harbors-110

请教，谁知道哪有芝加哥和底特律地方英文简介

Maryland State is a state of U.S.A.. Her postal abbreviation is MD. 。

There are 5,508,909 people in Maryland State. The majority is a white man. On the religion, mostly Protestant. The per capita income will be 37,446 dollars in 2003, is the fifth in U.S.A.. His economy is the tertiary industry, the transport service is their most important economic component 。

后面的是追加的.也很有用:

Maryland (IPA: [ˈmæ.ɹɪ.lənd]) is a Mid-Atlantic / Southern state located on the East Coast of the United States. According to the most recent information provided by the 2005 American Community Survey of the U.S. Census Bureau, the State of Maryland is the second wealthiest state in the United States, with a median household income of $61,592.[2]。

Maryland is classified by the U.S. Census Bureau as a South-Atlantic state. It is also commonly referred to as a Mid Atlantic state. It was the seventh state to ratify the United States Constitution, and is nicknamed the Old Line State and the Free State. Its history as a border state has led it to exhibit characteristics of both the Northern and Southern regions of the United States. As a general rule, the rural areas of Maryland are more Southern in culture while densely populated Central Maryland exhibits more Northern characteristics.[citation needed]。

Maryland is a life sciences hub with over 350 biotechnology firms, making it third-largest such cluster in the nation.[2] Institutions and agencies located throughout Maryland include University of Maryland, Johns Hopkins University, UMBC, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and the National Institutes of Health (NIH).。

Maryland possesses a great variety of topography, hence its nickname: "America in Miniature." It ranges from sandy dunes dotted with seagrass in the east, to low marshlands teeming with water snakes and large bald cypress near the bay, to gently rolling hills of oak forest in the Piedmont Region, and mountain pine groves in the west.。

Maryland is bounded on the north by Pennsylvania, on the west by West Virginia, on the north and east by Delaware and the Atlantic Ocean, and on the south, across the Potomac River, by West Virginia and Virginia. The mid-portion of this border is interrupted on the Maryland side by Washington, DC, which sits on land originally part of Maryland. The Chesapeake Bay nearly bisects the state, and the counties east of the bay are known collectively as the Eastern Shore. A portion of extreme western Maryland in Garrett County is drained by the Youghiogheny River, as part of the watershed of the Mississippi River, and the eastern half of Worcester County drains into Maryland's Atlantic Coastal Bays. The remainder is in the Chesapeake watershed except for a small portion of the state's northeast corner draining into the Delaware River. So prominent is the Chesapeake in Maryland's geography and economic life that there has been periodic agitation to change the state's official nickname to "Bay State," a name currently used by Massachusetts.。

The highest point in Maryland is Hoye Crest on Backbone Mountain, which is the southwest corner of Garrett County, near the border with West Virginia and near the headwaters of the North Branch of the Potomac. In western Maryland, about two-thirds of the way across the state, is a point at which the state is only about 1 mile wide. This geographical curiosity, which makes Maryland the narrowest state, is located near the small town of Hancock, and results from Maryland's northern and southern boundaries being marked by the Mason-Dixon Line and the north-arching Potomac River, respectively.。

The Delmarva Peninsula comprises the Eastern Shore counties of Maryland, the entire state of Delaware, and the two counties that make up the Eastern Shore of Virginia.。

A quirk of Maryland's geography is that the state contains no natural lakes.[3] During the last Ice Age, glaciers did not reach as far south as Maryland, and therefore did not carve out deep natural lakes as exist in northern states. There are numerous man-made lakes, the largest being Deep Creek Lake, a reservoir in Garrett County. The lack of glacial history also accounts for Maryland's soil, which is more sandy and muddy than the rocky soils of the Northeast.。

[edit] Climate

Maryland has wide array of climates for a state its size. It depends on numerous variables, such as proximity to water, elevation, and protection from northern weather due to downslope winds.。

The eastern half of Maryland lies on the Atlantic Coastal Plain, with very flat topography and very sandy or muddy soil. This region has a humid subtropical climate with hot, humid summers and a short, mild to cool winter. This region includes the cities of Salisbury, Annapolis, Ocean City, and southern and eastern greater Baltimore.。

Beyond this region lies the Piedmont which lies in the transition zone between the humid subtropical climate and the humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa) of hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters where significant snowfall and significant subfreezing temperatures are an annual occurrence. This region includes Frederick, Hagerstown, Westminster, Gaithersburg and northern and western greater Baltimore.。

Extreme western Maryland, in the higher elevations of Allegany County and Garrett County has a true humid continental climate (Koppen Dfa) due to elevation (more typical of inland New England and the Midwestern U.S.) with warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters.。

Precipitation in the state is very generous, as it is on most of the East Coast. Annual rainfall ranges from 40-45 inches (1000-1150 mm) in virtually every part of the state, falling very evenly. Nearly every part of Maryland receives 3.5-4.5 inches (95-110 mm) per month of precipitation. Snowfall varies from 9 inches (23 cm) in the coastal areas to over 100 inches (250 cm) a winter in the western mountains of the state.[4]。

Because of its location near the Atlantic Coast, Maryland is somewhat vulnerable to tropical cyclones, although the Delmarva Peninsula, and the outer banks of North Carolina to the south provide a large buffer, such that a strike from a major hurricane(category 3 or above) is not very likely. More often, Maryland might get the remnants of a tropical system which has already come ashore which dumps a huge amount of rain. Maryland averages around 30-40 days of thunderstorms a year, and averages around 6 tornado strikes annually.[5]。

[edit] Flora and Fauna。

As is typical of states on the East Coast, Maryland's plant life is abundant and healthy. A good dose of annual precipitation help to support many types of plants, including seagrass and various reeds at the smaller end of the spectrum to the gigantic Wye Oak, a huge example of White oak, the state tree, which can grow in excess of 70 feet (20 m) tall. Maryland also posses an abundance of pines and maples among its endemic tree life. Many foreign species are cultivated in the state, some as ornamentals, others as novelty species. Included among these are the Crape Myrtle, Italian Cypress, live oak in the warmer parts of the state, and even hardy palm trees along the coast and in the bay area. USDA plant hardiness zones in the state range from Zone 5 in the extreme western part of the state to 6 and 7 in the central part, and Zone 8 around the southern part of the coast, the bay area, and most of metropolitan Baltimore.。

The 2003 USDA Plant Hardiness Zone Map for the state of MarylandThe state harbors a great number of deer, particularly in the woody and mountainous west of the state, and overpopulation can become a problem from year-to-year. The Chesapeake Bay provides the state with its huge cash crop of blue crabs, and the southern and eastern portion of Maryland is warm enough to support a tobacco cash crop.。

Lawns in Maryland carry a variety of species, mostly due to its location in the Transition Zone for lawngrasses. The western part of the state is cold enough to support Kentucky Bluegrass, and Fine Fescues, which are widespread from the foothills west. The area around the Chesapeake Bay is usually turfed with transition species such as Zoysia, Tall fescue, and Bermudagrass. St. Augustine grass can be grown in the parts of the state that are in Zone 8.。

In 1629, George Calvert, 1st Lord Baltimore in the Irish House of Lords, fresh from his failure further north with Newfoundland's Avalon colony, applied to Charles I for a new royal charter for what was to become the Province of Maryland. Calvert's interest in creating a colony derived from his Catholicism and his desire for the creation of a haven for Catholics in the new world. George Calvert died in April 1632, but a charter for "Maryland Colony" (in Latin, "Terra Maria") was granted to his son, Cæcilius Calvert, 2nd Lord Baltimore, on June 20, 1632. The new colony was named in honor of Henrietta Maria, Queen Consort of Charles I.[6]。

On March 25, 1634, Lord Baltimore sent the first settlers into this area, which would soon become one of the few predominantly Catholic regions in the British Empire (another was Newfoundland, where religious disputes led to the first flag's coloring). Maryland was also one of the key destinations of tens of thousands of British convicts. The Maryland Toleration Act of 1649 was one of the first laws that explicitly dictated religious tolerance (as long as it was Christian). The act is sometimes seen as a precursor to the First Amendment.。

The royal charter granted Maryland the Potomac River and territory northward to the fortieth parallel. This proved a problem, because the northern boundary would put Philadelphia, the major city in Pennsylvania, partially within Maryland, resulting in conflict between the Calvert family, which controlled Maryland, and the Penn family, which controlled Pennsylvania. This lead to the Cresap's War (also known as the Conojocular War), a border conflict between Pennsylvania and Maryland, fought in the 1730s. Hostilities erupted in 1730 with a series of violent incidents prompted by disputes over property rights and law enforcement, and escalated through the first half of the decade, culminating in the deployment of military forces by Maryland in 1736 and by Pennsylvania in 1737. The armed phase of the conflict ended in May 1738 with the intervention of King George II, who compelled the negotiation of a cease-fire. A final settlement was not achieved until 1767, when the Mason-Dixon Line was recognized as the permanent boundary between the two colonies.。

After Virginia made the practice of Anglicanism mandatory, a large number of Puritans migrated from Virginia to Maryland, and were given land for a settlement called Providence (now Annapolis). In 1650, the Puritans revolted against the proprietary government and set up a new government that outlawed both Catholicism and Anglicanism. This lasted until 1658, when the Calvert family regained control and re-enacted the Toleration Act. However, after England's "Glorious Revolution" of 1688, when William of Orange and his wife Mary came to the throne and firmly established the Protestant faith in England, Catholicism was again outlawed in Maryland, until after the U.S. Revolutionary War. Many wealthy plantation owners built chapels on their land so they could practice their Catholicism in relative secrecy. During the persecution of Maryland Catholics by the Puritan revolutionary government, all of the original Catholic churches of southern Maryland were burned down.。

St. Mary's City was the largest site of the original Maryland colony, and was the seat of the colonial government until 1708. St Mary's is now an archaeological site, with a small tourist center. In 1708, the seat of government was moved to Providence, which had been renamed Annapolis in honor of Queen Anne in 1694.。

Maryland was one of the thirteen colonies that revolted against British rule in the American Revolution. On February 2, 1781, Maryland became the 13th state to approve the ratification of the Articles of Confederation which brought into being the United States as a united, sovereign and national state. It also became the seventh state admitted to the US after ratifying the new Constitution. The following year, in December of 1790, Maryland ceded land selected by President George Washington to the federal government for the creation of Washington, D.C.. The land was provided from Montgomery and Prince George's Counties, as well as from Fairfax County and Alexandria in Virginia (though the lands from Virginia were later returned through retrocession).。

During the War of 1812, the British military attempted to capture the port of Baltimore, which was protected by Fort McHenry. It was during this bombardment that the Star Spangled Banner was written by Francis Scott Key.。

Despite widespread support for the Confederate States of America among many wealthy landowners, who had a vested interest in slavery, Maryland did not secede from the Union during the American Civil War. This maybe due in part to the temporary suspension of the Legislature by Governor Hicks and arrest of many of its fire eaters by Lincoln prior to its reconvening. Many historians contend that the votes for secession would not have been there regardless of these actions. Of the 115,000 men who joined the militaries during the Civil War, 85,000, or 77%, joined the Union army. To help ensure Maryland's inclusion in the Union, President Lincoln suspended several civil liberties, including the writ of habeas corpus, an act deemed illegal by Maryland native Chief Justice Roger Taney, ordered US troops to place artillery on Federal Hill to directly threaten the city of Baltimore and helped ensure the election of a new pro-union governor and legislature. As mentioned above, President Lincoln even went so far as to jail certain pro-South members of the state legislature at Fort McHenry including the grandson of Francis Scott Key. The Constitutionality of these actions is still a source of controversy and debate. Because Maryland remained in the Union, it was exempted from the anti-slavery provisions of the Emancipation Proclamation (The Emancipation Proclamation only applied to states in rebellion). A constitutional convention was held during 1864 that culminated in the passage of a new state constitution on November 1 of that year. Article 24 of that document outlawed the practice of slavery. The right to vote was extended to non-white males in 1867.。

五大湖的中英文介绍（简）

芝加哥 CHICAGO

Chicago (city, Illinois)。

I INTRODUCTION 。

Chicago (city, Illinois), city and seat of Cook County, located in northeastern Illinois, on the southwestern shore of Lake Michigan, at the mouth of the Chicago River. Chicago is the third largest city in the United States and one of the country’s leading industrial, commercial, transportation, and financial centers.。

Chicago covers a land area of 588.2 sq km (227.1 sq mi) and extends 47 km (29 mi) along Lake Michigan. It occupies flatland traversed by two short rivers: the Chicago River, which flows west from the lake through the downtown area, where it forks into a North Branch and a South Branch; and the Calumet River, in the south, which connects with the small Lake Calumet. Both rivers are linked by canals with the Illinois and Mississippi rivers, establishing Chicago as the connecting point in the waterway between the Mississippi Valley and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence Seaway. The city’s rapid growth was due in large part to its location, with ready access to markets and raw materials.。

II POPULATION 。

After a population decline since the 1950s, the population of Chicago increased from 2,783,726 in 1990 to 2,896,016 in 2000. According to the 2000 census, whites constitute 42 percent of the city’s population; blacks, 36.8 percent; Asians, 4.3 percent; Native Americans, 0.4 percent; and Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders, 0.1 percent. People of mixed heritage or not reporting ethnicity were 16.5 percent of inhabitants. Hispanics, who may be of any race, represent 26 percent of the city’s population.。

Chicago is the center of a large metropolitan area spreading across three states, from Kenosha, Wisconsin, in the north to Gary, Indiana, in the southeast. The population of the consolidated metropolitan statistical area increased from 8,115,000 in 1980 to 8,240,000 in 1990. It reached 9,157,500 in 2000. The percentage of minorities is lower in the metropolitan area than in the city. Blacks account for only about one in five in the metropolitan region as a whole, and Hispanics represent approximately one in nine residents. While the proportion of Hispanics is growing in the metropolitan area, black presence has remained mostly unchanged.。

Almost every ethnic group found in the United States is represented in Chicago. In 1990 more people claimed German ancestry in Chicago than any other ancestry, followed by Polish and Irish. Almost 45 percent of the more than 450,000 foreign-born people now living in Chicago entered the United States between 1980 and 1990. Spanish and Polish are the two most common languages spoken at home other than English.。

III ECONOMY

Chicago has a highly diversified economy that has been aided by an extensive transportation and distribution network. It is the nation’s most important rail and trucking center and is the location of one of the busiest airports in the United States, Chicago-O’Hare International Airport. Chicago has several commuter railroad lines that serve the suburbs. In addition, the Chicago Transit Authority operates bus, subway, and EL (elevated train) services in the city.。

The city is a significant port for both domestic and international trade. Great Lakes freighters and river barges deliver bulk commodities such as iron ore, limestone, coal, chemicals, petroleum, and grain. Some of this freight is destined for processing plants in the heavily industrialized Calumet River area. Foreign vessels arrive via the St. Lawrence Seaway, bringing products such as automobiles, steel, fish, and alcoholic beverages. The boats depart carrying machinery, farm equipment, hides, and lumber, as well as a variety of food products.。

Manufacturing employs about one-fifth of the metropolitan area’s workers. Chicago’s largest employer is the food products industry, followed by the printing and publishing, metal fabrication, electronic equipment, chemical, machinery, and transportation-equipment industries. The manufacture of furniture and agricultural implements has declined in importance in recent decades. Chicago is one of the nation’s leading producers of steel, metalware, confectionery, surgical appliances, railroad equipment, soap, paint, cosmetics, cans, industrial machinery, printed materials, and sporting goods.。

Chicago contains the headquarters of numerous corporations and is an important wholesale market for grain, machine tools, produce, fish, and flowers. The Chicago Board of Trade and the Chicago Mercantile Exchange are among the world’s largest commodities markets and have led in the development of futures trading and related concepts. The city has long been an important convention and trade-show center, with numerous hotels and extensive exhibition facilities. The increasing importance of this industry has made it necessary to renovate and enlarge several facilities, including the McCormick Place (built in 1960), a multipurpose facility on Lake Michigan and the largest trade-show facility in North America.。

IV THE URBAN LANDSCAPE 。

The Chicago River divides the city into three broad sections, known traditionally as the North, West, and South sides. The North Side is largely residential, interspersed with industry. The West Side generally is a lower-income residential area and contains numerous industrial, railroad, and wholesale-produce facilities. The South Side occupies almost half the city and contains diverse residential neighborhoods, ranging from decayed tenement districts to areas of modest detached houses. The South Side also incorporates the heavily industrialized Calumet district, which includes an extensive port area.。

Chicago has one of the world’s most beautiful lakefronts. With the exception of a few miles of industry on its southern extremity, virtually the entire lakefront is devoted to recreational uses, with beaches, museums, harbors, and parks. The lakefront parks include three of the city’s most important: Grant Park, near downtown; Lincoln Park, to the north; and Jackson Park to the south.。

The downtown area, known locally as the Loop (from the fact that it is encircled by elevated railway tracks), has been undergoing rapid change and expansion. It is an important retail and entertainment district, although these industries are spreading, especially to the Michigan Avenue area north of downtown and to the growing suburbs. The decline in manufacturing in the downtown area is offset by the continuing construction of tall office buildings and, to a lesser extent, of residential buildings.。

V POINTS OF INTEREST 。

The world’s first skyscraper was constructed in Chicago in 1885, spawning the Chicago School of architecture. Among the renowned architects whose buildings have shaped the city’s skyline are Louis Sullivan, William Le Baron Jenney, Daniel H. Burnham, Frank Lloyd Wright, Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, and Helmut Jahn. In the central part of the city are several of the tallest buildings in the world, including the Sears Tower, 110 stories high. Many of these buildings, including the Sears Tower, have observation decks that are open to the public.。

In August 1995 the new Navy Pier Center opened in Chicago. Built on a pier constructed during World War I (1914-1918), the new center includes a 15,800-sq-m (170,000–sq-ft) exposition center, an ice-skating rink, a 3,000-sq-m (32,000-sq-ft) botanical garden, and a Ferris wheel that is 46 m (150 ft) tall.。

VI EDUCATIONAL AND CULTURAL INSTITUTIONS 。

Chicago has one of the largest public school systems in the United States. The Chicago Board of Education administers the system in a centralized fashion; in recent years it has been experimenting with local school councils as a means of partial devolution of authority. These councils, established in 1989, have authority in several areas, including the ability to approve budgets and curriculum. In addition, Chicago has many private schools, including large parochial systems maintained by the Roman Catholic and Lutheran churches. Chicago is a center of higher education, with numerous colleges and universities. The University of Chicago (1891) was in 1942 the site of the world’s first controlled nuclear chain reaction. Among the other schools of higher learning are Northwestern University (1851), with campuses in both Chicago and nearby Evanston; the Illinois Institute of Technology (1890); Roosevelt University (1945); Loyola University of Chicago (1870); DePaul University (1898); Chicago State University (1867); Northeastern Illinois University (1961); and the University of Illinois at Chicago (1965).。

Chicago contains many museums. These include the Adler Planetarium and Astronomy Museum; the Art Institute of Chicago, one of the country’s largest art museums; the Field Museum; and the John G. Shedd Aquarium, the world’s largest, all of which are in the Grant Park area. In Hyde Park are the Oriental Institute Museum, which contains a collection of antiquities from the Middle East; the Du Sable Museum of African-American History; and the Museum of Science and Industry. In Lincoln Park are the Chicago Academy of Sciences and the Chicago Historical Society; the latter is known for its material on Abraham Lincoln and the American Civil War (1861-1865). Also in the city is the Museum of Contemporary Art. The Harold Washington Library Center is the headquarters of the Chicago Public Library. The largest municipal library building in the United States, it is named for the first black mayor of Chicago, who served from 1983 to 1987. The public library, with 79 branches, has a collection of about 6 million books, with representative collections in 35 languages and small collections in more than 300 languages. The Newberry Library is a reference library containing an important collection focused on the humanities, including holdings on Native Americans, the history of printing, and cartography. The Chicago Symphony Orchestra, founded in 1891, is considered one of the finest in the world. The city’s opera company is The Lyric Opera, founded in 1954.。

Chicago is also home to many professional sports teams. The Chicago Cubs baseball team plays at Wrigley Field; the Chicago White Sox baseball team, at Comiskey Park; the Chicago Bears football team, at Soldier Field; and the Chicago Blackhawks ice hockey and Chicago Bulls basketball teams, at the United Center, a new facility that opened in 1994.。

VII HISTORY

In 1673 French explorers Jacques Marquette and Louis Joliet passed through what is now Chicago. They found a low, swampy area that the region’s Native Americans, mainly Sac (Sauk), Mesquakie, and Potawatomi, called “Checagou,” referring to the wild onion that grew in marshlands along Lake Michigan. About a century later, Jean Baptiste Point du Sable, a Haitian trader, established the first permanent dwelling near the mouth of the Chicago River. In 1803 the U.S. Army built Fort Dearborn along the river to protect the strategic waterway linkage. At the beginning of the War of 1812, the fort was evacuated, and nearly all the soldiers and settlers were killed by Native Americans; the fort was destroyed. It was rebuilt in 1816, but settlement remained sparse until the Native Americans were removed in the mid-1830s.。

By 1837, spurred by harbor improvements and the start of construction of the Illinois and Michigan Canal, Chicago’s population had reached 4,000, and the community was incorporated as a city. Growth was rapid and was soon bolstered by the completion of the canal, in 1848, and the coming of the railroads, in the early 1850s. The consolidated Union Stock Yards opened in 1865; cattle, hogs, and sheep were shipped by rail to Chicago for slaughter and packing. Attracted by economic opportunities, immigrants from Ireland, Germany, and Scandinavia settled in Chicago. The city was first predominantly a port and trading center for raw materials from the Midwest and finished goods from the East, but it soon developed as a national railroad junction and an important manufacturing center. Waves of immigrants, including Poles, Jews from many countries, Serbs, Russians, Czechs, Lithuanians, Italians, and Greeks, arrived in the city. Social reformers Jane Addams and Ellen Gates Starr founded Hull House (1889) to address immigrants’ needs and to lobby for reform. The generally low-paying jobs and substandard living conditions of immigrants in Chicago were exposed in the 1906 novel The Jungle by Upton Sinclair. The years of World War I (1914-1918) marked the beginning of the great migration north of Southern blacks seeking better opportunities.。

From October 8 to 10, 1871, a great fire killed at least 250 people, left 90,000 homeless, and destroyed about 10 sq km (about 4 sq mi) of central Chicago (nearly one-third of the total area). According to legend, the fire started when a cow kicked over a lantern in a backyard shed after an extreme dry spell had left the city particularly susceptible to fire. The city was quickly rebuilt and continued its rapid growth. The fire’s chief consequence was to reorient the retail business district away from the Chicago River toward a new axis along State Street. 。

During the second half of the 19th century, the city’s large industrial-worker population campaigned actively for an eight-hour work day, better working conditions, and better wages. Workers clashed with police on several occasions, including the Haymarket Square Riot of May 4, 1886. Two civilians and seven policemen were killed, and approximately 150 people were wounded. In nearby Pullman on June 27, 1894, workers at the Pullman Palace Car Company, a manufacturer of railroad sleeping cars, went on strike to protest unfair wage practices and unfavorable living and working conditions in the company town. The American Railway Union responded with a sympathy strike. Workers and their families were attacked by railroad deputies, federal troops, and city police. At least 30 people were killed and 100 wounded before the strike was broken on July 17. 。

By 1890, mainly because of the city’s annexation of numerous suburbs, Chicago’s population had surpassed 1 million. Three years later the city hosted the World’s Columbian Exposition, commemorating the 400th anniversary of the European arrival in America. Daniel Burnham, the chief architect of the exposition, later developed a plan to guide Chicago’s physical expansion through the 20th century. His Plan of Chicago, published in 1909, proposed a network of parks along Lake Michigan and throughout the city, a system of avenues connecting the center city with its suburbs and the suburbs with one another, and various other features. Much of the plan was implemented in subsequent decades.。

Alternate periods of corruption and reform characterized the city’s political history in the early 20th century. In the summer of 1919 race riots erupted throughout the United States, the worst occurring in Chicago on July 27. When a black youth swimming in Lake Michigan drifted into an area reserved for whites, he was stoned and drowned. Police refused to arrest the white man whom black observers considered responsible, and angry crowds gathered on the beach. Violence erupted and continued throughout the city for several days, resulting in 38 dead, 537 injured, and 1,000 black families left homeless. The riots shocked the nation and prompted many to launch efforts toward racial equality through volunteer organizations and reform legislation. During the Prohibition era (1919-1933) Chicago became notorious for its bootleggers and gangsters, such as Al Capone and “Bugs” Moran, and for the ruthless gang warfare in which they engaged. The latter was epitomized by the infamous Saint Valentine’s Day massacre of 1929, in which Capone won control of Chicago’s underworld when unidentified individuals, some dressed as police officers, killed six of Moran’s gangsters and associates.。

The population of Chicago continued to grow until it reached a peak of more than 3.6 million in 1950. Since World War II ended in 1945, Chicago has experienced an increase in its black and Hispanic populations, which have moved into formerly white residential areas as whites moved to the rapidly growing suburbs. Since the early 1950s, numerous projects, such as extensive slum clearance and rehabilitation and the construction of a network of expressways, have been undertaken to alleviate urban decay and ensure the future prosperity of the central area. The latest improvement is the Deep Tunnel project, an underground network of tunnels, reservoirs, and pollution-control systems designed to hold excess storm water and sewage. Deep Tunnel, begun in 1976, is one of the largest municipal public-works projects in the history of the United States. When the project is fully completed, it will comprise 180 km (110 mi) of tunnels. 。

Chicago has a tradition of provocative, sometimes controversial political leadership. Mayor William Hale Thompson led a deeply corrupt administration during the 1920s. Richard J. Daley, the archetypal city “boss,” served as mayor from 1955 to 1976. A Democrat, Daley wielded a great deal of power in this largely Democratic city. He governed by the spoils system (rewarding political allies with jobs), and he delivered many local votes for Democratic presidential candidates. In 1968 protesters staged a demonstration against the Vietnam War in Chicago during the Democratic presidential convention. Daley ordered aggressive police action to quash the protest. The ensuing violence by police led to several days of rioting.。

Following Daley’s death in 1976, ward politics decentralized under successive mayors, including the city’s first woman mayor, Jane Byrne (1979-1983), and its first black mayor, Harold Washington (1983-1987). Washington built a progressive, interracial coalition, but the coalition did not survive the mayor’s untimely death in 1987. In 1989 Richard M. Daley, the son of Richard J. Daley, became mayor of Chicago; he was reelected in 1991, 1995, and 1999.。

In April 1992 an engineering accident at a bridge reconstruction project sent river water rushing into the city’s abandoned underground freight tunnels; the resulting flood caused extensive damage to the downtown district. The flood disrupted markets at the Chicago Board of Trade for a week and closed the subway for 25 days.。

In the 2000 national census, the city of Chicago showed a population increase for the first time in 50 years. This gain was due to a variety of factors. The city experienced an influx of immigrants, especially Hispanics and Asians. In addition, the city government tried to attract and retain residents by undertaking urban renewal projects and improving public schools. The city was also able to provide economic incentives to businesses because of the economic boom of the 1990s. 。

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底特律 Detroit

Detroit (city, Michigan)。

I INTRODUCTION 。

Detroit (city, Michigan), city in southeastern Michigan and seat of Wayne County. Detroit, the largest city in the state, is one of the nation’s leading industrial centers and the world’s foremost automobile manufacturing center. The automobile industry gave Detroit its nickname, The Motor City. Its official name, Detroit, comes from a French word that means “the narrow place.” The city is located at the narrowest point of the channel connecting the upper and lower regions of the vast Great Lakes water system. This strategic location greatly aided the city’s economic growth, as it became a major port of the Great Lakes industrial basin, linked to global markets in Europe and Asia.。

Detroit is located on the Detroit and Rouge rivers, opposite Windsor, Ontario, Canada. It is on a flat glacial plain that rises to rolling hills and lake country in the northwest. Detroit has temperate summers and moderately cold winters. Average temperature ranges are -9°。

世界五大湖

苏必利尔湖畔

在加拿大和美国交界处，有五个大湖，这就是闻名世界的五大淡水湖。它们按大小分别为苏必利尔湖、休伦湖、密歇根湖、伊利湖和安大略湖。

五大湖总面积约245660平方公里，是世界上最大的淡水水域。五大湖流域约为766100平方公里，南北延伸近1110公里，从苏必利尔湖西端至安大略湖东端长约1400公里。湖水大致从西向东流，注入大西洋。除密歇根湖和休伦湖外水平面相等外，各湖水面高度依次下降。

五大湖是始于约100万年前的冰川活动的最终产物。现在的五大湖位于当年被冰川活动反复扩大的河谷中。地面大量的冰也曾将河谷压低。现在的五大湖是更新世后期该地区陆续形成许多湖泊的最后阶段。

苏必利尔湖(Superior,lake)是北美洲五大湖最西北和最大的一个，也是世界最大的淡水湖之一，是世界仅次于里海的第二大湖。湖东北面为加拿大，西南面为美国。湖面东西长616公里，南北最宽处257公里，湖面平均海拔180米，水面积82103平方公里，最大深度405米。蓄水量1.2万立方公里。有近200条河流注入湖中，以尼皮贡和圣路易斯河为最大。湖中主要岛屿有罗亚尔岛(美国国家公园之一)、阿波斯特尔群岛、米奇皮科滕岛和圣伊尼亚斯岛。沿湖多林地，风景秀丽，人口稀少。苏必利尔湖水质清澈，湖面多风浪，湖区冬寒夏凉。季节性渔猎和旅游为当地娱乐业主要项目。蕴藏有多种矿物。有很多天然港湾和人工港口。主要港口有加拿大的桑德贝和美国的塔科尼特等。全年通航期为8个月。该湖1622年为法国探险家发现，湖名取自法语，意为“上湖”。

休伦湖(Huron,lake)为北美五大湖中第二大湖。它由西北向东南延伸，长331公里，最宽处163公里。湖面积59570平方公里。有苏必利尔、密歇根湖和众多河流注入。湖水从南端排入伊利湖。湖面海拔176米，最大深度229米。东北部多岛屿。湖区主要经济活动有伐木业和渔业。沿湖多游览区。4月初至12月末为通航季节，主要港口有罗克波特、罗杰期城等。休伦湖是第一个为欧洲人所发现的湖泊，名源出休伦族印第安人。

密歇根湖(Michigan,lake)也叫密执安湖，是北美五大湖中面积居第三位，唯一全部属于美国的湖泊。湖北部与休伦湖相通，南北长517公里，最宽处190公里，湖盆面积近12万平方公里，水域面积57757平方公里，湖面海拔177米，最深处281米，平均水深84米，湖水蓄积量4875立方公里，湖岸线长2100公里。有约100条小河注入其中，北端多岛屿，以比弗岛为最大。沿湖岸边有湖波冲蚀而成的悬崖，东南岸多有沙丘，尤以印第安纳国家湖滨区和州立公园的沙丘最为著名。湖区气候温和，大部分湖岸为避暑地。东岸水果产区颇有名，北岸曲折多港湾，湖中多鳟鱼、鲑鱼，垂钓业兴旺。南端的芝加哥为重要的工业城市，并有很多港口。12月中至来年4月中港湾结冰，航行受阻，但湖面很少全部封冻，几个港口之间全年都有轮渡往来。

伊利湖(Erie,lake)是北美五大湖的第四大湖，东、西、南面为美国，北面为加拿大。湖水面积25667平方公里。呈东北——西南走向，长388公里，最宽处92公里，湖面海拔174米，平均深度18米，最深64米，是五大湖中最浅的一个，湖岸线总长1200公里。底特律河、休伦河、格兰德河等众多河流注入其中，湖水由东端经尼亚加拉河排出。岛屿集中在湖的西端，以加拿大的皮利岛为最大。西北岸有皮利角国家公园(加拿大)。主要港口有美国的克利夫兰、阿什塔比拉等。沿湖工业区曾导致许多湖滨游览区关闭，上个世纪70年代末环境破坏得到控制。

安大略湖(Ontario,lake)是北美洲五大湖最东和最小的一个，北为加拿大，南是美国，大致成椭圆形，主轴线东西长311公里，最宽处85公里。水面约19554平方公里，平均深度86米，最深244米，蓄水量1688立方公里。有尼亚加拉、杰纳西、奥斯威戈、布莱克和特伦特河注入，经韦兰运河和尼亚加拉河与伊利湖连接。著名的尼亚加拉大瀑布上接伊利湖，下灌安大略湖，两湖落差99米。湖水由东端流入圣劳伦斯河。安大略湖北面为农业平原，工业集中在港口城市多伦多、罗切斯特等。港湾每年12月至来年4月不通航。

(据中国科普网)

参考资料：http://www.cas.ac.cn/html/dir/2002/03/13/1707.htm。

Lake Superior Junction in Canada and the United States, the five Great Lakes, which is famous the world's five major fresh water lake. According to the size of their superior, Lake Huron, Lake Michigan, Lake Erie and Ontario. FIVE a total area of about 245,660 square kilometers, is the world's largest source of fresh water. FIVE valley is about 766,100 square kilometers, nearly 1,110 km north-south extending from the eastern end of Lake Superior Huxi end to about 1,400 km. Generally from the West Lake to the east, and into the Atlantic Ocean. In addition to Lake Michigan and Lake Huron outside the same plane, the lake surface height were reduced. AMONG the glacier began about 100 years ago as the final product. Glacial lakes at the present time by repeatedly expanding activities in the valley. Ice Valley has a lot of ground to suppress. The late Pleistocene lakes are many lakes in the region have formed the final stage. Superior (Superior, lake) is the most lakes in North America and the largest in the Northwest and is also one of the world's largest freshwater lake, is the world's second largest after the Caspian Sea. Lake northeast of Canada, the southwest United States. Lake, 616 km from east to west, north and south as simple as 257 kilometers in size, the average altitude of 180 meters of water area of 82,103 square kilometers and a maximum depth of 405 meters. 12,000 cubic kilometers of water. There are nearly 200 rivers flow into the lake, the largest in Nipigon River and St. Louis. Royal i. lake is the main island (one of the United States National Park), the Cape of Apostle Islands, and St. AUC Mijipi cotten island of Vieques. Lingering more forest land, beautiful scenery and sparsely populated. Superior water is clear, the lake more storms Lakes Dong-han cool summer. Seasonal hunting and fishing and tourism major projects for the local entertainment industry. Stored in a variety of minerals. Artificial many natural harbors and ports. Canada's major ports, such as Thunder Bay and the United States Takenite. Navigation on the year for eight. French explorers to the lake in 1622 found that the lake name came from French, meaning "lake." Lake Huron (Huron, lake), the second of the North American Great Lakes lakes. It extends from northwest to southeast, 331 km long, 163 km wide at the maximum. Lake area of 59,570 square kilometers. A Superior Michigan and many rivers into. Lake water from the south into Illinois. Lake elevation of 176 meters and a maximum depth of 229 meters. Northeast many islands. Lakes fishery and the logging industry is the main economic activity. Lingering more touristic. Early April to the end of navigation season, a major port in Rockport, Rogers City period. Lake Huron is the first Europeans to discover the lake, the name originated from Huron Indians. Lake Michigan (Michigan, the lake) is also called Michigan, which ranks third in North American lakes, the only all American lakes. Hubei Department and the same Lake Huron, 517 km long from north to south and 190 km wide at the maximum, the lake area of nearly 120,000 square kilometers, an area of 57,757 square kilometers of waters in size, with an elevation of 177 meters and 281 meters deep, with an average depth of 84 meters, the lake Volume 4,875 cubic kilometers, 2,100 km length of Lake. About 100 of the river into which many northern island, the largest island in Beaver. Lingering shore of the lake from wave erosion of the cliffs, sand dunes many East Coast, particularly in the state of Indiana and Lake State Park's most famous sand dunes. Lakes climate is mild, to the banks of the shelters. Quite the east coast fruit producing areas, and many twists and turns in the Northshore Harbor, lake trout and more fish, salmon fishing industry flourish. Chicago important industrial city in the south, and a lot of ports. Harbor next year's mid-12 to mid-ice, obstructed navigation, but all the little lake snow, several ferry ports in the year between. Lake Erie (Erie, the lake) is the fourth North American lakes Great Lakes, East and West, to the southern United States to northern Canada. Lake area of 25,667 square kilometers. Southwest to the Northeast -- showed that 388 km long, 92 km wide at the maximum size, with an elevation of 174 meters, with an average depth of 18 meters and 64 meters in the deepest, most shallow lakes is one of the banks totals 1,200 km. Detroit River, Huron River, the Rio Grande River and other rivers into which water from the Niagara River on the eastern side of emissions. West of the island in the lake, the largest island in Canada Pillay. Point pelee national park with the north (Canada). Kailifulan major ports in the United States, such as Ashtabula. Lingering in industrial areas has resulted in the closure of many touristic lake last century late 1970s, the destruction of the environment under control. Lake (Ontario, lake) is the smallest North American lakes and most East, North Canada, the United States Southern broadly into an oval, the main east-west axis 311 km long, 85 km wide at the maximum. About 19,554 square kilometers of water, has an average depth of 86 meters deep, 244 meters and 1,688 cubic kilometers of water. A Niagara, Genesee, Oswego, into Blake and Trent River, Welland connecting Lake Erie and the Niagara River. The famous Niagara Falls connecting Lake Erie, Ontario, under irrigation, the 99-meter gap between two lakes. Water flows from the eastern side of the river. Ontario agricultural plains to the north, concentrated in the industrial port city of Toronto, the other in Rochester. Harbor each December to April next year no navigation. (According to science network)。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/harbors-110.html