pieties about what sports have to teach us. Perhaps, though, the Olympics shouldn't always be read as a parable of acceptance and striving, but rather include room for protest, too—which has its own, if more complicated, value. At the end of the night, Khorkina refused to cede the floor (and the limelight) to the younger star. As the cameras panned the room, she swung the Russian flag up behind her like a brilliant parachute and delicately danced over to the uneven bars where, curiously, she draped it over the lower bar. (It reminded me of someone placing a flag on a coffin.) Later, during interviews, she brashly proclaimed, "I'm still Olympic champion."。

That may be in bad taste, but at least it's lively and impassioned, compared to Patterson's drab response on Tuesday, after the American women lost the team gold: "It was just another competition, like any other," she said flatly. But it wasn't: It was the Olympics. Understandably, Patterson was too young, or too overwhelmed, to acknowledge the magnitude of the evening's events.。

Yet it seems strange that we praise the athlete who finds it easy to be publicly dispassionate when she loses the one thing she has trained for her whole life and that we publicly tar-and-feather the one who passionately protests her fate. Good sportsmanship has its place, and it's moving when an athlete bows out gracefully to the "better man." But the better man or woman doesn't always win. Khorkina's flawed behavior reminds us that the Olympics is not a "pure" athletic competition, but a competition managed by evaluative institutions. And the evaluators don't always make the best decisions. If gymnastics has been criticized for being conformist, a sport full of little girls doing the bidding of coaches and judges, surely, then, Khorkina is a symbol of an athlete who knows her own mind and can be respected for it.。

What is appealing about Khorkina is that she grasps the magnitude of every moment. In a pre-Olympics interview, she told NBC that she loved being called a diva. "A diva is magical; you can't catch her," she smiled. Before the awards ceremony, she changed into a sleeveless bright-blue leotard that appeared to be made of shiny vinyl, of the sort usually seen on miniskirts in night clubs. With a body that was much too tall and supposedly much too old to compete at the highest level in a sport given over to springy squirts, she refused to let anyone tell her what her place was. She would remain undefeated in her own mind.。

Meghan O'Rourke is Slate's culture editor.。

Photograph of Svetlana Khorkina by Kazuhiro Nogi/Agence France-Presse.。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/gymnasts-70.html