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ME 纪念章 Medals
D.E.C. 试铸币 Die Essay Coins。
C.P. 浮雕精铸币 Cameo Proof。
TO 代币 Tokens
T.S.C. 试打币 Trial Strike Coins。
T 氧化 Toned
CO 钱币 Coins
E.P. 实验币 Experimental piece。
F.P. 霜面精铸币 Frosted Proof。
C.C. 流通币 Circulating coins。
M.T.R. 合面币 Mule Coin with Two Reverses。
S.F. 缎面精铸币 Satin Finishes。
C.C.C. 流通纪念币 Circulating Commemorative Coins。
M.T.O. 合背币 Mule Coin with Two Obverses。
B.U. 普铸币 Brilliant U.N.C.。
C.O.C. 纪念币 Commemorative Coins。
E.C. 变体币 Error Coins。
CL.C. 包覆币 Claded Coins。
B.C. 双金属币 Bimetal Coins。
O.M.S. 异质币 Off-metal Strikes。
PL.C. 镀金属币 Plated Coins。
L.C. 领衔币 Leading Coins。
FA 戏铸币 Fantasy
DE. 面值 Denomination。
P.C. 加厚币 Piefort Coins。
CF.C. 彩色币 Colorful Coins。
M.S. 俱造币厂原铸光泽 Mint State。
PA 样币 Pattern
M.P. 雾状精铸币 Matte Proof。
PR. 镜面精铸 Proof
HO. 雷射币 Hologram。
P.L. 准精铸币 Proof Like。
CM. 戳记 Chopmarks。
agw（actual gold weight） 实际含金量。
amulet 吉祥钱，压胜钱。
an (l'an) [法语]年。
anchor coinage 锚币（指英国在19世纪初期为毛里求斯、西印度群岛等殖民地制造的四 种面值银币，以船锚图像得名）。
asw （actual silver weight）实际含银量。
ana (american numismatic association) 美国钱币协会。
anepigraphic 无字币。
authentication （钱币真伪）鉴定。
bagmark （未流通币的）袋损。
banknote 纸币，钞票。
base metal 普通金属，非贵重金属。
bi-metal (coin) 双金属（币）。
billon 低含量（小于50%）银币。
bit 小分割币，1/8（西班牙）比索。
bid-buy sale 投标售币。
blank 币坯。
bracteate 薄片币。
bullion 金或银锭，纯金币，纯银币。
bullion value （bv） 纯金属原值。
cased set 盒装套币。
cash 文，铜钱。
cast coin 铸币，用浇铸方法制造的硬币。
cfa franc central 中非法郎。
cfa franc west 西非法朗。
chambre de commerce (法国)商业部。
chop (币上的)戳记。
criculation coins 流通（硬）币。
civil war coins 内战时期硬币。
clean, cleaning 清洗。
clipped coin 剪边币。
cob （不规则形状的）银块币（使用于16世纪--18世纪西班牙在美洲的殖民地）。
coin 硬币。
coin album 集币册，币薄。
coin alignment 硬币型正背面（指硬币的正背面铅垂线互成180度，即↑↓型）
coin dealer 钱币商。
coin shop 钱币店。
coinage 1）硬币，钱币（集合名词）；2）造币，硬币制造。
collect, collecting 收集，集藏。
collection 集藏品，收集品（指全部藏品）。
collector 收集者，集藏家。
colonial issues 殖民地钱币。
colonial coins 殖民地硬币。
coloured coins 彩色币。
commemorative coin 纪念币，收藏币。
condition (of coins) (硬币的)品相。
conjoined busts 叠（头）像（币）。
counter 筹码。
counterfeit 伪造，赝币。
countermarked (c/m) 加盖（戳记）的，带复压印记的。
cowrie 贝币。
crown 克朗，克朗型硬币（指直径为33毫米--42毫米，重量为20克--50克的金属币）。
current coins 流通币。
cut 切割，硬币切块。
date 年代。
debasement 贬值，贬值币。
decimal 十进制。
decimal coinage 十进制钱币。
denomination 面值。
design 图案，图像；设计。
diademed 戴冠头像。
die 币模，印模。
double die 重模币。
double-struck 重压币。
ducat 欧洲中世纪贸易金银币。
dump (澳大利亚大孔环币的)币芯。
ecd (east caribbean dollar) 东加勒比元。
ecu (european currency unit) 欧洲货币单位，欧元，埃居。
edge inscription 边文。
edge ornament 边饰。
eic (east india company) 东印度公司。
effigy (币面上的)头像。
ek (edge-knocked) 边缘被磕碰的，磕边的。
electrum 琥珀金（金银自然合金）。
elongated coin 压长币。
emergency coinage 紧急时期钱币。
enamelled coin 珐琅币。
engraver 刻模师。
enlarged size 放大的尺寸。
errors 残错币。
essay (essai [法语])， trial piece 试模币，试制币。
exonomia 广义钱币学，类钱币学。
face 币面。
face value (f.v.) 面值。
fake 伪币，赝币。
fantasy 臆造币
field （币面上图像和文字外的）空白底子。
fineness (贵金属)纯度，成色。
flan 币坯。
fdc (fleur de coin) [法语] 全新未流通币。
foreign coins 外国硬币，外币。
forgery 伪造，造假。
frosting （币面）凝霜。
ghetto coins 犹太人集中区币。
german silver 德国银。
genuine 真品，非为造的。
grade 品级，品相级别。
grading (品相)定级。
gun money 枪币，用废旧枪炮上的金属制作的硬币（特指1689年--1691年英王詹姆斯二世在爱尔兰发行的紧急时期币）。
hammered coins 手工锤制币，打压币。
hard time tokens 1834年--1844年间美国发行的紧急时期分币。
hand-made coins 手工制造币。
hobo nickels (美国30年代流浪改刻5分印第安人头像的)改刻币。
hog money 猪币（特指1616年英国为百慕大群岛发行的几枚币）。
holey dollar （1813年澳大利亚发行的）大孔环币。
homeland issues 本土发行供殖民地使用的硬币。
hub （用以压制工作模的）母模。
imitation 伪造币。
included above. (inc. ab.) 已计入上数。
incuse 阴文。
inflation money 通货膨胀币。
ingot 锭。
inscription (币上的)文字或缩写字。
intrinsic value 钱币上的金属原值。
invest, investment 投资。
issue price 发行价。
jeton, jetton [法语]筹码。
joint coinage (两地)联合发行的钱币。
klippe 方坯币。
kriegsgeld [德语]德国在第一次世界大战期间发行的地方币。
kruggerrand 南非克鲁格尔兰特（金币）。
legal tender 法币，法定货币。
legend (leg.) 硬币上的文字（多指硬币外圈文字）。
leper coins 麻风病隔离区的钱币。
lettered edge 带字的（币）边。
local issues 地方币。
louis d'or (法国)路易金元，金路易。
lustre （硬币上的）光泽。
machine-made coins, machine-struck coins 机制币。
mail-bid sale 信函投标售币。
market value (mkt. val.) 市价。
matte 粗精制币。
maundy money (英国)濯足节币。
maverick 待考币（常指未鉴别的代用币）。
medal 章，纪念章。
medal alignment 型正背面（指硬币的正背面铅垂线相重合，互成0度，即↑↓型）。
medallic issues 纪念章，章币。
milled coins 机制币。
mint 造币厂。
mint set 造币厂发行的未流通套币。
mint mark 造币厂标志、印记。
mintmaster's initials 造币厂厂长姓名首字缩写。
mintage 发行量。
mirror-like surface 镜面。
monetary reform 货币改革，币制改革。
monetary system 币制，货币制度。
monetary unit 货币单位。
monogram 首字缩写，花押。
motto 铭文，箴言。
mule (因正反面模具错用而产生的)骡币。
n.d. (no date) 无年代（币）。
n.c.l.t. (non-circulating legal tender) 未进入流通领域的法币，非流通法币。
nick 边缘磕碰。
non-circulating 不流通的。
notgeld [德语]（德国第一次世界大战中和战后年代的）紧争时期币。
numismatic coins 供收藏用的钱币。
numismatic society 钱币学会。
numismatics 钱币学。
numismatist 钱币学家，钱币研究者。
obv. (obverse) 正面。
off-metal strike (ofs) 非正规金属压制的硬币。
overdate coin 变更原模年代的钱币。
paper money 纸币。
patina 铜锈。
pattern 样（品）币。
pcs（pieces） 枚（硬币单位，此为复数）。
piedfort 加厚币。
plastic holder (装硬币的)小塑料袋。
plain edge 光边。
plaster 石膏模。
plated coin 镀覆硬币。
plugged coin 塞芯币。
porcelain coin 陶瓷币。
precious metal 贵金属。
premium 升水（即价格与面值的差别）。
prestige proof set 豪华版精制套币。
pricelist （币商印制的）售品目录，价格表。
private coin 私铸币。
privy mark (币上的)暗记。
proof 精制（币），抛光（币）。
proof set 精制套（币）。
proof-like 半精制（币），类精制（币）。
provas 样品。
rare 稀缺，珍稀。
rarity 稀缺（度）。
real size 原大，真实大小。
reduced size 缩小的尺寸。
reducing machine 缩刻机。
reeded edge 滚边（币）。
regional issue 地区币。
relief 阳文，凸出的文字或图形。
rev. (reverse) 反面。
relative scarcity 相对稀缺（度）。
rentenmark [德语]德国1923年开始发行的地产抵押马克。
restrike (用原模在以后年代压制的)重制币。
revenue （印花）。
rubbing 拓印，拓片。
sale catalogue 售品目录。
sandwich coins 夹心（金属）币。
scratch 擦痕，划道。
sede vacante 梵蒂冈教皇缺位时发行的硬币，缺位币。
seignorage 制币利润，即原值与面值的差别。
sigeg money 围城（时期发行的紧急）币。
series 系列，（一）组（币）。
serrated 齿边。
set 套。
sovereign 苏弗林（英国金币）。
special selects (品相极好的)精选币。
special uncirculated 精制的未流通币。
specimen 样币；币。
specimen set 样品套币。
state of preservation 品相，保存状态。
sterling 英镑；成色足的。
sycee 银锭，马蹄银。
tael （中国）两。
token 代用币，代价币。
token issues 代用向，代价币。
tone, toning （金属币）氧化，变色。
toughra 花押。
trade coins 贸易币。
transitional issues 过渡时期钱币。
trial strike 试制（币）。
troy weight 金衡量。
truncation (币面人像下的)空白处。
type set （同一类型便不同年代的）套币。
uncirculated 未流通的，没有使用过的。
uniface 单面币。
unique 孤品，独一无二的。
voc 荷属东印度公司（首字缩写）。 （荷兰文为vereenigde oostindische compagnie）
variety （币面设计的）变型。
vis-a-vis coin 面对面的双头像币。
w/,w/o (with, without) 有，无。
wooden nickels 木质代用币（一种游戏币）。
world coins 世界硬币。
yest set 年度套币（造币厂发行的同一年代不同面值的套币，多指未进入流通领域供收藏用的套币）。
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澳大利亚技术移民60分职业列表。
1. Managers and administrators 经理人及行政管理人员 。
Occupation 职业
Child Care Co-ordinator 幼儿护理协调员 。
Director of Nursing 护士长 。
Engineering Manager 工程经理。
Finance Manager 财务经理 。
General Manager 总经理 。
Human Resource Manager 人力资源经理 。
Information Technology Manager 信息技术经理 。
Sales and Marketing Manager 销售和行销经理 。
Supply and Distribution Manager 供应和分发经理。
2. Professionals 专业人员 。
Occupation 职业 Points for Skill 。
Accountant 会计师 。
Accountant–Corporate Treasurer 会计－公司会计 。
Accountant–External Auditor 会计师-对外审计师 。
Architect 建筑师 。
Chiropractor 按摩技师 。
Computing Professionals–(nec) 计算机专业人员（未分类）
Computing Professionals–Applications and Analyst Programmer 计算机专业人员-应用和分析程序员 。
Computing Professionals–Computer Systems Auditor 计算机专业人员-计算机系统审计员 。
Computing Professionals–Software Designer 计算机专业人员-软件设计人员 。
Computing Professionals–Systems Designer 计算机专业人员-系统设计人员 。
Computing Professionals–Systems Manager 计算机专业人员-系统经理 。
Computing Professionals–Systems Programmer 计算机专业人员-程序员 。
Dental Specialist 牙科专家 。
Dentist 牙医
Dietitian 营养师 。
Engineer–Aeronautical Engineer 工程师－航空工程师 。
Engineer–Agricultural Engineer 工程师－农业工程师 。
Engineer–Biomedical Engineer 工程师－生物医学工程师 。
Engineer–Chemical Engineer 工程师－化学工程师 。
Engineer–Civil Engineer 工程师－民用工程师 。
Engineer–Civil Engineering Technologist 工程师－民用工程技术人员 。
Engineer–Electrical Engineer 工程师－电气工程师 。
Engineer–Electrical or Electronics Engineering Technologist 工程师－电气或电子工程技术人员 。
Engineer–Electronics Engineer 工程师－电子工程师 。
Engineer–Engineering Technologists (nec) 工程师－工程技术人员（未分类）
Engineer–Industrial Engineer 工程师－工业工程师 。
Engineer–Materials Engineer 工程师－材料工程师 。
Engineer–Mechanical Engineer 工程师－机械工程师 。
Engineer–Mechanical Engineering Technologist 工程师－机械工程技术人员 。
Engineer–Mining Engineer (excluding Petroleum) 工程师－采矿工程师（不包括石油行业）
Engineer–Naval Architect 工程师－造船工程师 。
Engineer–Petroleum Engineer 工程师－石油工程师 。
Engineer–Production or Plant Engineer 工程师－生产或设备工程师 。
Interpreter 口译员 。
Legal Practitioner–Barrister 法律从业者－出庭律师 。
Legal Practitioner–Solicitor 法律从业者－法律顾问 。
Medical Practitioner–Anaesthetist 医生－麻醉师 。
Medical Practitioner–Dermatologist 医生－皮肤科 。
Medical Practitioner–Emergency Medicine Specialist 医生-急诊医学专科 。
Medical Practitioner–General Medical Practitioner 医生-普通医学 。
Medical Practitioner–Obstetrician and Gynaecologist 医生-妇产科医生 。
Medical Practitioner–Ophthalmologist 医生-眼科医生 。
Medical Practitioner–Paediatrician 医生-儿科医生 。
Medical Practitioner–Pathologist 医生-病理学家 。
Medical Practitioner–Psychiatrist 医生-心理医生 。
Medical Practitioner–Radiologist 医生-放射科 。
Medical Practitioner–Specialist Medical Practitioners (nec) 医生-专科医疗执业者（未分类）
Medical Practitioner–Specialist Physician 医生-专科医师 。
Medical Practitioner–Surgeon 医生-外科医生 。
Medical Scientist 医学科学家 。
Medical Scientist (Medical Physicist) 医学科学家（医学物理学家）
Nurse–Registered Developmental Disability Nurse 护士－残疾辅助注册护士 。
Nurse–Registered Mental Health Nurse 护士－精神健康注册护士 。
Nurse–Registered Midwife 护士－注册助产护士 。
Nurse–Registered Nurse 护士－注册护士 。
Occupational Therapist 职业治疗专家 。
Optometrist 验光师 。
Osteopath 整骨医生 。
Pharmacist–Hospital Pharmacist 药剂师－医院药剂师 。
Pharmacist–Retail Pharmacist 药剂师－零售药剂师 。
Physiotherapist 理疗师 。
Podiatrist 足病医生 。
Psychologist–Clinical Psychologist 心理学家－诊所心理学家 。
Psychologist–Educational Psychologist 心理学家－教育心理学家 。
Psychologist–Organisational Psychologist 心理学家-组织心理学家 。
Psychologist–Psychologists (nec) 心理学家-心理学家（未分类）
Quantity Surveyor 工料测量师 。
Radiographer–Medical Diagnostic Radiographer 放射技师-医疗诊断放射技师 。
Radiographer–Nuclear Medicine Technologist 放射技师-核医学技师 。
Radiographer–Radiation Therapist 放射技师-放射治疗 。
Radiographer–Sonographer 放射技师－声谱仪技师 。
Social Worker 社会工作者 。
Speech Pathologist 语音病理学家 。
Surveyor 测量员
Teacher–Pre-Primary School Teacher 教师－学前教育 。
Teacher–Primary School Teacher 教师－小学教师 。
Teacher–Secondary School Teacher 教师－中学教师 。
Teacher–Vocational Education Teacher (Trades) 教师－职业教育教师（贸易）
Translator 翻译 。
Veterinarian 兽医 。
Welfare Worker 福利工作者。
3. Associate professionals 准专业人员 。
Occupation 职业 Points for Skill 。
Chef 厨师
Chef–Head Chef 厨师－主厨 。
Dental Technician 牙科技师 。
4. Tradespersons and related workers 技工及相关工人 。
Occupation 职业 Points for Skill 。
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Avionics) 飞机维修工程师（航电）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Mechanical) 飞机维修工程师（机械）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Structures) 飞机维修工程师（结构）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineers–Supervisor 飞机维修工程师（主管）
Apparel Cutter 服装裁剪 。
Automotive Electrician 汽车电工 。
Automotive Electricians–Supervisor 汽车电工-主管 。
Baker 面包师
Bakers and Pastry cooks–Supervisor 面点师－管理人员 。
Binder and Finisher 装订工和润饰工 。
Blacksmith 铁匠 。
Boat Builder and Repairer 船只建造与维修 。
Bricklayer 瓦工 。
Bricklayers–Supervisor 瓦工-管理人员 。
Broadcast Transmitter Operator 广播转发器操作员 。
Business Machine Mechanic 商业机械技工 。
Butcher 屠夫
Buttermaker or Cheesemaker 黄油和干酪制作工人。
Cabinetmaker 家具工 。
Cabinetmakers–Supervisor 家具工－管理人员 。
Cable Jointer 电线/电缆接头工 。
Canvas Goods Maker 帆布商品制造者 。
Carpenter 木匠
Carpenter and Joiner 木匠细木工 。
Carpentry and Joinery Tradespersons–Supervisor 木匠细木工业－管理人员 。
Communications Linesperson 通讯接线员 。
Communications Tradespersons–Supervisor 通讯人员－管理人员 。
Confectioner 糖果制造者 。
Cook 厨师
Drainer 下水道工人 。
Dressmaker 裁缝 。
Electrical Powerline Tradesperson 电路技工 。
Electrician (Special Class) 电工(特种) 。
Electricians–Supervisor 电工-管理人员 。
Electrical Distribution Tradespersons–Supervisor 配电工匠－管理人员 。
Electronic and Office Equipment Tradespersons–Supervisor 电子及办公设备工匠-管理人员。
Electronic Equipment Tradesperson 电子设备技工 。
Electronic Instrument Tradesperson (Special Class) 电子仪器行业－（特种）
Electronic Instrument Tradespersons–Supervisor 电子仪器行业－管理人员 。
Electroplater 电镀工 。
Engraver 雕刻师
Farrier 蹄铁匠
Fibrous Plasterer 纤维石膏涂抹工 。
Fibrous Plasterers–Supervisor 纤维石膏涂抹工－管理人员 。
Fitter 钳工
Flat Glass Tradesperson 公寓玻璃从业人员 。
Floor Finisher 地板铺设工 。
Floor Finishers–Supervisor 地板铺设工－管理人员 。
Forging Tradespersons–Supervisor 锻造业－管理人员 。
Furniture Finisher 家具制造工 。
Furniture Upholsterer 家具装饰工 。
Gasfitter 煤气装配工 。
Gem Cutter and Polisher 宝石切割和抛光人员 。
General Clothing Tradesperson 服装从业者 。
General Communications Tradesperson 通讯从业者 。
General Electrician 电工 。
General Electronic Instrument Tradesperson 电子设备人员 。
General Fabrication Engineering Tradesperson 装配工 。
General Fabrication Engineering Tradespersons–Supervisor 装配工－管理级 。
General Gardener 园丁 。
General Mechanical Engineering Tradesperson 机械工程人员 。
General Mechanical Engineering Tradespersons–Supervisor 机械工程人员－管理级 。
General Plumber 水管工 。
Glass Blower 玻璃吹制工 。
Graphic Pre-Press Tradesperson 图形出版社工作者 。
Greenkeeper 高尔夫球场管理人 。
Gunsmith 军械工人 。
Hairdresser 美容师 。
Hairdressers–Supervisor 美容师－管理人员 。
Head Gardener 主管园丁 。
Jeweller 钟表匠
Joiner 工匠
Landscape Gardener 景观园丁 。
Leather Goods Maker 皮革制品制造 。
Lift Mechanic 电梯技工 。
Locksmith 钳工
Meat Tradespersons–Supervisor 肉类从业者－管理人员 。
Mechanical Services and Air-conditioning Plumber 机械设备和空调管道工 。
Medical Grade Shoemaker 鞋匠（和医疗有关）
Metal Casting Tradesperson 金属铸造工作者 。
Metal Casting Tradespersons–Supervisor 金属铸造工作者－管理人员 。
Metal Fabricator (Boilermaker) 金属制作者(锅炉) 。
Metal Finishing Tradespersons–Supervisor 金属抛光工匠-管理人员 。
Metal Fitters and Machinists–Supervisor 金属钳工和机械师－管理人员 。
Metal Machinist (First Class) 金属机械师（一级）
Metal Polisher 金属磨光师 。
Motor Mechanic 电机技师 。
Motor Mechanics–Supervisor 电机技师－管理人员 。
Nursery person 保姆 。
Optical Mechanic 光学机械师 。
Painter and Decorator 油漆工 。
Painters and Decorators–Supervisor 油漆工－管理人员 。
Panel Beater 车身打磨技工 。
Panel Beaters–Supervisor 车身打磨技工－管理人员 。
Pastry cook 糕饼师傅 。
Pattern maker-Grader (Clothing) 模板－分类（服装）
Piano Tuner 钢琴调音师 。
Picture Framer 图画创作者 。
Plumbers–Supervisor 水管工－管理人员 。
Precision Instrument Maker and Repairer 精密仪器制造和修理工 。
Precision Metal Tradespersons–Supervisor 精密金属工匠－管理人员 。
Pressure Welder 压力焊工 。
Printing Machinist 打印机工 。
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic 冰箱和空调技工 。
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanics–Supervisor 冰箱和空调技工－管理人员 。
Roof Plumber 房顶管道 。
Roof Slater and Tiler 屋顶盖瓦工 。
Roof Slaters and Tilers–Supervisor 屋顶盖瓦工－管理人员 。
Sail Maker 帆船制造 。
Saw Maker and Repairer 锯制造与维修 。
Screen Printer 屏幕印刷 。
Sheetmetal Worker (First Class) 薄金属工人（一等）
Sheetmetal Tradespersons–Supervisor 薄金属－管理人员 。
Shipwright 造船工人 。
Shoemaker 鞋匠
Signwriter 招牌撰写工 。
Signwriters–Supervisor 招牌撰写工－管理人员 。
Small Offset Printer 小平板印刷工 。
Smallgoods Maker 熟肉制造者 。
Solid Plasterer 固体成型工 。
Solid Plasterers–Supervisor 固体成型工－管理人员 。
Stonemason 石匠 。
Structural Steel and Welding Tradespersons–Supervisor 建筑钢材和焊接工匠-管理人员 。
Tailor 裁缝
Textile， Clothing or Footwear Mechanic 纺织，服装或鞋类技工 。
Toolmaker 精密工具制造者 。
Toolmakers–Supervisor 精密工具制造者－管理人员 。
Tradesperson and Related Workers (nec) 技师和相关工人（未分类）
Tree Surgeon 树木造型 。
Upholsterers and Bedding Tradespersons (nec) 皮套，床罩制造者 。
Vehicle Body Maker 车体制造工 。
Vehicle Body Makers–Supervisor 车体制造工－管理人员 。
Vehicle Painter 汽车油漆工 。
Vehicle Painters–Supervisor 汽车油漆工－管理人员 。
Vehicle Trimmer 汽车翻修工 。
Vehicle Trimmers–Supervisor 汽车翻修工－管理人员 。
Wall and Floor Tiler 墙壁和地板砖瓦工 。
Wall and Floor Tilers and Stonemasons–Supervisor 墙壁和地板砖瓦工，石匠－管理人员 。
Watch and Clock Maker and Repairer 钟表制造和维修 。
Welder (First Class) 焊接工（一级）
Wood Tradespersons (nec) 木工（未分类）
Wood Turner 木材车床工。
小韩在追星
谁能帮忙翻译个关于发电机的
球状闪电呀！
球状闪电各种各样，根本没有什么威不威力，大不大小之分，不懂得人不要在那瞎否定。
引用Wikipedia关于球状闪电的解释：
球状闪电
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到： 导航, 搜索
球状闪电是一种自然现象，属于闪电的一种。目前对于球状闪电的相关信息少而且多有争论，能归纳的有如下几点，多与降雨有关；
闪电呈球形也有部分接近球形
闪电于空中漂浮，直径由十五至四十厘米不等 。
高温，能把周围树木烤焦
闪光为红色或黄色
存在时间短，不超过15分钟。
球状闪电形成的原因比较复杂。以下是其中一种观点：
有人认为在发生枝状闪电时，由于闪电通道里的空气温度很高，使空气中的水汽分解为氧和氢，在特殊情况下，闪电通道分裂成数块。如是，把闪电通道附近的空气分裂成一团团含氢和氧的气团，形成连珠闪电，待枝状闪电停止以后，球状闪电温度降低，氢和氧重新化合，在化合过程中释放出能量，在释放能量的同时产生了光。有时候这种释放能量的现象是用爆炸的方式表现出来，便产生了球状闪电。
与此同时，也曾经有球状闪电进入室内的报导。
除了球状闪电外，有另外一种常被误会为同类型事物，但其实成因有所不同的自然现象－－圣艾尔摩之火。二者都是经常会在大雨（尤其是雷雨）中发生的自然现象，但不同的是，圣艾尔摩之火是低温的冷光现象，不会破坏周遭事物。
闪电球充满人性？ 多个目击者均指出，闪电球会在空气中慢慢飘浮。并且，它甚有“人性”，会选择从大门或窗户进入屋内，并在走廊中慢慢“踱步”
色彩幻变,威力惊人 由于闪电球附有大量能量，所以其颜色会经常转变，当中包括：浅绿色、浅蓝色、浅黄色、白色和红色。而它的巨大能量，亦曾多次造成破坏。据闻，科学家G. W. Richman也是在研究时，怀疑被闪电球“杀死”！ 墙上轰出大洞1849年，有数名巴黎居民，一起目睹一个红色闪电球，在离地二十呎的半空中飘浮。突然，闪电球竟在瞬间爆开，向四方八面发出闪电，令一间房屋的墙上轰开了一个炮弹般大的洞！
飞机上乱窜 1984年，闪电球在一架苏联客机内，大肆捣乱。它掠过乘客的头顶，飞至机尾，然后竟突然分成两团半月形的闪电，使机舱留下两个大洞！另一次，某商务机舱内亦出现闪电球，当它飘至一名空姐面前时，却在空姐们的尖叫声中，瞬间消失！
除了神出鬼没外，闪电球还能在地上弹起、以“之”字路线行走，以及穿透物件等等。可惜，有关闪电球的资料少之又少，似乎，要打开这个谜团，科学家还需继续艰辛的研究工作。
最传统的理论是认为它是一种旋涡状高温等离子体，由于内部高速旋转造成的离心力与外部大气压力达到平衡，因而维持了较长时间的稳定性。
还有人认为它是高温混合气体之间的化学反应，从而维持了能量的稳定。
还有微波激射-孤立子理论，认为球状闪电是由体积约为若干立方米的大气微波激设所引起的。微波激射所引起的。微波激射相当与能量低的多的激光，在空气体积很大时，微波激射会产生局部电场即孤立子，从而导致看的见的球状闪电。
懂看英文的看更详细的英文版：
Ball lightning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。
Jump to: navigation, search。
For other uses, see Ball lightning (disambiguation).。
Ball lightning reportedly takes the form of a short-lived, glowing, floating object often the size and shape of a basketball, but it can also be golf ball sized or smaller. It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms, but unlike lightning flashes arcing between two points, which last a small fraction of a second, ball lightning reportedly lasts many seconds. There have been some reports of production of a similar phenomenon in the laboratory, but some still disagree on whether it is a real phenomenon.。
Contents [hide]。
1 Reports
1.1 Historical and fictional accounts 。
2 Laboratory experiments 。
3 Analysis
4 Esoteric explanations 。
5 Quotations
6 See also
7 Further reading 。
8 References
9 External links 。
[edit]
Reports
Ball lightning discharges were once thought to be extremely rare occurrences, [1] but recent research shows that a few percent of the US population have been witnesses.[citation needed] Surveys have been taken of eyewitness accounts by at least 3000 people.[citation needed]。
Ball lightning is photographed very rarely, and details of witness accounts can vary widely. Many of the properties observed in ball lightning accounts conflict with each other, and it is very possible that several different phenomena are being incorrectly grouped together. It is also possible that some photos are fakes.。
The discharges reportedly appear during thunderstorms, sometimes issuing from a lightning flash, but large numbers of encounters reportedly occur during good weather with no storms within hundreds of miles.。
Ball lightning reportedly tends to float (or hover) in the air and take on a ball-like appearance. Its shape has been described as spherical, ovoid, teardrop, or rod-like with one dimension being much larger than the others. The longest dimension reported is between fifteen and forty centimeters. Many are red to yellow in color, sometimes transparent, and some contain radial filaments or sparks. Other colors, such as blue or white occur as well.。
Sometimes the discharge is described as being attracted to a certain object, and sometimes as moving randomly. After several seconds the discharge reportedly leaves, disperses, is absorbed into something, or, rarely, vanishes in an explosion.。
A 19th Century depiction of ball lightningBall lightning was reported in World War II as "escorting" bombers, flying alongside their wingtips. Pilots of the time referred to the phenomenon as "foo fighters," initially believing that the lights were from enemy planes. Other accounts place ball lightning as appearing over a kitchen stove or wandering down the aisle of an airliner. One report described ball lightning engulfing and following a car, causing the electrical supply to overload and fail.[citation needed]。
[edit]
Historical and fictional accounts。
One of the earliest reported, and most destructive, occurrences is said to have taken place during The Great Thunderstorm at Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, in England, on October 21, 1638. Four people died and around 60 were injured when what appeared to have been ball lightning struck a church.[citation needed]。
Another reference to ball lightning appears in a children's book set in the 1800s by Laura Ingalls Wilder[2]. The books are considered historical fiction, but the author always insisted they were descriptive of actual events in her life. In Wilder's description, three separate balls of lightning appear during a winter blizzard near a cast iron stove in the family's kitchen. They are described as appearing near the stovepipe, then rolling across the floor, only to disappear as the mother chases them with a willow-branch broom.[3]。
Notorious British occultist Aleister Crowley also reported witnessing what he referred to as "globular electricity" during a thunderstorm on Lake Pasquaney in New Hampshire in 1916. As related in his Confessions, he was sheltered in a small cottage when he "noticed, with what I can only describe as calm amazement, that a dazzling globe of electric fire, apparently between six and twelve inches in diameter, was stationary about six inches below and to the right of my right knee. As I looked at it, it exploded with a sharp report quite impossible to confuse with the continuous turmoil of the lightning, thunder and hail, or that of the lashed water and smashed wood which was creating a pandemonium outside the cottage. I felt a very slight shock in the middle of my right hand, which was closer to the globe than any other part of my body."[4]。
A famous anecdote from 1753 depicts ball lightning as having violent potential. Professor Georg Richmann, of Saint Petersburg, Russia created a kite flying apparatus similar to that built by Benjamin Franklin a year earlier. He was attending a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, when he heard thunder. The Professor ran home with his engraver to capture the event for posterity. While the experiment was underway, ball lightning appeared, collided with Richmann's head and killed him, leaving a red spot. His shoes were blown open, parts of his clothes singed, the engraver knocked out; the doorframe of the room was split, and the door itself torn off its hinges.[5][6]。
[edit]
Laboratory experiments。
Many attempts have been made over the years to produce ball lightning in the laboratory, but it is easy to mistake other phenomena for ball lightning. Most prominent among these are glowing spheres produced by high-energy arcs between metal electrodes. Such arcs often expel small droplets of molten metal that are heated to extremely high temperatures. Because of their high heat content, these droplets will continue to glow quite brightly for several seconds after landing on a floor or other surface, and their odd physical characteristics can cause them to roll, still glowing brightly, for some distance after landing. They thus mimic the most common description of ball lightning before cooling down into a small speck of metallic dust. The most familiar instance of these glowing spheres is the "weld spatter" usually seen during arc welding operations. The spheres can also be produced when a switch carrying very large electric currents is operated improperly, or during certain grinding or other machining operations.。
Some laboratory experiments claim to have produced ball lightning, but there is no consensus that the phenomenon reproduced is related to the natural one. The natural occurrences are, by their nature, difficult to document accurately. Consequently, many scientists continue to dispute the existence of ball lightning as a distinct physical phenomenon.[7] In one such occurrence, Singer reports that staff at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge apparently saw ball lightning, although Brian Pippard, the Head of Department, was skeptical of its reality.[8]。
In February 2006, scientists at Tel Aviv University claimed to have produced ball lightning in the lab using a microwave drill and ceramic substrate.[9]. More recently (June, 2006) researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics successfully recreated the phenomenon using a relatively simple water tank experiment. The experiment involves two electrodes placed in a small tank of salt water, with one electrode covered by a clay tube. A large current of over 60 amps was then run through the water for 150 milliseconds, vaporizing water inside the clay tube and causing a ball of plasma to appear above the tank for 0.3 seconds. Although the plasma glows brightly it was found to be quite cold, much like a neon tube [10].。
[edit]
Analysis
An early attempt to explain ball lightning was recorded by Nikola Tesla in 1904. [11]。
Difficult features of the lightning include its persistence and its near-neutral buoyancy in air. A popular hypothesis is that ball lightning is a highly ionized plasma contained by self-generated magnetic fields: a plasmoid.[citation needed] This hypothesis is not initially credible. If the gas is highly ionized, and if it is near thermodynamic equilibrium, then it must be very hot. Since it must be in pressure equilibrium with the surrounding air, it will be much lighter and hence float up rapidly. Magnetic fields, if present, might provide the plasmoid's coherence, but will not reduce this buoyancy. In addition a hot plasma cannot persist for long, because of recombination and heat conduction.。
There may, however, be some novel form of plasma for which the above arguments do not fully apply. For example, a plasma may be composed of negative and positive ions, rather than electrons and positive ions. In that case, the recombination may be rather slow even at ambient temperature. One such theory involves positively charged hydrogen and negatively charged nitrites (NO2–) and nitrates (NO3–). In this theory, the role of the ions as seeds for the condensation of water droplets is important.[citation needed]。
Some researchers suggest that ball lightning has a more diverse range of properties than previously thought (e.g. Singer, 1971). Japanese investigators (e.g. Ofuruton et al) report that Japanese ball lightning can occur in fine weather and be unconnected with lightning. The diameter is said to be typically 20-30 cm but sometimes even larger up to a few meters. Ball lightning can split and recombine and can exhibit large mechanical energy like carving trenches (e.g. Fitzgerald 1978) and holes into the ground. Ball lightning is also said to have an odd motion such as looping and the appearance of bouncing along the ground. Other suggestions include:。
that ball lightning may represent the missing science of burning natural vortices. This theory by Coleman was published in Weather and in the 2006 Journal of Scientific Exploration 20,2,215-238. 。
that some stored chemical energy is slowly being released. see Abrahamson, J. and J. Dinniss (2000). Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil. Nature 403:519-521. 。
that ball lightning is some form of induction phenomenon (electromagnetic knot), ball lightning having allegedly been witnessed inside metal aircraft.[3] 。
that the lightning is a Hill's vortex, like a smoke ring.[12] 。
that it is an optical illusion similar to the aftereffect of a photographer's flash directed into a person's eyes.[13][citation needed] 。
There is also a theory that poltergeists and human combustions might be subdivisions of ball lightning phenomena http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1720 。
[edit]
Esoteric explanations。
This article or section does not cite its references or sources.。
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.。
Ball lighting has been connected to reports of several supernatural phenomena, ranging from will o' the wisps to UFOs. Some people believe the ball lightning phenomena are ghosts or spirits. References can be seen in the will o' the wisp and other spirits that take the guise of orbs of light. Some UFO skeptics have suggested that many apparent close encounters are actually observations of ball lightning. UFO enthusiasts report seeing ball lightning often at crop circle sites and believe them to be some kind of intelligence or come from some kind of intelligence while not denying that it is indeed ball lightning.。
Another exotic explanation that has been offered for ball lightning is that it is the passage of microscopic primordial black holes through the Earth's atmosphere. No such tiny black holes have ever been positively detected, and it is uncertain whether they would have the physical properties described by ball lightning if they did in fact exist and in great enough quantity to account for ball lightning reports. This explanation also would not account for their alleged co-occurrence with electrical storms.。
Among the ancients of Japanese mythology, there is a myth that ball lightning is the wrath of the thunder god, Raijin from Japanese mythology。
[edit]
Quotations
"...Our conclusion is that these fireballs are primarily RF in origin, and not nuclear phenomena..." - Corum 。
"...No theory of ball lightning exists which can account for both the degree of mobility that the ball exhibits and for the fact that it does not rise...." - Talbot 。
[edit]
See also
St. Elmo's Fire 。
Naga fireballs 。
Hessdalen light 。
Spooklight
Will o' the wisp 。
Kiril Chukanov 。
Foo fighter
[edit]
Further reading。
Barry, James Dale (1980). Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning. New York: Plenum Press. 。
Cade, Cecil Maxwell; Delphine Davis (1969). The Taming of the Thunderbolts. New York: Abelard-Schuman Limited. 。
Coleman, Peter F. (2004). Great Balls of Fire—A Unified Theory of Ball Lightning, UFOs, Tunguska and other Anomalous Lights. Christchurch, NZ: Fireshine Press. 。
Golde, R. H. (1977). Lightning. Bristol: John Wright and Sons Limited. 。
Golde, R. H. (1977). Lightning Volume 1 Physics of Lightning. Academic Press. 。
Singer, Stanley (1971). The Nature of Ball Lightning. New York: Plenum Press. 。
Stenhoff, Mark (1999). Ball Lightning, An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 。
Uman, Martin A. (1984). Lightning. Dover Publications. 。
Viemeister, Peter E. (1972). The Lightning Book. Cambridge: MIT Press. 。
[edit]
References
^ "At one time BL was thought to be extremely rare, but this was because most BL eyewitnesses feared ridicule and wouldn't come forward. In reality, five percent of the population has seen BL close up." [1] 。
^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1937). On the Banks of Plum Creek. Harper Trophy. 。
^ a b Getline, Meryl, "Playing with (St. Elmo's) fire", USA Today, 2005-10-17. 。
^ Crowley, Aleister (1989-12-05). “Chp. 83”, The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autobiography. Penguin. ISBN 0140191895. 。
^ Clarke, Ronald W. (1983). Benjamin Franklin, A Biography. Random House, 87. 。
^ "Frenchman Thomas Francois D'Alibard used a 50-foot long vertical rod to draw down the "electric fluid" of the lightning in Paris on May 10, 1752. One week later, M. Delor repeated the experiment in Paris, followed in July by an Englishman, John Canton. But one unfortunate physicist did not fare so well. Georg Wilhelm Reichmann attempted to reproduce the experiment, according to Franklin's instructions, standing inside a room. A glowing ball of charge traveled down the string, jumped to his forehead and killed him instantly.[2] 。
^ Singer, Stanley (2002). "Ball lightning: the scientific effort". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London v360: 5-9. 。
^ Pippard, A. B. (1982). "Ball of Fire?". Nature v298: 702. 。
^ "Great balls of lightning", Physics Web, 2006-02-09. 。
^ Max Planck Institute, Berlin, 7 June 2006 。
^ Tesla, Nikola (1904-03-05). "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires". Electrical World and Engineer. 。
^ "Ball lightning explained", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2002-04-04. 。
^ This suggestion would tend to account for the reports of "ball lightning" persisting for various lengths of time, and of appearing to float within a room or other dwelling, etc. The commonly shared modern experience of such flashes directly related to flash-photographs, and present-day research of optical perception and neuro-opthalmology, provides yet another possiblity to add to the many hypotheses that have historically been proposed. 。
想要更直观和深入的了解，看刘慈欣写的《球状闪电》。
小韩在追星
包含ave的英语单词
翻译成英语吗?
自动并车＆自动化机组功能简介 。
A, since the start control function。
A: since the start:。
When the state of automatic control system, since the start to repeat after an utility, judgment, if allowed five seconds from the start, confirm electric automatic control system of a starting engines (two units can be exchanged for hosting a start-up time), not to exceed 8 seconds, automatic start three consecutive unsuccessful, since starting a start-up failure alarm control system.。
In the process, three times as long as a starter, automatic control system by starting successfully accelerating speed device automatically rated speed, and testing to normal after a generator voltage phase signal, the Lord, phase (ATS are when switching system, automatic switching ATS switch between generators). When the Lord than a unit output rated load, automatic 80% of other units start, When a unit of 50% less load, a unit of automatic solution.。
B: stop:
When the control system to detect the utility after repeated judgment for 15 seconds. If the power supply is normal, and confirm the utility from starting a control system of automatic gate points, the main switch of signal ATS (automatic switching system when equipped with automatic switching ATS, power supply to the mains switch. Since the start and automatic control system for the engine will turn SuJiang idle, idle running 30 seconds (set) automatically stop. As an again, since the mains start again from starting control system.。
C: automatic power distribution:。
When two units at work, system can automatically mixed FM, ensure the two units of the active power distribution error less than 10%.。
Second, manual: can start on manual machine, acceleration and deceleration, phase and engraver, etc., column.。
Third, the unit is electronic speed, high speed, speeding protection function.。
Four, measuring function:。
The generating sets have the engine speed, lubricating oil pressure and temperature, temperature, lubricating oil cooling battery voltage, running in digital display.。
Three-phase voltages, three phase generators, active power, power factor and displayed.。
Five, alarm functions:。
Engine oil, low speed alarm low alarm。
High temperature alarm high oil temperature alarm。
Three times reported p even start failure failure。
Inverse power alarm。
Six, protection function:。
Engine oil extremely low speed machine downtime protection to protect gate。
High temperature protection and downtime sluice gates protection electric water-bearing owed。
Inverse power points gates protection。
Seven, battery charging function float。
In the utility is conditions, the utility of generator starting battery charging, guarantee emergency starting, battery power is enough.。
Unit 7, wiring wiring in strict accordance with the relevant national standards, beautiful and convenient maintenance. Welcome all customers。