growers-20
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
英译汉，英语高手进！200分高悬赏！
简单的英语绕口令如下：
1、Wally Wrinkle wriggles his white,wrinkled wig.。
Wyatt wondered why the wom wires were not wrapped right.。
Wally Wrinkle扭动着他皱皱的白色假发。
Wyatt对这些旧的线没有被包好感到惊讶。
2、Will will not write a real will.。
Will不会写真实的遗嘱。
3、Wee Willie Winkie risks three wishes.。
Wild wrens wing westward.。
Wee Willie Winkie许了三个愿。
疯狂的鹪鹩(jiāo liáo)向西方飞去。
4、woodchuck could chuck wood。
How much wood would a woodchuck chuck。
If a woodchuck could chuck wood？
He would chuck the wood as much as he could。
如果伐木工人能伐木的话
伐木工人要伐多少木头？
如果他能砍木头的话
他能砍多少就砍多少
5、Real wristwatch straps.。
Real wristwatch straps.。
真正的表带。
6、I washed all the wheels and the works.。
我把所有轮子和车间都洗了。
7、I wish I had not washed this wristwatch.。
我希望我没有洗这块手表就好啦。
8、Since this wristwatch got all washed, oh,how it jumps and jerks!。
由于这块手表已经洗了，瞧它一跳一跳的！
9、Xmas wrecks perplex and vex.。
X-ray checks clear chests.。
圣诞节使人困惑又使人恼火.
X光照出清楚的胸透照片.
10、Tongue Twister A。
A big black bug bit a big black bear, made the big black bear bleed blood.。
大黑虫咬大黑熊，大黑熊流血了！
A big black bug bit a big black bear. Where's the big black bear the big black bug bit?。
大黑虫咬大黑熊，被大黑虫咬的大黑熊在那里呢？
A bitter biting bittern bit a better brother bittern, and the bitter better bittern bit the bitter biter back. And the bitter bittern, bitten, by the better bitten bittern, said: "I'm a bitter biter bit, alack!"。
一只沮丧而尖刻的麻鳽咬了它兄弟一口，而没有它那么沮丧的兄弟又咬它一口。那只被咬的沮丧麻鳽对它的兄弟说：「我是一只充满怨恨的麻鳽！我害人终害己了！
A bloke's back bike brake block broke.。
一个家伙的脚踏车后制动器坏了。
A box of biscuits, a batch of mixed biscuits.。
一盒饼干，一炉杂饼干。
拓展资料
绕口令又称急口令、吃口令、拗口令等。是一种中国传统的语言游戏，由于它是将若干双声、叠词词汇或发音相同、相近的语、词有意集中在一起，组成简单、有趣的语韵，要求快速念出，所以读起来使人感到节奏感强，妙趣横生。
绕口令是中国民间语言游戏，将声母、韵母或声调极易混同的字，组成反复、重叠、绕口、拗口的句子，要求一口气急速念出。关于绕口令的产生，可以追寻到5000多年前的黄帝时代。古籍中侥幸保存下来的《弹歌》“晰竹，续竹，飞土”，相传为黄帝时所作。
据考证，这是比较接近于原始形态的歌谣，其中，已经有了绕口令的基本成分——双声叠韵词。由此推想，很可能在文字出现以前，绕口令就已经萌动于中国劳动人民的口头语言之中了。
参考资料：百度百科—绕口令
抱起亚轩找小葵
用英语介绍黑巧克力和白巧克力!急用!!!!!1
2008年葡萄酒报告卡：第1部分 。
第一次看葡萄酒品质的美国葡萄酒地区，目击者报告由种植者和酿酒师 。
发布时间：星期三， 08年12月10号 。
每年，酒商学习的一个关键教训，没有两个年份是相同的。在2008年，加州面临的一个更引人注目的生长季节里，有霜冻，热浪和野火烟雾。另外，俄勒冈州和华盛顿州有一个方便的时间。回到东，纽约成功地处理了雨水和湿度。虽然还为时过早，以评估整体的葡萄酒的质量，葡萄酒观察家的编辑分析了本赛季的条件，给予重点地区和每一个初步等级。
•加州：中部海岸•加利福尼亚：加利福尼亚州纳帕谷• ：索诺马•纽约：手指湖与长岛•俄勒冈•华盛顿 。
美国
地区：美国加州：中央CoastGrade ： β - 。
如果说2008年是一年的极端的中央海岸不夸张，圣玛丽亚风化其记录一天最热的6月当温度达到110 °女，而10月的一系列导致冻结所有时间低点在圣路易斯欧比斯普。
“这肯定是一次艰难的一年。我会骗你，如果我说，这是一个神话般的经典， ”沃尔克说，肯，谁管理的葡萄园圣玛丽亚和帕索罗布尔斯。
塔布拉斯溪勇士队的哈斯同意。 “老式是收集灾害，春季霜冻，干旱的第二次连续五年，很多[葡萄]品种有问题，粉碎，高温在8月份，雨9月，主要冻结在10月，和火灾以及-我是种等待蝗灾。 “
春季开始异常温暖的天气，但一些地区受到霜冻。凯文萨思的贾斯汀酒厂在帕索罗布尔斯称为春“精神分裂症” ，与炎热的气温摆动寒冷。高风 。
问题补充：也是一个因素。道Margerum的Margerum葡萄酒公司在圣伊内斯谷说： “这是真的热，然后真的冷藤蔓不知道或没有增长。 ”他说，产量的一些葡萄园，他利用下跌多达40至百分之五十，因为冻害。
摩根酒厂的丹李说，靠近海洋有助于防止他圣卢西亚葡萄园被受霜冻，但强风。他说： “周围盛开的时间，有凶猛的风，和大量的粉碎了。 ”总体而言，大多数的酒商了打火机作物，收益率下降20至50之间的百分之由于春季霜冻和大风。
2008年葡萄酒报告卡：第1部分 。
第一次看葡萄酒品质的美国葡萄酒地区，目击者报告由种植者和酿酒师 。
发布时间：星期三， 08年12月10号 。
每年，酒商学习的一个关键教训，没有两个年份是相同的。在2008年，加州面临的一个更引人注目的生长季节里，有霜冻，热浪和野火烟雾。另外，俄勒冈州和华盛顿州有一个方便的时间。回到东，纽约成功地处理了雨水和湿度。虽然还为时过早，以评估整体的葡萄酒的质量，葡萄酒观察家的编辑分析了本赛季的条件，给予重点地区和每一个初步等级。
•加州：中部海岸•加利福尼亚：加利福尼亚州纳帕谷• ：索诺马•纽约：手指湖与长岛•俄勒冈•华盛顿 。
美国
地区：美国加州：中央CoastGrade ： β - 。
如果说2008年是一年的极端的中央海岸不夸张，圣玛丽亚风化其记录一天最热的6月当温度达到110 °女，而10月的一系列导致冻结所有时间低点在圣路易斯欧比斯普。
“这肯定是一次艰难的一年。我会骗你，如果我说，这是一个神话般的经典， ”沃尔克说，肯，谁管理的葡萄园圣玛丽亚和帕索罗布尔斯。
塔布拉斯溪勇士队的哈斯同意。 “老式是收集灾害，春季霜冻，干旱的第二次连续五年，很多[葡萄]品种有问题，粉碎，高温在8月份，雨9月，主要冻结在10月，和火灾以及-我是种等待蝗灾。 “
春季开始异常温暖的天气，但一些地区受到霜冻。凯文萨思的贾斯汀酒厂在帕索罗布尔斯称为春“精神分裂症” ，与炎热的气温摆动寒冷。高风也是一个因素。道Margerum的Margerum葡萄酒公司在圣伊内斯谷说： “这是真的热，然后真的冷藤蔓不知道或没有增长。 ”他说，产量的一些葡萄园，他利用下跌多达40至百分之五十，因为冻害。
摩根酒厂的丹李说，靠近海洋有助于防止他圣卢西亚葡萄园被受霜冻，但强风。他说： “周围盛开的时间，有凶猛的风，和大量的粉碎了。 ”总体而言，大多数的酒商了打火机作物，收益率下降20至50之间的百分之由于春季霜冻和大风。
2008 Vintage Report Card: Part 1 。
2008年关于葡萄酒酿制报告书（第一部分）
A first look at vintage quality in American wine regions, with eyewitness reports from growers and winemakers 。
这是在美国葡萄酒产地对葡萄酒酿制质量的第一次观察，是种植者和葡萄酒制造者共同亲历完成的。
Posted: Wednesday, December 10, 2008 。
发布时间：2008年十二月十日，星期三。
Every year, vintners learn a crucial lesson—no two vintages are the same. 。
每一年，酒商们要掌握的一个关键的问题就是，没有两个完全相同的葡萄酒酿制或收获的季节。
In 2008, California faced one of its more dramatic growing seasons in years, with frost, heat waves and wildfire smoke. 。
在2008年，加利福尼亚州面临着一个在一年中更具有吸引性和令人激动的葡萄生长季节，有更多的霜冻，炎热的气流，森林大火所散发的烟雾（因为以前在加州发生过一起很大的森林火灾，所以浓烟也是对葡萄生长影响的一个因素）
Meanwhile, Oregon and Washington had an easier time. Back East, New York successfully dealt with rain and humidity. 。
同时，俄勒冈州和华盛顿州的这段时期就相比于加州比较容易的度过了。回到东部，纽约就成功的解决了雨水和湿度的问题。
Though it's too early to assess overall wine quality, Wine Spectator's editors have analyzed the season's conditions in key regions and given each a preliminary grade. 。
虽然说大体上对于葡萄酒的质量下结论还为时过早，Wine Spectator（因为是大写，所以我认为这是一本杂志或者报纸）的编辑已经分析出了葡萄关键生长地区的季节的条件而且给出了每个地区初步的品级（葡萄酒的等级）
• California: Central Coast • California: Napa Valley • California: Sonoma • New York: Finger Lakes & Long Island • Oregon • Washington 。
加利福尼亚：中央海岸 加利福尼亚：纳帕山谷 加利福尼亚：索诺玛 纽约：玢格湖群地区和长岛地区 。
俄勒冈州 华盛顿 （以上这几个地区是美国有名的事宜葡萄生长的地区或者葡萄酒有名地区，特别是纳帕和索诺玛）
United States
美国
Region: California: Central CoastGrade: B- 。
产地：加州 中央海岸的品级：B- 。
To say 2008 was a year of extremes in the Central Coast is not an exaggeration—Santa Maria weathered its hottest recorded day ever in June when temperatures peaked at 110° F, 。
说2008年对于中央海岸是很极端的一年并不夸张，圣塔利亚甚至在六月最热的气温就已经达到了达到110° F。
while a series of October freezes resulted in all-time lows in San Luis Obispo. 。
而十月份一连串的冰冻也导致了圣路易奥比斯波长时间的低温天气 。
"It was definitely a tough year. I'd be lying to you if I said it was a fabulous vintage," said Ken Volk, who manages vineyards in Santa Maria and Paso Robles. 。
这确实是很艰难的一年，如果我说这是一段非常美好的葡萄酒酿制生长时期那么我就是在欺骗你。在圣塔利亚和帕索罗波丝（美国酿酒圣地）管理葡萄园的肯沃尔克说。
Tablas Creek's Jason Hass agrees 。
. Tablas Creek（这是一个葡萄酒厂的名字）的杰森哈斯也同意这样的说法。
"The vintage was a collection of calamities—spring frost, the second drought year in a row, 。
葡萄酒的酿制过程是一个灾害的集结过程，春季的霜冻，第二年又连着干旱。
a lot of [grape] varieties had issues with shatter, heat in August, rain in September, major freezes in October, and fires as well—I was kind of waiting for a plague of locusts." 。
许多葡萄的品种都有着可能被破碎的问题，在八月份热潮，九月份雨季，大部分冰冻会在十月份，森林火灾也一样，我以平和之心等待着蝗灾的到来。（这句话是直译，但是如果是我理解的话就是，同样理所当然的自然地还会有蝗虫灾害，不必太惊讶）
Spring started with unusually warm weather, but then some areas were hit by frost. Kevin Sass of Justin winery in Paso Robles called the spring "schizophrenic," with temperatures swinging from hot to cold. 。
春天伴随着不同以往的温暖天气开始，但是随后一些地区就会遭受霜冻的袭击。贾斯汀酒厂的凯文塞斯称春天就好比精神分裂症，气温总是在高低之间来回摆动。
High winds were 。
问题补充：also a factor. 。
强烈的风也是一个因素。
Doug Marge rum of Marge rum Wine Company in Santa Ynez Valley said, 。
坐落在圣塔伊尼兹山谷酒乡（加州著名的酒乡之一）的麻吉朗姆酒公司的道麻吉朗姆说，
"It was really hot, then really cold—the vines didn't know whether to grow or not." 。
这真是太热了，然后又真的很冷，这些葡萄也不知道是否能够生长。
He said that yields in some of the vineyards he uses were down as much as 40 to 50 percent because of frost damage. 。
他说它使用的一些葡萄园的产量因为霜冻的破坏已经下降了百分之四十到五十。
Morgan winery's Dan Lee said a close proximity to the ocean helped prevent his Santa Lucia vineyard from being affected by frosts, but not strong winds. 。
摩根酒厂的旦李说，与海洋的接近能够有利于防止他的圣塔路易葡萄园遭受霜冻的影响，但不包括强风。
"Right around bloom time, there were ferocious winds, and a lot of shatter as a result." 。
正好在葡萄生长的最佳时期，总是会出现凶猛的大风，然后结果就是葡萄全部碎掉了。
Overall, most vintners had a lighter crop, with yields down between 20 to 50 percent due to spring frost and winds. 。
总的来说，大多数的酒商都会有一种更加容易盈利的作物，当葡萄的收益因为春季霜冻和大风而下将百分之二十到五十之间的时候。（最后这句里面的a lighter crop，是个人理解。）
大圣杰锅是
新概念二册74-81课作文20分
White chocolate is a confection of sugar, cocoa butter, and milk solids. Unlike chocolate, white chocolate contains neither chocolate liquor nor cocoa solids. The low melting point of cocoa butter (relative to most solids) allows white chocolate and chocolate to remain solid at room temperature, yet melt easily in the mouth. White chocolate thus has a texture similar to that of milk chocolate.。
白巧克力是结合糖,可可黄油和乳固体的甜点.不像一般巧克力,白巧克力不包含巧克力利口酒和可可豆.可可黄油的低熔点(对比绝大多数的固体)允许白巧克力在口腔中轻松融化.白巧克力因此和牛奶巧克力有同样的口感.。
Dark chocolate is chocolate without milk as an additive. It is sometimes called "plain chocolate". The U.S. Government calls this "sweet chocolate", and requires a 15% concentration of chocolate liquor. European rules specify a minimum of 35% cocoa solids. 。
黑巧克力没有附加任何牛奶。它有时候也被称为‘纯巧克力’。美国政府称之为"甜美巧克力"它需要15%浓缩的巧克力利口酒。欧洲条款规定黑巧克力最少需要35%的可可豆固体成分。
学校的中文输入法太烂了，打了好久。
小韩在追星
请用英语帮说圣诞树的由来 简短一点 谢谢
Lesson74 Out of the limelight 舞台之外。
An ancient bus stopped by a dry river bed and a party of famous actors and actresses got off. Dressed in dark glasses and old clothes, they had taken special precautions so that no one should recognize them. But as they soon discovered, disguises can sometimes be too perfect.。
'This is a wonderful place for a picnic,' said Gloria Gleam. 。
' It couldn't be better, Gloria,' Brinksley Meers agreed. 'No newspaper men, no film fans! Why don't we come more often ?' 。
Meanwhile, two other actors, Rockwall Slinger and Merlin Greeves, had carried two large food baskets to a shady spot under some trees. When they had all made themselves comfortable, a stranger appeared. He looked very angry. 。
'Now you gut out of here, all of you!' he shouted: ' I'm sheriff here. Do you see that notice ? It says" No Camping"-in case you can't read !' 。
' Look, sheriff, 'said Rockwall,' don't be too hard on us. I'm Rockwall Slinger and this is Merlin Greeves.' 。
' Oh, is it ?' said the sheriff with a sneer. 'Well, I'm Brinksley Meers, and my other name is Gloria Gleam. Now you get out of here fast !'。
一辆古旧的汽车停在一条干涸的河床边，一群著名男女演员下了车。他们戴着墨镜，穿着旧衣裳，特别小心以防别人认出他们。但他们很快就发觉，化装的效果有时过分完美了。
“在这个地方野餐简直太妙了，”格格利亚.格利姆说。
“是再好不过的了，格格利亚。”布林克斯利.米尔斯表示同意，“没有记者，没有影迷！我们为什么不经常来这里呢？”
“此时，另外两位演员，罗克沃尔.斯林格和默林.格里夫斯，已经把两个大食品篮子提到了一片树荫下。当他们都已安排舒适时，一个陌生人出现了。他看上去非常气愤。“你们都从这里走开，全都走开！”他大叫着，“我是这里的司法长官。你们看到那个布告牌了吗？上面写着‘禁止野营’－－除非你们不识字！”
“好了，好了，司法官，”罗克沃尔说，“别使我们难堪。我是罗克沃尔.斯林格，这位是默林.格里夫斯。”
“噢，是吗？”那位司法长官冷笑一声说道，“好，我就是布林克斯利.米尔斯。我还有一个名字叫格格利亚.格利姆。现在你们赶快滚吧！”
lesson75 SOS 呼救信号。
When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt. It was the middle of winter. Snow lay thick on the ground. The woman knew that the nearest village was miles away. When it grew dark. she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find. During the night, it got terribly cold. The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small. Early ,next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal. Then she had an idea. She stamped out the letters' SOS' in the snow. Fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town. It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.。
不久前，一架轻型客机偏离了航线，在山区坠毁，飞行员丧生。机上仅有的乘客，一位年轻的妇女和她的两个女婴却平安无事。此时正值隆冬季节，地上积着厚厚的雪。这位妇女知道，即使最近的村庄也有数英里远。天黑下来的时候，她把提箱当作小床，把两个孩子放了进去，又把所有能找到的衣服都盖在了孩子们身上。夜里，天冷得厉害。这位妇女尽可能地靠近孩子，甚至自己也想钻进箱子里去，只是箱子太小了。第二天一大早，她听到头顶上有飞机飞过，但不知道怎样才能发个信号。后来她有了一个主意。她在雪地上踩出了“SOS”这3个字母。幸运得很，一位飞行员看到这个信号，用无线电给最近的城镇发了报。不久，一架直升飞机飞抵飞机失事现场，来搭救这几个幸存者。
Lesson76 April Fools Day 愚人节。
'To end our special news bulletin,' said the voice of the television announcer,' we are taking you to the macaroni fields of Calabria. Macaroni has been grown in this area for over six hundred years. Two of the leading growers, Giuseppe Moldova and Ricardo Brabante, tell me that they have been expecting a splendid crop this year and harvesting has begun earlier than usual. Here you can see two workers who, between them, have just finished cutting three cart-loads of golden brown。
macaroni stalks. The whole village has been working day and night gathering and threshing this year's crop before the September rains. On the right, you can see Mrs Brabante herself. She has been helping her husband for thirty years now. Mrs Brabante is talking to the manager of the local factory where the crop is processed. This last scene shows you what will happen at the end of the harvest : the famous Calabrian macaroni-eating competition ! Signor Fratelli, the present champion, has won it every year since 1961. And that ends our special bulletin for today, Thursday, April 1st. We are now returning you to the studio.'。
“作为我们专题新闻节目的结尾，”电视广播员说，“我们现在到克拉布利亚的通心粉田里。通心粉在这个地区已经种植了600多年了。两个主要种植者，朱塞皮.莫尔道瓦和里卡多.布拉班特告诉我，他们一直期待着今年获得一个大丰收，收割工作比往年开始要早些。这里您可以看到两个工人，他们协力割下了3车金黄色的通心粉秸。全村的人都日夜奋战，要赶在9月的雨季之前把今年的庄稼收获上来，打完场。在屏幕的右侧，您可以看到布拉班特太太本人，她已经帮了她的丈夫30年了。布拉班特太太现在正和负责通心粉加工的当地加工厂的经理交谈。这最后一个镜头向您展示了收获之后将发生的事情：著名的克拉布利亚人吃通心粉大赛！目前的冠军弗拉特里先生，自1991年以来，年年获胜。今天 -- 4月1日，星期四--的专题新闻节目到此结束。现在我们回到电视演播室。”
Lesson77 A successful operation 一例成功的手术。
The mummy of an Egyptian woman who died in 800 B.C. has just had an operation. The mummy is that of Shepenmut who was once a singer in the Temple of Thebes. As there were strange marks on the X-ray plates taken of the mummy, doctors have been trying to find out whether the woman died of a rare disease. The only way to do this was to operate. The operation, which lasted for over four hours, proved to be very difficult because of the hard resin which covered the skin. The doctors removed a section of the mummy and sent it to a laboratory. They also found something which the X-ray of the god Duamutef. This god which has the head of a cow was normally placed。
inside a mummy. The doctors have not yet decided how the woman died. They feared that the mummy would fall to pieces when they cut it open, but fortunately this has not happened. The mummy successfully survived the operation. 。
死于公元前800年的一位埃及妇女的木乃伊刚刚接受了一次手术。这是曾在底比斯神殿里当过歌手的赛潘姆特的木乃伊。由于在给这个木乃伊拍摄的X光片子上有点奇怪的斑点，所以，医生们一直试图搞清这位妇女是否死于一种罕见的疾病。搞清的唯一办法就是手术。手术持续了4个多小时，非常难做，因为皮肤上覆盖着一层硬硬的树脂。医生们从木乃伊身上取下一个切片，送去化验。他们还发现了X光片所没有显示的东西：一个蜡制的杜瓦木特夫神小塑像。这种牛头人身的神像通常被放在木乃伊体内。医生们至今还未确定这位妇女的死因。他们曾担心在把木乃伊切开后，它会散成碎片，但幸运得很，这种情况并未发生。这具木乃伊成功地经受了这次手术。
Lesson78 The last one? 最后一枝吗？
After reading an article entitled 'Cigarette Smoking and Your Health' I lit a cigarette to calm my nerves. I smoked with concentration and pleasure as I was sure that this would be my last cigarette. For a whole week I did not smoke at all and during this time, my wife suffered terribly. I had all the usual symptoms of someone giving up smoking: a bad temper and an enormous appetite. My friends kept on offering me cigarettes and cigars. They made no effort to hide their amusement whenever I produced a packet of sweets from my pocket. After seven days of this I went to a party. Everybody around me was smoking and I felt extremely uncomfortable. When my old friend Brian urged me to accept a cigarette, it was more than I could bear. I took one guiltily, lit it and smoked with satisfaction. My wife was delighted that things had returned to normal once more. Anyway, as Brian pointed out, it is the easiest thing in the world to give up smoking. He himself has done it lots of times! 。
读完一篇题为《吸烟与健康》的文章之后，我点上了一枝香烟，来镇定一下自己紧张的神经。我聚精会神而又愉快地吸着这枝烟。因为我确信这是我最后一枝烟了。整整一个星期我根本没有吸烟。在此期间，我妻子吃尽了苦头。我具备了戒烟者通常表现出来的所有症状：脾气暴躁和食欲旺盛。我的朋友们不断地向我递香烟和雪茄。每当我从口袋里掏出一包糖果时，他们都毫不掩饰地表现出他们对此感到非常好笑。这样过了7天以后，我去参加一次聚会。我周围的每个人都在吸烟，我感到非常不自在。当我的老朋友布赖恩极力劝我接受一枝香烟时，我再也忍不住了。我内疚地接过一枝点上，心满意足地抽起来。一切又都恢复了正常，为此我妻子十分高兴。不管怎么说，正如布赖恩指出的那样，戒烟是世界上最容易的事情，他自己就已戒了很多次了！
Lesson79 By air 乘飞机。
I used to travel by air a great deal when I was a boy. My parents, used to live in South America and I used to fly there from Europe in the holidays. An airhostess would take charge of me and I never had an unpleasant experience. I am used to travelling by air and only on one occasion have I ever felt frightened. After taking off, we were flying low over the city and slowly gaining height, when the plane suddenly turned round and flew back to the airport. While we were waiting to land, an air-hostess told us to keep calm and to get off the plane quietly as soon as it had touched down. Everybody on board was worried and we were curious to find out what had happened. Later we learnt that there was a very important person on board. The police had been told that a bomb had been planted on the plane. After we had landed, the plane was searched thoroughly. Fortunately, nothing was found and five hours later we were able to take off again.。
我在幼年的时候，曾多次乘飞机旅行。我的父母曾经住在南美洲，所以假期里我常从欧洲乘飞机到他们那里。我总是由一位空中乘务员照管，从未遇到过不愉快的经历。我习惯了乘飞机旅行，只是有一次把我吓坏了。起飞之后，我们在城市上空低低地飞行，然后慢慢爬高。这时飞机突然调转头来，飞回了机场。在我们等待降落时，一位空中乘务员告诉我们要保持镇静，待飞机一着陆，就马上不声不响地离开飞机。飞机上的人都很着急，大家都急于想知道究竟出了什么事。后来我们才得知，飞机上坐了一位非常重要的人物。有人报告警察，说飞机上安放了一枚炸弹。我们降落之后，飞机被彻底搜查了一遍。幸运的是，什么也没有找到。5个小时后，我们又起飞了。
Lesson80 The Crystal Palace 水晶宫。
Perhaps the most extraordinary building of the nineteenth century was the Crystal Palace, which was built in Hyde Park for the Great Exhibition of 1851. The Crystal Palace was different from all other buildings in the world, for it was made of iron and glass. It was one of the biggest buildings of all time and a lot of people from many countries came to see it. A great many goods were sent to the exhibition from various parts of the world. There was also a great deal of machinery on display. The most wonderful piece of machinery on show was Nasmyth's steam hammer. Though in those days, travelling was not as easy as it is today, steam boats carried thousands of visitors across the Channel from Europe. On arriving in England, they were taken to the Crystal Palace by train. There were six million visitors in all, and the profits from the exhibition were used to build museums and colleges. Later, the Crystal Palace was moved to South London. It remained one of the most famous buildings in the world until it was burnt down in 1936.。
19世纪最不寻常的建筑也许要数水晶宫了，它是为1851年的“世界博览会”而建在海德公园的。这座水晶宫不同于世界上所有的其他建筑，因为它是用钢和玻璃建成的。它是有史以来最高大的建筑物之一，因此，人们从各个国家纷纷前来参观。大量的商品从世界各地运送到了博览会，参展的还有很多机器，其中最奇妙的是内史密斯的蒸汽锤。尽管在当时旅行不像现在这么容易，但汽船还是把成千上万的参观者从欧洲大陆送过了英吉利海峡。一到英国，火车就把他们送到了水晶宫。参观的人数总共是600万。博览会的赢利用来建造博物馆和高等学校。后来，“水晶宫”被移到了伦敦南部。在1936年被焚毁之前，它一直是世界上最著名的建筑物之一。
Lesson81 Escape 脱逃。
When he had killed the guard, the prisoner of war quickly dragged him into the bushes. Working rapidly in the darkness, he soon changed into the dead man's clothes. Now, dressed in a blue uniform and with a rifle over his shoulder, the prisoner marched boldly up and down in front of the camp. He could hear shouting in the camp itself. Lights were blazing and men were running here and there: they had just discovered that a prisoner had escaped. At that moment, a large black car with four officers inside it, stopped at the camp gates. The officers got out and the prisoner stood to attention and saluted as they passed. When they had gone, the driver of the car came towards him. The man obviously wanted to talk. He was rather elderly with grey hair and clear blue eyes. The prisoner felt sorry for him, but there was nothing else he could do. As the man came near, the prisoner knocked him to the ground with a sharp blow. Then, jumping into the car, he drove off as quickly as he could. 。
那个战俘杀死卫兵以后，迅速地把尸体拖进了灌木丛。他在黑暗中忙活了一阵儿，很快就换上了死者的衣服。现在他身穿蓝军装，肩扛步枪，在军营门前大胆地来回走看。他听得军营里面的喧闹声。那里灯米通明，人们在东奔西跑：他们刚刚发现有一个俘虏跑了。正在此时，一辆黑色大轿车在军营门口停了下来。里面坐了4个军官。军官们下了车，战俘立正站好，并在他们从他面前经过时敬了礼。他们走后，汽车司机向他走来，这人显然是想聊天。他上了年纪，有着灰白的头发和明亮的蓝眼睛。战俘为他感到惋惜，但却没有别的选择。当这个人走近时，战俘一拳把他打倒在地，然后跳进车里，以最快的速度把车开走了。
小韩在追星
衷心感谢这位同学！
Christmas tree
A Christmas tree or Tannenbaum is one of the most popular traditions associated with the celebration of Christmas. It is normally an evergreen coniferous tree that is brought into a home or used in the open, and is decorated with Christmas lights and colorful ornaments during the days around Christmas. An angel or star is often placed at the top of the tree.。
Dates
It is generally thought that Christmas trees were established in Britain after Queen Victoria's consort, Prince Albert, brought the custom over from Germany. However, there are records of small fir trees being used to decorate houses before this and sailors used to affix one to the top of the mainmast of their ships. Traditionally, Christmas trees were not brought in and decorated until Christmas Eve (24 December), and then removed the day after twelfth night (i.e., 6 January); to have a tree up before or after these dates was even considered bad luck. Modern commercialization of Christmas has resulted in trees being put up much earlier; in shops often as early as late October (in the UK, Selfridge's Christmas department is up by early September, complete with Christmas trees). A common tradition in U.S. homes is to put the tree up right after Thanksgiving (the fourth Thursday in November) and to take it down right after the New Year. Some households in the U.S. do not put up the tree until the second week of December, and leave it up until the 6th of January (Epiphany). In Germany, traditionally the tree is put up 24th of December and taken down 7th of January, though many start one or two weeks earlier and in Roman-Catholic areas the tree may be kept until late January. In Australia, the Christmas tree is usually put up on the 1st of December, which occurs about a week before the school summer holidays; except for South Australia, where most people put up their tree after the Adelaide Credit Union Christmas Pageant, which is in early November. Some traditions suggest that Christmas trees may be kept up until no later than the 2nd of February, the feast of the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple (Candlemas), when the Christmas season effectively closes.[1] Superstitions warn of negative consequences if Christmas greenery is not removed by Candlemas Eve.[2]。
Types of trees used。
Both natural and artificial trees are used as Christmas trees.。
Natural trees
The best species for use are species of fir (Abies), which have the major benefit of not shedding the needles when they dry out, as well as good foliage color and scent; but species in other genera are also used. Commonly used species in northern Europe are:。
* Silver Fir Abies alba (the original species)。
* Nordmann Fir Abies nordmanniana (as in the photo)。
* Noble Fir Abies procera。
* Norway Spruce Picea abies (generally the cheapest)。
* Serbian Spruce Picea omorika。
* Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris。
and in North America and central america:。
* Balsam Fir Abies balsamea。
* Fraser Fir Abies fraseri。
* Grand Fir Abies grandis。
* Guatemalan fir Abies guatemalensis。
* Noble Fir Abies procera。
* Red Fir Abies magnifica。
* Douglas-fir Pseudotsuga menziesii。
* Scots Pine Pinus sylvestris。
* Stone Pine Pinus pinea (as small table-top trees)。
Several other species are used to a lesser extent. Less-traditional conifers are sometimes used, such as Giant Sequoia, Leyland Cypress and Eastern Juniper. Blue spruce can also be used as a Christmas tree, but has very sharp needles, making decorating uncomfortable. Virginia Pine is still available on some tree farms in the southeastern United States, however its winter color is faded. The long-needled Eastern White Pine is also used there. Norfolk Island pine is sometimes used, particularly in the Oceania region, and in Australia some species of the genera Casuarina and Allocasuarina are also occasionally used as Christmas trees.。
Some trees are sold live with roots and soil, often from a nursery, to be planted later outdoors and enjoyed (and often decorated) for years or decades. However, the combination of root loss on digging, and the indoor environment of high temperature and low humidity is very detrimental to the tree's health, and the survival rate of these trees is low. These trees must be kept inside only for a few days, as the warmth will bring them out of dormancy, leaving them little protection when put back outside into the midwinter cold in most areas. Others are produced in a container and sometimes as topiary for a porch or patio.。
European tradition prefers the open aspect of naturally-grown, unsheared trees, while in North America (outside western areas where trees are often wild-harvested on public lands [1]) there is a preference for close-sheared trees with denser foliage, but less space to hang decorations. The shearing also damages the highly attractive natural symmetry of unsheared trees. In the past, Christmas trees were often harvested from wild forests, but now almost all are commercially grown on tree farms.。
Almost all Christmas trees in the United States are grown on Christmas tree farms where they are cut after about ten years of growth and new trees planted. According to the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) agriculture census for 2002 (the census is done every five years) there were 21,904 farms were producing conifers for the cut Christmas Tree market in America, 446,996 acres were planted in Christmas Trees, and 13,849 farms harvested cut trees. The top 5 percent of the farms (100 acres or more) sold 61 percent of the trees. The top 26 percent of the farms (20 acres or more) sold 84 percent of the trees. 21% of the farms were less than two acres and sold an average of 115 trees per farm. [2]。
In the UK, The British Christmas Tree Growers Association represents the interests of all those who grow Christmas trees in Great Britain and Northern Ireland.。
Artificial trees。
Artificial trees have become increasingly popular, as they are considered more convenient and (if used for several years) less expensive than real trees. Trees come in a number of colors and "species", and some come pre-decorated with lights. At the end of the Christmas season artificial trees can be disassembled and stored compactly.。
Artificial trees are sometimes even a necessity in some rented homes (especially apartment flats), due to the potential fire danger from a dried-out real tree, leading to their prohibition by some landlords. They may also be necessary for people who have an allergy to conifers, and are increasingly popular in office settings[citation needed].。
Feather trees
The first artificial trees were tabletop feather trees, made from green-dyed goose feathers wound onto sticks drilled into a larger one, like the branches on a tree. Originating in Germany in the 19th century to prevent further deforestation, these "minimalist" trees show off small ornaments very well. The first feather trees came to the U.S. in 1913, in the Sears, Roebuck and Company catalog.。
Modern trees
The first modern artificial Christmas trees were produced by companies which made brushes. They were made the same way, using animal hair (mainly pig bristles) and later plastic bristles, dyed pine-green in color, inserted between twisted wires that form the branches. The bases of the branches were then twisted together to form a large branch, which was then inserted by the user into a wooden pole (now metal with plastic rings) for a trunk. Each row of branches is a different size, color coded at the base with paint or stickers for ease of assembly.。
The first trees looked like long-needled pine trees, but later trees use flat PVC sheets to make the needles. Many also have very short brown "needles" wound in with the longer green ones, to imitate the branch itself or the bases that each group of pine (but not other conifer) needles grows from. These trees have become a little more realistic every year, with a few deluxe trees containing multiple branch styles. Many trees now come in "slim" versions, to fit in smaller spaces. Most of the better trees have branches hinged to the pole, though the less-expensive ones generally still come separately. The hinged branched trees just need for the branches to be lowered, but they are a little less compact. Better trees also have more branch tips, the number usually listed on the box.。
Around 2003, some trees with moulded plastic branches started selling in the U.S. Now there are also upside down Christmas trees. These Christmas trees are advertised to "Give you more space for presents".。
Designer trees
The first artificial trees that were not green were the metallic trees, introduced about 1958, and quite popular through the 1960s. These were made of aluminum attached to metal rods, supported on wooden or aluminum central poles. Some were made with aluminum-coated paper, which was flammable. These posed a great fire hazard if lights were put directly on them, particularly the relatively hot bulbs sold in that era; warnings to this effect are still issued with some Christmas tree lights. They were instead lit by a spotlight or floodlight, often with a motorised rotating color wheel in front of them.。
More recent tinsel trees can be used safely with lights, due to the use of flame retardant materials as well as improvements in the safety of the Christmas tree lights themselves.。
Other artificial trees may look nothing like a conifer except for the triangular or conical shape. These may be made from cardboard, glass, plastic, or from stacked items such as ornaments. Such items are often used as tabletop decorations.。
Outdoor trees
Outdoor branched trees made out of heavy white-enameled steel wires have become more popular on U.S. lawns in the 2000s, along with 1990s spiral ones that hang from a central pole, both styles being lighted with standard miniature lights. These lights are usually white, but often are green, red, red/green, blue/white, blue, or multicolored, and sometimes with a small controller to fade colors back and forth.。
A few hotels and other buildings, both public and private, will string lights up from the roof to the top of a small tower on top of the building, so that at night it appears as a lit Christmas tree, often using green or other colored lights. Some skyscrapers will tell certain offices to leave their lights on (and others off) at night during December, creating a Christmas tree pattern.。
Other gimmicks
Since the late 1990s, many indoor artificial trees come pre-strung with lights. Some are instead lit partly or completely by fibre optics, with the light in the base, and a rotating color wheel causing various colors to shimmer across the tree.。
In 2005 Upside Down Christmas Trees became popular. They were originally sold as decorations for merchants that allowed customers to get closer to ornaments being sold. Customers then wanted to replicate the inverted tree. Retailers also claimed that the trees were popular because they allowed larger presents to be placed beneath the trees.。
Past gimmicks include small talking or singing trees, and trees which blow "snow" (actually small styrofoam beads) over themselves, collecting them in a decorative cardboard bin at the bottom and blowing them back up to the top through a tube hidden next to the trunk.。
A long-standing and simple gimmick is conifer seedlings sold with cheap decorations attached by soft pipe cleaners. Real potted ones are often sold like this, and artificial ones often come with a "root ball" but only sometimes with decorations.。
Environmental issues。
here is some debate as to whether artificial or real trees are better for the natural environment. Artificial trees are usually made out of PVC, a toxic material which is often stabilised with lead. Some trees have a warning that dust or leaves from the tree should not be eaten or inhaled. A small amount of real-tree material is used in some artificial trees. For instance, the bark of a real tree can be used to surface an artificial trunk. Polyethylene trees are less toxic, though more expensive, than PVC trees [3].。
Artificial trees can be used for many years, but are usually non-recyclable, ending up in landfills. Real trees are used only for a short time, but can be recycled and used as mulch or used to prevent erosion [4]. Real trees also help reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere while growing.。
Live trees are typically grown as a crop and replanted in rotation after cutting, often providing suitable habitat for wildlife. In some cases management of Christmas tree crops can result in poor habitat since it involves heavy input of pesticides. Organically grown Christmas trees are available in some markets, and as with many other crops, are widely held to be better for the environment. Dr. Patrick Moore, a co-founder and former president of Greenpeace, writes:Whether you choose a cut or growing tree to enjoy this holiday season, I believe that a sensible environmentalist would opt for renewable over non-renewable every time。
Decoration and ornaments。
A bauble decorating a Christmas tree。
A bauble decorating a Christmas tree。
Tinsel and several types of garland or ribbon are commonly used to decorate a Christmas tree. Delicate mould-blown and painted colored glass Christmas ornaments were a specialty of Czech and Polish glass factories from the late 19th century, and have since become a large industry, complete with famous-name designers. Lighting with candles or electric lights (fairy lights) is commonly done, and a tree topper completes the ensemble. Strands of tinsel may be hung in groups from longer branches to simulate icicles, though this trend has gradually fallen off since the late 1970s. Baubles are another extremely common decoration, and usually consist of a fairly small hollow glass or plastic sphere coated with a thin metallic layer to make them reflective, and then with a further coating of a thin pigmented polymer in order to provide coloration.。
Individuals' decorations vary wildly, typically being an eclectic mix of family traditions and personal tastes; even a small unattractive ornament, if passed down from a parent or grandparent, may come to carry considerable emotional value and be given pride of place on the tree. Conversely, trees decorated by professional designers for department stores and other institutions will usually have a "theme"; a set of predominant colors, multiple instances of each type of ornament, and larger decorations that may be more complicated to set up correctly.。
Many people also decorate outdoor trees with food that birds and other wildlife will enjoy, such as garlands made from unsalted popcorn or cranberries, orange halves, and seed-covered suet cakes.。
[edit] Tree mats and skirts。
A tree of poinsettias in San Diego。
A tree of poinsettias in San Diego。
Since candles were used to light trees until electric bulbs came about, a mat (UK) or "skirt" (US) was often placed on the floor below the tree to protect it by catching the dripping candle wax, and also to collect any needles that fall. Even when dripless candles, electric lights and artificial trees have been used, a skirt is still usually used as a decorative feature: among other things, it hides the tree stand, which may be unsightly but which is an important safety feature of home trees. What began as ordinary cloth has now often become much more ornate, some having embroidery or being put together like a quilt.。
A nativity scene, model train, or Christmas village may be placed on the mat or skirt. As Christmas presents arrive, they are generally placed underneath the tree on the tree skirt (depending on tradition, all Christmas gifts, or those too large to be hung on the tree, as in "presents on the tree" of the song "I'll Be Home for Christmas").。
Generally, the difference between a mat and skirt is simply that a mat is placed under the tree stand, while a skirt is placed over it, having a hole in the middle for the trunk, with a slot cut to the outside edge so that it can be placed around the tree (beneath the branches) easily. A plain mat of fabric or plastic may also be placed under the stand and skirt to protect the floor from scratches or water.。
[edit] Flocking。
In the 1940s and 1950s flocking was very popluar on the West Coast of the United States. There were home flocking kits that could be used with vacuum cleaners. In the 1980s some trees were sprayed with fluffy white flocking to simulate snow. Typically it would be sprayed all over the tree from the sides, which produced a look different from real snow, which settles in clumps atop branches. Flocking can be done with a professional sprayer at a tree lot (or the manufacturer if it is artificial), or at home from a spray can, and either can be rather messy. This tradition seems to be limited mostly to the West Coast of the United States.。
[edit] Controversy。
The Christmas tree has seen an amount of controversy, mainly involving the secular and non-secular usage of the tree as well as groups who oppose usage of the tree on the grounds of interpretation of scripture and claimed pagan origins and/or pagan character of the custom.。
[edit] Naming
The term holiday tree has, since at least 1990 (and perhaps before), been used by some in the United States and Canada as an effort to be more inclusive, and to reflect the winter holiday season instead of any specific religious holiday. A yearly campaign spearheaded by Fox News' contributors Bill O'Reilly and Sean Hannity has fomented a backlash from some Christian groups and individuals who feel the designation "holiday tree" is part of a war on Christmas.。
[edit] Christianity。
Jeremiah 10:1-5 in the Bible says the following (NIV):。
1 Hear what the LORD says to you, O house of Israel. 2 This is what the LORD says: "Do not learn the ways of the nations or be terrified by signs in the sky, though the nations are terrified by them. 3 For the customs of the peoples are worthless; they cut a tree out of the forest, and a craftsman shapes it with his chisel. 4 They adorn it with silver and gold; they fasten it with hammer and nails so it will not totter. 5 Like a scarecrow in a melon patch, their idols cannot speak; they must be carried because they cannot walk. Do not fear them; they can do no harm nor can they do any good."。
This is interpreted by some Christians as referring to a Christmas tree, and that therefore the Bible would explicitly forbid the practice. However, the more common interpretation is that the passage refers to idol worship, and it is the practice of making an object out of wood, silver, and gold, and then worshiping that idol which is pagan. Thus, as long as you are not planning to worship the Christmas tree per se, there is no issue.。
[edit] Industry。
Each year, 33 to 36 million Christmas trees are produced in America, and 50 to 60 million are produced in Europe. In 1998, there were about 15,000 growers in America (a third of them "choose and cut" farms). In that same year, it was estimated that Americans spent $1.5 billion on Christmas trees.[3]。