venues-50

翻译英译汉

【Dates】（时间）

The 2010 FIFA World Cup will be the 19th FIFA World Cup, an international tournament for football, that is scheduled to take place between 11 June and 11 July 2010 in South Africa. It will be the first time that the tournament has been hosted by a nation in the Confederation of African Football, leaving the Oceania Football Confederation as the only FIFA Confederation never to have hosted the event.。

【Host selection】（申办）

Africa was chosen as the host for the 2010 World Cup as part of a new policy to rotate the event between football confederations (This policy was later revoked in October of 2007). Five African nations placed bids to host the 2010 World Cup:。

* Flag of Egypt Egypt。

* Flag of Libya Libya / Flag of Tunisia Tunisia (co-hosting)。

* Flag of Morocco Morocco。

* Flag of South Africa South Africa。

Following the decision of the FIFA Executive Committee not to allow co-hosted tournaments, Tunisia withdrew from the bidding process. The committee also decided not to consider Libya's solo bid as it no longer met all the stipulations laid down in the official List of Requirements.。

After one round of voting, the winning bid was announced by FIFA president Sepp Blatter at a media conference on May 15, 2004 in Zurich. South Africa was awarded the rights to host the tournament, defeating Morocco and Egypt.[1]。

Results:

1. Flag of South Africa South Africa, 14 votes。

2. Flag of Morocco Morocco, 10 votes。

3. Flag of Egypt Egypt, 0 votes。

Flag of Tunisia Tunisia withdrew on May 8, 2004 after joint bidding was not allowed。

Flag of Libya Libya was rejected: bid did not meet the list of requirements and joint bidding was not allowed。

Qualification

As the host nation, South Africa qualifies automatically. However, South Africa are the first hosts since 1934 to participate in World Cup qualifiers. This is because the CAF qualifiers will also serve as the qualifying tournament for the 2010 African Cup of Nations, for which South Africa must qualify separately. Since 2002 the defending champions no longer qualify automatically.。

The preliminary draw for the 2010 World Cup was held in Durban, South Africa on 25 November 2007.。

【Venues】（地点）

In 2005, the organizers released a provisional list of thirteen venues to be used for the World Cup: Bloemfontein, Cape Town, Durban, Johannesburg (two), Kimberley, Nelspruit, Orkney, Polokwane, Port Elizabeth, Pretoria (two), and Rustenburg. 。

【History of the FIFA World Cup】（历史）

No other sporting event captures the world's imagination like the FIFA World Cup. Ever since the first tentative competition in Uruguay in 1930, FIFA's (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) flagship has constantly grown in popularity and prestige.。

A group of visionary French football administrators, led in the 1920s by the innovative Jules Rimet, are credited with the original idea of bringing the world's strongest national football teams together to compete for the title of World Champions. The original gold trophy bore Jules Rimet's name and was contested three times in the 1930s, before the Second World War put a 12-year stop to the competition.。

When it resumed, the FIFA World Cup rapidly advanced to its undisputed status as the greatest single sporting event of the modern world. Held since 1958 alternately in Europe and the Americas, the World Cup broke new ground with the Executive Committee's decision in May 1996 to select Korea and Japan as co-hosts for the 2002 edition.。

Since 1930, the 19 tournaments have seen only seven different winners. However, the FIFA World Cup has also been punctuated by dramatic upsets that have helped create footballing history - the United States defeating England in 1950, North Korea's defeat of Italy in 1966, Cameroon's emergence in the 1980s and their opening match defeat of the Argentinean cup-holders in 1990....。

【Preparations】

Five new stadiums are to be built for the tournament (three match venues and two practice grounds), and five of the existing venues are to be upgraded. Construction costs are expected to be R8.4bn.。

In addition to the stadiums being built and upgraded, South Africa is also planning to improve its current public transport infrastructure, and implement special measures to ensure the safety and security of local and international tourists attending the matches in accordance with standard FIFA requirements.。

【Rumours of tournament being moved】

Rumours have circulated in various news sources that the 2010 World Cup could be moved to another country.[6][7] Some people, including Franz Beckenbauer, Horst R. Schmidt and, reportedly, some FIFA executives, have expressed concern over the planning, organisation, and pace of South Africa’s preparations.[8][6] However, FIFA officials have repeatedly expressed their confidence in South Africa as host, and have stated that the event will not be moved, with FIFA president Sepp Blatter re-iterating that "Plan A... Plan B... Plan C is that the 2010 World Cup will be staged in South Africa".[9][10] Mr. Blatter has stated that there is a contingency plan to hold the World Cup elsewhere but only in the event of a natural catastrophe, and that the 2006 World Cup in Germany also had a similar contingency plan.[11][10]。

Despite reassurances by FIFA that the event would only be moved in the case of natural catastrophe, rumours continue to circulate about possible relocation of the event.[12] These rumours have been criticised by South Africa's Deputy Finance Minister Jabu Moleketi, saying that some have targeted the event to reflect their persistent negativity towards South Africa and Africa.。

【Controversies】

Several non-governmental organisations and poor people's movements have expressed major concern about plans to regulate the prevalence of squatter camp shelters to improve the image of the World Cup venues. Concerns are particularly acute in Durban where local politicians have promised to 'clear the slums by 2010'.[14] It has also been argued that it is inappropriate to invest so much public money on stadia when much of the population lacks basic services and housing.。

查询新加坡名胜景点

Thirty-four new bus routes will open in Beijing from this month to improve public transport to and from Olympic venues, a transport official said Wednesday. 。

在星期三一则运输部门的官方消息指出.34条新的公车线路将从本月起在北京开通,这将改善始发和开往奥林匹克相关场地的公共交通状况.。

王新生,北京公交集团公司副总经理,在一个新闻简报中说其中10条线路.其将自7月20日起至9月20日止运行,这些线路将靠近奥林匹克的相关场地或者将沿着城市的新道路运行.。

他还说,这些线路将有标准的停靠站并且其中的7条线路将24小时运营.。

将用于北京奥运会的锂电池能源的公车及其在梦想世界(奥运村)于2008年7月6日北京建设完成的充电站已经为奥运会做好了准备.奥运期间,50辆锂电池能源的公共汽车将载着运动员们和官员们来往于比赛场馆和梦想世界.这种零辐射,低噪音和环保的公车非常符合绿色奥运的主题.。

王先生说,剩下的24路公车线路将采用一站式快速服务连接奥运场馆和其他地方. 这些线路将只在比赛日期之间运营以帮助人们到达并且离开场馆.。

他还说, 大约1500公共汽车将在新的线路上运行,其中一半将可以为残疾人提供上下方便, 在残奥会期间,新的线路中的16条线路继续运营,并且所有运行其上的600辆公共汽车都适合残疾人乘坐.。

英语问题

不知道发中文介绍干嘛要英文的，所以还是给你找了中文的，如果喜欢就自己翻译吧。

1、新加坡动物园

新加坡动物园 被誉为世界最有特色的动物园之一。该动物园曾获多个奖项，以开放式和无围拦的概念赢得了国际赞誉。动物园里居住着2,000多头哺乳动物、鸟类和爬行动物。

与新加坡动物园邻近的新加坡夜间野生动物园是另一个世界级的观光名胜。在这里，您可与独角犀做面对面的接触或者在黑夜里和一群条纹土狼巡游动物园。

2、裕廊飞禽公园

裕廊飞禽公园是亚太区最状观的鸟类动物园之一。 依山而建瀑布相伴的露天鸟舍是园里最受欢迎的主题鸟舍，也是1,500只非洲飞禽的安乐窝。 千万别错过园内的两场精彩飞禽演出。红鹳、金刚鹦鹉、犀鸟等不同凡响而又令人捧腹的表演一定会让您乐开怀！

3、牛车水

牛车水是自1821年逐渐形成的。当时，从中国夏门、福建南下的第一艘平底中国帆船抵达新加坡。船上青一色是男性。他们就在新加坡河以南一带(也就是现在的直落亚逸街)定居。当时，在那儿的每家每户都得拉牛车到安祥山的史必灵路取水。久而久之，该地方就被称为牛车水了。值得一提的是牛车水并不是青一色华人居住的地方。牛车水内，直落亚逸街旁的阿布拉回教堂、桥南路的詹美回教堂和马里安曼庙，见证了新加坡多元种族和睦相处的一面。牛车水原貌馆 是一间经过翻新的三层店屋。尤如走进一条时光隧道，通过原貌馆里的各种展览品和口述历史，您可身临其境、清楚地了解早期华族移民的生活情形及他们的辛酸经历。

4、小印度

小印度之旅将带给您的感官强烈的震撼！

首先迎面而来的是一股浓烈的香料和茉莉花味，

紧接着是银器，铜器和传统金首饰的闪光亮丽，

还有沙丽丝绸的鲜艳夺目的色彩，令人眼花缭乱，目不暇接。 在1819年，当莱佛士爵士航行至新加坡时，随行有多名印度助手和士兵。之后，更多的印度移民来到了新加坡谋生，有的成了筑路的苦力，有的从事洗衣业，有的则在政府机构谋得要职。在离开小印度之前，别忘了品尝一杯香浓的拉茶，还有纹上一个指甲花染料纹身(别担心，那纹身只是暂时性的)！

5、新加坡河/ 克拉码头

早期移民是新加坡从落后的小渔村，到现代化海港的转变，

过程中功不可没的一分子。

当时，这些移民都是靠着新加坡河维系生计的。

所以新加坡河可说是一条真正的生命之河！

在新加坡河上游的克拉码头是购物、进餐、娱乐的好地方。

6、圣淘沙岛

圣淘沙岛是新加坡最具代表的岛屿。

离新加坡本岛仅几分钟船程的圣淘沙岛是您休闲度假最好的选择 -- 。

白细的沙滩、幽静的丛林、难得一见的海底生物、活泼可爱的海豚、

历史古迹、博物馆等，近在咫此！

陶沙（意思是平静而安详），是新加坡最为迷人的度假小岛占地390公顷，

有着多姿多彩的娱乐设施和休闲活 动区域，被誉为欢乐宝石。而它曾经只是一个小渔村，

被英国占领以后改造成为其军事基地，于1972年再次改造成一个悠闲美丽的度假村。

海底世界

座落于圣淘沙岛的新加坡海底世界，身临其境地感受大海的神秘与奥妙吧！

海底世界里的83米透明海底隧道能让您悠闲地体验凶猛的鲨鱼在咫尺之间呼啸而过，

并观赏罕见的海洋生物在您身边嬉戏。

蝴蝶公园与昆虫王国

蝴蝶公园与昆虫王国里拥有一个70米长的洞穴。

您可在萤火虫的萤光陪伴下，与昆虫展开亲密的接触 。

7、Carlsberg 摩天塔。

Carlsberg 摩天塔 高37米的鱼尾狮塔是新加坡的旅游标志。塔顶将呈现360度无阻挡的视野，让您欣赏新加坡的市貌及周围小岛的美景。从高空鸟瞰美景的另一选择是 Carlsberg 摩天塔 。摩天塔的巨型缆车可一次过载送72人上高空，欣赏7分钟的美景。

8、鱼尾狮公园

作为新加坡旅游局标志的鱼尾狮首次亮相于1964年。这个矗立于浪尖的狮头鱼身像很快就变成了新加坡的象征。鱼尾狮和小鱼尾狮原本立于海滨桥旁的鱼尾狮公园，是极受欢迎的旅游景点。

1972年9月15日，前新加坡总理李光耀先生为其剪彩开幕。今天的鱼尾狮像已迁址到离原址120米处与浮尔顿1号毗邻。高8.6米、重达70吨的鱼尾狮塑像是已故新加坡著名工匠林浪新(Lim Nang Seng)先生用混凝土制作的。

9、鸭子船

如想要探险，那就登上一辆两栖游览车，参加融合了海港和城市之旅的新加坡鸭子旅游。这个游览新加坡城市的独特方式富教育意义，对孩子来说充满乐趣！

10、乌节路购物区

乌节路购物区在1840年代，乌节路一带人烟稀少，是一片广阔的豆蔻和胡椒园。

当时的园主如史各士(Scotts)、经禧(Cairnhill)和卡佩芝(Cuppage)等，

名字都被借用来为街道命名。到了1900年代，一场神秘的瘟疫席卷所有豆蔻园，

并在短短的一年里把园内一切尽数摧毁。此外，由于这里地势低漥，

经常会有水灾----一直到1965年莱佛士水道加宽加深后才获改善。

莱佛士水道的一部分，目前就隐藏在威势马购物中心前的行人走道之下。

11、东海岸公园 East Coast Park 。

东海岸公园 East Coast Park位於东海岸公园路旁的东海岸公园，

是新加坡人喜爱的休闲好去处。 这里风景如画，令人赏心悦目。

您可在这租辆自行车边骑边看，或躺在沙滩上晒太阳，

又或者到娱乐场尽情欢乐。这里有保龄球室、高尔夫练球场、

网球场、壁球场、水上运动中心、东海岸帆船中心等娱乐设施任君选择。

海岸公园里也设有许多快餐店和海味餐馆。在离开前，

可别忘了到海味餐馆品尝新加坡著名的辣椒螃蟹！

大家再来帮我写一篇英语作文

水立方 Water Cube 。

鸟巢 Bird's Nest 。

国家歌剧院 Opera House 。

关于北京奥运会的英语资料:

The Official Mascots of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games 。

Like the Five Olympic Rings from which they draw their color and inspiration, the Five Friendlies will serve as the Official Mascots of Beijing 2008 Olympic Games, carrying a message of friendship and peace--and blessings from China--to children all over the world. 。

Designed to express the playful qualities of five little children who form an intimate circle of friends, the Five Friendlies also embody the natural characteristics of four of China's most popular animals--the Fish, the Panda, the Tibetan Antelope, the Swallow--and the Olympic Flame. 。

In China's traditional culture and art, the fish and water designs are symbols of prosperity and harvest. And so Beibei carries the blessing of prosperity. A fish is also a symbol of surplus in Chinese culture, another measure of a good year and a good life. The ornamental lines of the water-wave designs are taken from well-known Chinese paintings of the past. Among the Five Friendlies, Beibei is known to be gentle and pure. Strong in water sports, she reflects the blue Olympic ring. 。

Each of the Friendlies has a rhyming two-syllable name--a traditional way of expressing affection for children in China. Beibei is the Fish, Jingjing is the Panda, Huanhuan is the Olympic Flame, Yingying is the Tibetan Antelope and Nini is the Swallow. 。

When you put their names together--Bei Jing Huan Ying Ni--they say "Welcome to Beijing," offering a warm invitation that reflects the mission of the Five Friendlies as young ambassadors for the Olympic Games. 。

The Five Friendlies also embody both the landscape and the dreams and aspirations of people from every part of the vast country of China. In their origins and their headpieces, you can see the five elements of nature--the sea, forest, fire, earth and sky--all stylistic rendered in ways that represent the deep traditional influences of Chinese folk art and ornamentation. 。

Spreading Traditional Chinese Blessings Wherever They Go 。

In the ancient culture of China, there is a grand tradition of spreading blessings through signs and symbols. Each of the Five Friendlies symbolizes a different blessing--and will honor this tradition by carrying their blessings to the children of the world. Prosperity, happiness, passion, health and good luck will be spread to every continent as the Five Friendlies carry their invitation to Beijing 2008 to every part of the globe. 。

At the heart of their mission--and through all of their work--the Five Friendlies will seek to unite the world in peace and friendship through the Olympic spirit. Dedicated to helping Beijing 2008 spread its theme of One World, One Dream to every continent, the Five Friendlies reflect the deep desire of the Chinese people to reach out to the world in friendship through the Games--and to invite every man, woman and child to take part in the great celebration of human solidarity that China will host in the light of the flame in 2008. 。

In China's traditional culture and art, the fish and water designs are symbols of prosperity and harvest. And so Beibei carries the blessing of prosperity. A fish is also a symbol of surplus in Chinese culture, another measure of a good year and a good life. 。

The ornamental lines of the water-wave designs are taken from well-known Chinese paintings of the past. Among the Five Friendlies, Beibei is known to be gentle and pure. Strong in water sports, she reflects the blue Olympic ring. 。

Jingjing makes children smile--and that's why he brings the blessing of happiness wherever he goes. You can see his joy in the charming naivety of his dancing pose and the lovely wave of his black and white fur. As a national treasure and a protected species, pandas are adored by people everywhere. The lotus designs in Jingjing's headdress, which are inspired by the porcelain paintings of the Song Dynasty (A.D.960-1234), symbolize the lush forest and the harmonious relationship between man and nature. Jingjing was chosen to represent our desire to protect nature's gifts--and to preserve the beauty of nature for all generations. Jingjing is charmingly naïve and optimistic. He is an athlete noted for strength who represents the black Olympic ring.。

English title: National Aquatic Center 。

[Introduction] 。

National Swimming Center is also known as the "Water Cube" (Water Cube), the Beijing Olympic Park, is the Beijing 2008 Summer Olympic Games for the construction of the main swimming pool, the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games is a landmark building one. Its design is based on the global design competition, "water cube" ([H2O] 3) programme. 24 December 2003 started in January 28, 2008 completion. With the National Stadium (commonly known as bird's nest) points out in the Beijing city on both sides of the north end of the axis, a relatively common historical and cultural integrity of the Beijing city image. National Swimming Center plans to build 62,950 square meters land, with a total construction area of 65000-80000 square metres, of which part of the ground floor area of not less than 15,000 square meters, respectively, for USD 177 m × 177m × 30m. Up to the present, from 101 countries and regions over 350,000 Hong Kong and Macao compatriots and overseas Chinese donated a total of 850 million yuan. Zhengyutong them, Mr Cheng said the father and son and their enterprises have donated 50 million yuan. 。

Investment: about 1.02 billion 。

Construction area (m 2): 79,532 square meters 。

Seats: permanent seats for the 4000, 2000 can be removed, temporary seats 11,000 。

Use during the Olympics: swimming, diving, synchronized swimming 。

During the Paralympics use: swimming, diving, synchronized swimming 。

Owners units: Beijing state-owned asset management limited liability company 。

Design unit: built in the design of the Commonwealth 。

General Packet unit: built in the construction and development of a Limited 。

[National Swimming Center Construction Events: 。

July 2003 National Swimming Center architectural design programme officially confirmed 。

December 24, 2003 cubic meters of water foundation earthwork and infrastructure works started 。

April 7, 2004 to complete earthwork and foundation treatment works 。

July 17, 2004 the National Swimming Center and construction and installation works formal signing of the contract 。

2005 a quarter of all the main concrete structure construction 。

April 10, 2006 National Swimming Center to cap the main structure completed the installation of Steel 。

June 16, 2006 Steel support system successfully unloaded 。

August 1, 2006 the National Swimming Center membrane structure installed with a membrane structure-occipital 。

December 26, 2006 completed installation of membrane structure 。

March 2007 completed installation of the equipment and start on-line debugging 。

January 28, 2008 formally completed 。

[Uses]

2008 Olympic Games, the National Swimming Centre for swimming, diving, synchronized swimming competition, which could accommodate 17,000 spectators seats, including permanent seats for 6,000 spectators, additional temporary seats during the Olympic Games, 11,000 (after will be dismantled). After will be built into the international advanced level of the set, swimming, sports, fitness, recreation in the center of one. 。

[Design]

National Swimming Center design is based on the global design competition, "water cube" ([H2O] 3) programme. The programme by the China State Construction Engineering Corporation, Australia PTW Architects, ARUP Australia Limited joint design. Design reflects [H2O] 3 ( "Water Cube") design, architectural design and financial structure of integrated design, the design novel, unique structure, and the National Stadium are more harmonious, al fully meet the requirements of the 2008 Olympic Games tournament, and easy to After operators. 。

Beijing National Swimming Center from the state-owned assets management company responsible for the construction, management and operation, started at the end of 2003, have been completed before the end of 2007 and put into trial operation and accept International Swimming Federation and the International Olympic Committee's inspection and acceptance. 。

[Green] venues 。

Green Olympics, Hi-tech Olympics, People's Olympics, the Beijing Olympic Games as the three core concepts for the Beijing Olympic Games is a programmatic work of guiding significance. Three in the concept, the first of which is a green Olympics. "Beijing Olympic Action Plan" in the definition of a green Olympics, it is not difficult to see that the green Olympic Games each of the sessions, people need to have high standards for the protection of the ecological quality, in accordance with the work to implement the standards. 。

National Swimming Center main building of advanced energy-saving technologies, including the use of heat pumps, solar energy use, comprehensive utilization of water resources, advanced HVAC systems, as well as control systems and other energy saving and environmental protection technologies, such as the use of external insulation to reduce energy loss applying energy efficient lighting and light control technology. These new standards, new technologies and the use of new materials for China's future energy-saving building construction has played a good role model, but also further stimulate and promote the construction of energy-saving technologies and the development of industries. 。

Cubic water used in ETFE membrane material, the most appropriate performance "Water Cube" Water Cube "appearance looks like a blue box of water, and no rules like a wall on the bubble. This bubble the materials used "ETFE" that is, we often say that the "poly fluoride." of such material corrosion resistance, thermal insulation of superb, self-cleaning ability. foreign anti-aging tests prove that it can be used 15 to 20 years. such material and also very strong, it is alleged that in the injury will not jump above it. absolutely at the same time as its own water-borne, it can use its own natural completion of clean water, is a new environmental protection materials. like a "water bubbles "ETFE film has better compression, the thickness of a piece of paper just as ETFE membrane composition of the gas pillow, and even can bear the weight of a car. gas pillow positioned under the different distribution of the density of the outer membrane uneven coating, which would become effective plating shielding direct sunlight into the museum, a shading and cooling effect. 。

[Cubic water water water-saving programme: 。

* Change Control swimming pools 。

To ensure that the "Water Cube" to the quality of the latest health standards FINA, swimming pools of water will be used sand filter - Ozone filter- activated carbon water purification process, all use Ozone filterdisinfection. According to reports, Ozone filterdisinfection not only can effectively remove the water smell, but also eliminate the water on the human body, stimulating. 。

In addition, the swimming pools will be full use * Change control technology, to improve the operating efficiency of water purification systems, water purification Pharmacy and lower power consumption, save water pools fill more than 50 per cent. In addition, swimming pools and water play pool impermeable concrete will be used to prevent leakage. 。

Bath water for flushing and irrigation 。

Apart from the swimming pool water, "Water Cube" other water conservation also. Toiletries such as wastewater, and will contact the biological oxidation, filtration, activated carbon adsorption and reuse After disinfection, the venue for the toilet flushing, garage floors and washing Green Outdoor irrigation. This alone can save water annually 44,530 tons of water. In addition, in order to reduce water evaporation, "Water Cube" outdoor green space will be conducted at night irrigation, the use of micro-irrigation sprinkler Israel, can be built to conserve water by 5%. 。

Sanitary based meter of water 。

In order to minimize people in the use of waste water, "Water Cube" on the toilet, bathing lead, vanities and other devices are used inductive flushing valve, the reasonable control of sanitary ware from water, and water points in the set focus water, and measure water consumption. Through these measures is expected to be about 10% water. 。

Apart from the bath water, "water cube" game hall will be set up in the drinking water, for the athletes and spectators to provide drinking water. To avoid the secondary pollution of drinking water, avoid wastage, "Water Cube" will be used for drinking water straight terminal-processing equipment. 。

Cubic construction techniques [water] 。

Membrane Structure is the most representative of the 21st century a new architectural forms, has become a large-span space one of the main forms of construction. It set architecture, structural mechanics, chemical industry, materials science and computer technology, integrated with the construction of a symbolic structure of the space, it not only reflects the strength of the United States, also fully demonstrate the idea of Architects, to enjoy nature romantic space. In the 2008 Olympic Games in architectural design, the application of membrane structures on the perfect embodiment. 。

"Water Cube" is the world's largest membrane structure engineering, architectural external use the world's most advanced environmental protection, energy conservation ETFE (ethylene tetrafluoroethylene) membrane material. National Stadium project contracting, general manager of Tanxiaochun revealed that the life expectancy of such material for more than 20 years, but the actual length than this, people can walk on the hit, feeling special rods. Currently the world, only three are able to complete this membrane structure. 。

"Water Cube" from the construction of more than 3,000 pillow gas, gas pillow sizes, shapes vary, covering 100,000 square meters, called world's greatest. Apart from the ground, the appearance of the membrane structure used. Pillow successful installation of the gas will be pre-installed on the steel in the pipeline inflatable become inflated "bubble," the entire process from computer inflatable intelligent monitoring, and the light of the prevailing atmospheric pressure, light conditions, such as the "bubble" to maintain the best state. 。

Such as "bubble filled" with the same membrane material self-cleaning , the surface of the membrane is basically did not have any dust. Even if due to dust, natural precipitation is sufficient to enable a clean and as new. In addition, the membrane material has better compression of the people above playing the "trampoline" no problem "normal place of a car will not be crushing." If the event of the outer membrane rupture, according to the contingency plan, in eight hours of the damaged membrane repair or replacement. "Cubic water" crystal clear above the cloak also dotted with countless white bright spot, known as plating, they can change the direction of the light, the effect of a thermal insulation astigmatism. 。

In addition, the "Water Cube" an area of 7.8 hectares, but did not use a steel, concrete one. Its walls and ceiling are connected by pipe from the small, 12,000 nodes. Only 2.4 mm thick pillow-like membrane structures like包住skin of the entire building, one of the largest gas pillow about 9 square meters, a minimum of less than 1 square meter. Compared with glass, it can be more thoroughly into the sunlight and air, thereby allowing the pool to maintain constant temperature, can be energy-saving 30%. 。

What is the cube of water 。

The perfect embodiment membrane structure - Water Cube 。

Membrane Structure is the most representative of the 21st century a new architectural forms, has become a large-span space one of the main forms of construction. It set architecture, structural mechanics, chemical industry, materials science and computer technology, integrated with the construction of a symbolic structure of the space, it not only reflects the strength of the United States, also fully demonstrate the idea of Architects, to enjoy nature romantic space. In the 2008 Olympic Games in architectural design, the application of membrane structures on the perfect embodiment. 。

"Water Cube" is the world's largest membrane structure works, in addition to the ground, the appearance of the use of membrane structure - ETFE, blue surprisingly soft on the surface but very substantial. National Stadium project contracting, general manager of Tanxiaochun revealed that the life expectancy of such material for more than 20 years, but the actual length than this, people can walk on the hit, feeling special rods. Currently the world, only three are able to complete this membrane structure. 。

"Taking into account the energy-saving standard venues, membrane structure has strong thermal efficiency; In addition, the repair of this structure is very convenient, for example, shooting guns or sharp poke into things, monitoring computer will automatically be felt. Break if a hole, the only one with stickers on the trip; membrane structure is also very compact, and has a good self-cleaning, dust is not easy glued to the top, dust with water can be discharged. "Tanxiaochun said, membrane structure that they themselves have drainage and sewerage, as well as the s of Moisture Removing and antimist , in particular the anti-condensation of swimming is particularly important. 。

Moxie water as a construction, water cube form the structure of the complex and freedom, from the planning system ingenious and simple variation, simple pure shape modest home with the magnificent dialogue, different temperament contrast to their spirituality to be fun symbiotic. Palm beach, artificial waves…… sublimation of the Olympic Stadium for the people of the world never mind the water park. 。

2008北京奥运会热词一览 。

国际奥委会 the International Olympic Committee (IOC)。

申办城市 the bidding cities。

候选城市 the candidate cities。

申办2008年奥运会 bid for 2008 Olympics。

北京奥申委 Beijing 2008 Olympic Games Bidding Committee (BOBCO)。

主办2008年奥运会 host the 2008 Olympic Games。

奥林匹克精神 the Olympic ideals; the Olympic spirit。

世界奥林匹克日 the International Olympic Day。

环境保护 protect the environment。

北京四环路 the fourth ring road in Beijing。

城市基础设施建设 the city's infrastructure construction。

最后的投票 make the final vote。

绿色奥运 the Green Olympics。

科技奥运 the Scientific Games。

节水龙头 water-saving taps。

再生纸 recycled writing paper。

废电池 used batteries。

无氟冰箱 Freon-free refrigerators。

闭路电视 close-circuit television。

友好大使 the Goodwill Ambassador。

长跑 a long-distance running。

世界大学生运动会 the Universiade。

同一个世界，同一个梦想 One world ,One dream。

谁有德约科维奇的英文介绍？？急！！！

Early in December 1891 in Springfield, Massachusetts, USA (Springfield) Young Men's Christian City International Training School (later to Springfield College), from the school physical education teacher James Naismith (James Naismith) Dr. invention, then only the rules of basketball 13, Dr. Naismith's death in 1939, the 78-year-old throughout the year. 。

He never thought he created basketball in more than 200 countries have been on the market, but also has American Basketball Awards. In World War I when the U.S. imported from Europe. 。

To commemorate Dr. Naismith invented basketball achievements in the Springfield College campus built in the United States Basketball Hall of Fame - James Naismith Memorial Hall. 。

In 1891, Naismith in Springfield, Mass., the International Young Men's Christian Association Training School to teach. The school sports Luther Gulick Head of the Department for implementing the physical education curriculum in winter, he commissioned the design of an indoor group games. He likes children from the local ball into peach baskets (local rich peach, peach baskets are available in all households) in the game's inspiration, compose a basketball game. 。

At first, the Naismith nailed two peach baskets in the other room keys are on the railing of the stands, the peach basket on the ground along the distance 3.05 meters, with football as a tool game, throwing to the basket. Have a ball into the basket, how many points decided by the outcome. Each ball into the basket, Pa Tizi the ball out to be re-started race. After the baskets will be gradually replaced by live at the end of the iron basket, and then read the following Tiequan linked network. People call this game "Naismith Ball" or "basket ball" for a long time, after he and his colleagues repeatedly to discuss a "basketball." 。

30-year-old when Naismith invented basketball, basketball, but after the birth of nearly half a century has been overlooked until the 1936 Berlin Olympics only by the respect they deserve. 75-year-old Naismith with the U.S. basketball team arrived in Berlin, but the United States basketball team he coaches from the United States are only responsible for the cost of air tickets to Berlin, do not assume their hotel in Berlin's fees and the cost of tickets. The United States Olympic Committee has ignored so that the father of basketball a heavy heart. 。

The International Amateur Basketball Federation Secretary-General, William Jones was the first great respect and admiration for him, not only to resolve his hotel and invited him for the first Olympic Games basketball competition kick-off. Before the kick-off Jones to all athletes who introduced the inventor of basketball, Naismith was warmly welcomed by everyone. All the end of the game, Jones has also arranged for Chennai Sri Lankan history presided over the awards ceremony and awarded him a special Olympic medal in recognition of his achievements invented basketball. When a German girl Yuegui Guan presented to him, Naismith wild with joy, excitement was thrown into the sky cap. 。

Naismith's death in 1939. In order to always cherish the memory of the pioneers of basketball, FIBA in 1950 in the 1st World Men's Basketball Championship to be held during the first meeting of the Central Council, decided to men's basketball World Championship Gold Cup named "Naismith Cup." 。

In 1893 to form a modern approximation of the rebounds, and the Nets ring. The original game of basketball, playing on the number, size of the venue, the game was no strict time limit. Just the two sides to participate in the competition must be equal to the number of people. Game, the two players were standing on both ends of the line, and referee Mingshao seen hurling the ball in the middle course, both inside and ran toward the ball, the game started. Ball can be shot with the ball and ran toward the basket, first of all achieve the target score for victory. In 1892, Naismith developed 13 rules, the main provisions of the ball are not allowed to run, are not allowed to have a rough actions are not allowed to use the ball in boxing, this would be in consecutive sentence fouls 3 fouls a negative sub-contractors; time for the game , The second half, 15 minutes; on the size of the venues are on. Gradually reduce the number of people playing games for each team and 10, 9, 7, 1893 as each team playing 5. 。

No. 3 in the 1904 Olympic Games for the first time for a basketball exhibition match. In 1908 the United States to develop a unified national basketball rules, and there are a variety of text published in the world, so that gradually spread throughout the basketball in the Americas, Europe and Asia, has become a worldwide sport. In 1936 the 11th Olympic Games men's basketball will be classified as an official event, and the reunification of the world basketball competition rules, since then, in 1948 to 10 years, rules have been revised many times, with the current rules of the important changes are: Score After the jump ball in the circle, the team changed to missing in the post-game objects being thrown from a foul ball outside the end line to continue to race; offensive team must be within 10 seconds the ball forward and play up front; the ball into the field after the former may not return to the market after; offensive players Shall not be in the "restricted zone" remain within 3 seconds; shooting team members have been infringed, voted in a free throw, 2 free throws in a vote of no second-class. 1952 No. 15, 16 and in 1956 the two-time Olympic basketball competition, there have been more than two meters above, the International Amateur Basketball Federation on two occasions to expand the basketball venue, "Restricted Area" (also known as "3 seconds" ); Also provides a team to control the ball after 30 seconds in the shooting hand. In the early 60s and about 10 seconds after the ball back to the field, once in 1960 as a result of the 17th Olympic Games after the abolition of the midfield line to draw the line and the mid-point of the suspension. 1964 18th Olympic Games after the resumption of the midfield line, and continue to implement these provisions. 1977, an increase of 10 per team fouls, the defensive foul when two free throws, anti-double foul shooting when there is not a meeting in fines plus 1. 1981 will be 10 free throws after the foul to reduce the requirement to 8 times. It is clear that changes in the personnel of the technology, the development of tactics caused the rules change, and change the rules and the promotion of technical and tactical changes for the further development. Especially since the late 50's, to change the rules of the game of basketball on the offensive and defensive speed, the athletes of the body, technology, tactics and the will to work and other areas have been put forward higher requirements to promote the basketball skills of the rapidly rising , The women's basketball in 1976 is the 21th Olympic Games as an official event until the. 。

Basketball is a before and after 1896 by the Tianjin YMCA into China and then in Beijing, Shanghai Young Men's Christian Association, the event also. In 1910 the National Games to be held on the men's basketball exhibition match, in major cities across the country, schools in basketball activities carried out gradually, with Tianjin, Beijing, Shanghai better, higher level, then Very simple rules, the court in the middle of a painting about 1 meter in diameter circle, the center jump ball when players have to put one hand behind the waist, not enough to take any of the outside. Technology is simple, jump ball in the circle, who received the ball on his dribble, shoot on the defensive over. At that time, only dribble in a straight line forward, is to pass a single, hand chest pass, running one-handed shot with a low shot in hand, shooting both near and far are standing with both hands before the lower abdomen shooting hand. In 1925 before and after the offensive and defensive player of the 5, with a clearer division of labor, center of the center, back to the striker, it was man-to-man, stare at their respective opponents. But the striker's role is just shooting attack, regardless of retreat; guard duty is only defensive tackle ball, whether shooting. Guard and small forward running game, the only center to both offense and defense. After gradually replaced by a guard who assists the two (guard activities), who left the field and 1 (fixed guard), the two strikers have become a person to stay in the former field-specific attack, fast break, after the market retreated 1 to help prevent . Action has also been the development of technology, there have been running one-handed shot, master shot, standing shooting occurred hands across their chests shooting, appeared in a single pass, hit his hands to pass, dribble there have been two-handed turn of dodge ball and go beyond the defensive Defense technology to move forward. Rules have been added to the penalty area and the free-throw line, members of 4th foul was disqualified, foul free throw by the captain of any designated a team penalty. Competition is divided into hours, 20 minutes the second half, a 10-minute break in the middle. Every time or fines in the vote, all in the jump ball circle, re-started race. The level of basketball in China in 1926 have since improved. 。

In 1892, basketball's inventor Smith set 18 simple rules into the basketball game against the stage and then produced the game's leading organizations, law enforcement umpire - the referee. 。

Foreign basketball referee, said the "referee" every game is there, the two vice, "the referee." Nation-building, said China's basketball referee for the "commander" and each is only one basketball game, "commander." After the liberation of the referee called, is located in each soccer match, the two vice referees. 。

China's basketball referee in five bands: international, national, level, secondary and tertiary. As the intensity of the speed of basketball games are getting bigger, for a more comprehensive and accurate implementation of the rules, some countries have started every game based on a trial basis before, during and after the three referees. 。

Edit this paragraph to develop the Naismith Basketball Rules 。

① basketball is carried out by hand movement, the ball is round; 。

② hand with the ball running away or are not allowed; 。

③ athletes can go anywhere in the field, they do not impede each other and affect the athletes; 。

④ between athletes and athletes are not allowed physical contact took place; 。

⑤ should be the level of the ring. 。

Under the 5 basic principles, Mr. Naismith work out the most primitive of the basketball competition rules. The most original rules of basketball competition, a total of 13. This is the basic contents of the 13 are: 。

1. Players can use one hand or both hands to throw the ball in any direction. 。

2. Players can use one hand or both hands to scramble in any direction, play, but can not hit with fists. 。

3. Players can not take the ball. 。

4. Must be hand-ball, and not allowed to use their heads, legs kick. 。

5. Does not allow players to use shoulder collision, hand, hand-pushed, hit hands, feet trip, and other methods to deal with the other players. Any player in violation of this rule, is considered to be the first foul, foul again for the second time, we should be forced to stop play, hit a ball until after the game to re-enter the competition. If you intend to hurt the other players, it is necessary to cancel his participation in the qualification tournament as a whole, and not allowed to substitute. 。

6. Boxing with the ball is in violation of Article 3 and Article 4 of the rules. 。

7. If any of the parties foul 3 times in a row, it is necessary to balance the other side of a hit ball. Fouls in a row means: a period of time, the other team members did not foul, and the side of the team after another foul. 。

8. If the defender touched the ball or not interfere with the ball, put the ball inside the basket and remain in the basket, even in the basket. If the ball stopped at the basket, and the other team touches the basket, but also in a fortune-telling ball. 。

9. When the ball out of bounds, the ball will be the first contact with the ball were thrown into the site. If so, arguing the referee the ball into the site. Objects being thrown from a foul ball to allow 5 seconds, if more than 5 seconds, the ball is awarded to the other side. 。

10. The main players are the referees referee, he has the right to blow a foul. When a team fouls in a row 3 times, he will inform the deputy judge. He announced the abolition of the right to a qualified member of the competition. 。

11. Vice referee's decision is a ball, he can decide when the ball in the game, and to time and decided to hit the ball, the ball hit record, as well as a number of referees should normally bear the responsibility. 。

12. In the two games within 15 minutes, 5 minutes to rest in the middle. 。

13. Hit the ball up to the winning side, if a draw, the captain of the two sides agreed that the game could be extended again hit a ball so far. 。

This is the original 13 rules of basketball competition, although no system is incomplete, some of which clearly is not enough, but in the early development of basketball played a great role in promoting. In particular the development of basketball to this day of modern basketball, skills and tactics more and more high-level, the rule has become even more important, it requires strict, scientific and systematic management of the basketball competition.。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/venues-50.html