uniquely-140

九寨沟英文介绍

Dry phosphate refractory concrete materials。

Abstract

The present invention is directed to a dry phosphate cement mixture and process for manufacture of same. The dry mixture includes at least Al(H2 PO4)3, a group IIA metal bonded to oxygen, and an aggregate. The process for manufacturing cement includes associating the dry reagent with a substantially polar solvent, such as water. The total reagent concentration is formulated such that only nominally exothermic reactions are observed. The process accommodates variable setting times and provides resulting concrete which exhibits formidable structural integrity. 。

Claims

What is claimed: 。

1. A refractory cement mixture comprising a dry reagent composition including: 。

at least one oxide of an element belonging to group IIA of the periodic table present in an amount of 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight of the dry reagent composition; 。

Al(H2PO4)3 ; and 。

at least one aggregate, wherein the aggregate is selected from the group consisting of olivine, silica, aluminum oxide, kyanite and bauxite. 。

2. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 1, further including an aqueous medium. 。

3. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 2, wherein the aqueous medium consists of a polar solution. 。

4. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 1, wherein the Al(H2 PO4)3 is present in an amount of about 2.2 to 7.3 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition. 。

5. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 1, wherein the at least one aggregate is present in the amount of from about 75 to 95 percent by weight of the dry reagent concentration. 。

6. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 1, wherein the group IIA oxide has a particle size range from minus twelve to positive three hundred mesh. 。

7. The refractory cement mixture according to claim 1, wherein the group IIA oxide comprises MgO. 。

8. A process for manufacturing refractory cement comprising: 。

dry mixing active reagents so as to form a dry reagent composition, wherein the active reagents include: 。

at least one oxide of an element belonging to group IIA of the period table present in the amount of 0.5 to 2.0; 。

Al(H2 PO4)3 ; and 。

at least one aggregate, wherein the aggregate is selected from the group consisting of olivine, silica, aluminum oxide, kyanite and bauxite. 。

9. The process according to claim 8, wherein the Al(H2 PO4)3 is present in an amount of about 2.2 to 7.3 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition. 。

10. The process according to claim 9, further comprising the steps of: 。

charging water into the dry mixture of active reagents and an aggregate such that an aqueous mixture is synthesized during a exothermic reaction; and 。

curing the resulting aqueous mixture. 。

11. The process according to claim 10, further comprising the step of: 。

varying the amount of one or both of the oxide of an element belonging to group IIA of the periodic table or the Al(OH2 PO4)3 to, in turn, adjust the curing time of the resulting aqueous mixture. 。

12. The process according to claim 8, further comprising the steps of: 。

charging water into the dry mixture of active reagents and an aggregate such that an aqueous mixture is synthesized during an exothermic reaction; and 。

curing the resulting aqueous mixture. 。

13. The process according to claim 12, wherein the process further comprises the step of: 。

varying the concentration of one or both of the oxide of an element belonging to group IIA of the periodic table or the Al(H2 PO4)3 to, in turn, adjust the curing time of the resulting aqueous mixture. 。

14. The process according to claim 10 wherein the active reagents have a particle size and the curing time of the aqueous mixture is varied by varying the particle size of one of the reagents. 。

15. The process according to claim 12 wherein the active reagents have a particle size and the curing time of the aqueous mixture is varied by varying the particle size of on of the reagents. 。

Description

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION 。

1. Field of the Invention 。

The present invention relates in general to dry phosphate refractory concrete materials having MgO and AI(H2 PO4)3, and more particularly, to special compositions which when synthesized yield nominally exothermic reactions, and use virtually "catalytic" amounts of active materials without sacrificing either structural integrity or variable setting times. 。

2. Background Art 。

Refractory concretes, also known as castables, are normally bonded with high-temperature calcium aluminate cement. Cement adlevels commonly range from one to forty percent and setting times are typically variable and range from 30 minutes to over 3 hours. In some instances, a fast setting time is desired, for example, when specialized manufacturing of uniquely-shaped burner block is desired, or, when rapid furnace repairs or patches are needed. Inasmuch as many thousands of dollars per hour are lost while a furnace is non-operational, minimizing such furnace down time is essential. Another example of when a fast set of the refractory material is desired is during the forming and pouring of furnace walls when construction time is extremely limited due to scheduling demands. Indeed, while accelerating the setting time of calcium aluminate concretes is known in the art, the ultimate structural integrity of the material does become adversely affected. Additionally, the initial dry-out and heat-up of the calcium aluminate concrete castable takes a substantial amount of time regardless of, and in addition to, the initial setting time of the mixture. 。

In addition to the above, safety must be considered when configuring a furnace heat-up schedule. For example, refractory calcium aluminate cement develops strength after hydrating the chemical reagents. Sufficient water must be charged to a cement-bonded high-temperature concrete to hydrate the cement and allow for placement and/or movement of the mass. After the cement-bonded concrete is hardened, the water must be removed slowly before the furnace can be put back into service. Consideration must be given to the permeability of the mass, dynamics of the cement phases and its hydration level. The end result is that heating rates for concrete cure can require up to several hundred hours to reach the furnace operating temperature. As the concrete is heated, the mass functions as a "leaky" autoclave. The pressure caused by the vaporization of the free water and steam released from the dehydration of the cement can be explosive, if the pressure exceeds the tensile strength of the castable. Even if the mass does not actually explode, rapid heating can cause internal cracking and damage that will shorten the ultimate life of the concrete material. This damage is known as thermal shock damage. 。

The long turn-around times for concrete furnace linings and possible thermal shock damage are just part of the problem associated with conventional refractory material. Indeed, if the furnace lining comes into contact with molten metal, an adverse chemical reaction can occur. This adverse reaction, as observed in calcium aluminate cement systems, is considered a weak link in the ability of refractory concretes to resist molten metal attack and/or penetration of the furnace lining. 。

Phosphate refractory concretes, on the other hand, have several advantages over traditional calcium aluminate cement-bonded products. The first benefit is that the phosphate bond is not affected by molten aluminum. The metal is non-reactive with the phosphate, unlike the calcium aluminate of traditional cements. Another benefit is curing or firing time. Phosphate-bonded materials generally can be heated much faster than traditional cement-bonded products. Furthermore, there is a much lower chance for sustaining thermal shock damage. Phosphate-bonded concretes use many different types of phosphates and often have a basic component such as magnesium oxide (MgO) which reacts with the phosphate in the presence of water (or an aqueous liquid) whereupon hardening occurs. 。

Although such conventional phosphate bonded concretes have exhibited various benefits over other conventional refractory materials, problems nevertheless persist. For example, when phosphate-bonded concretes are used, the reaction rate is often so fast that the concrete cannot be poured into place before it hardens. Additionally, when a liquid phosphate or phosphoric acid is used, safe handling of the toxic liquid presents a real hazard, not to mention the burden associated with working with a two-phase system. 。

Greger, U.S. Pat. No. 2,450,952 (hereinafter "Greger '952") appears to disclose a dry phosphate cement mixture for adhesive applications. The reagents used in Greger '952 included magnesia, olivine and or magnesium silicate mixed with water soluble aluminum phosphate. The weight ratio of the magnesium compound to the phosphate is disclosed to be 2:1 to 8:1. Inasmuch as the set is relatively fast when magnesia is used as a reagent, Greger '952, discloses substituting olivine for the magnesia, to, in turn, slow the set time for as much as 24 hours. However, olivine has limited high temperature applications due to melting point considerations and chemical reactivity at high temperature. 。

Tomic, U.S. Pat. No. 4,392,174 (hereinafter "Tomic '174") appears to disclose a mixture of magnesium oxide in aluminum phosphates, as well as using aluminum phosphates in liquid form. Aggregates, such as gravel or trap rock are combined with a mixture of magnesium oxide and phosphate, and then used for such applications as patching of highways. However, Tomic '174 teaches the use of high magnesium oxide concentration (as well as other high reagent concentrations). Although such a high concentration appears to provide a phosphate cement with great structural integrity, the percent composition of the active reagents is undesirably high. The result of having such high concentrations of active reagents is that undesirable levels of heat are generated as a result of the exothermic nature of the chemical reaction. Furthermore, the cost of the active reagents in phosphate concretes are quite expensive when compared to the cost of the inactive reagents. When used in such great concentrations, as taught in Tomic '174, the profitability of an installation is adversely affected. 。

It is thus an object of the present invention to provide a dry phosphate refractory concrete which can be synthesized in a cost effective manner. 。

It is a further object of the present invention to provide chemical compositions, such that when synthesized, liberate nominally exothermic properties. 。

It is yet a further object of the present invention to provide phosphate concretes as described above, without sacrificing structural integrity or the necessary enhancement of variable setting times. 。

More particularly, it is an object of the present invention that regardless of the specific active reagent concentrations (such as those experimentally identified in the present disclosure, relative to the present invention), other reagent concentrations less than conventionally known, and, which, in such relatively low concentration result in hardened refractory material maintaining excellent structural characteristics, are likewise fundamental to the objective parameters of the present invention. 。

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION 。

The present invention is directed to a cement mix comprising: a dry reagent composition including; at least one active dry reagent selected from the group consisting of group IIA elements associated with oxygen, and another active dry reagent comprising Al(H2 PO4)3, wherein the concentration of the group IIA oxide ranges from about 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition; and at least one aggregate. 。

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the cement mix further includes an aqueous medium. Additionally, it is contemplated that the aqueous medium is substantially polar. 。

In another preferred embodiment of the invention, the aggregate is selected from at least one of the group consisting of Olivine, Kyanite, Silica, Bauxite, Aluminum oxide and minerals or synthesized derivatives thereof. 。

In yet another preferred embodiment of the invention, the group IIA oxide includes MgO. The invention further contemplates that the MgO has a distribution range from minus twelve to positive three hundred mesh. Moreover, the invention contemplates that the Al(H2 PO4)3 concentration ranges from about 2.2 to 7.3 percent, and the at least one aggregate concentration ranges from about 75 to 95 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition. 。

The present invention is also directed to a process for manufacturing cement comprising the steps of: a) dry mixing active reagents, wherein the active reagents includes; at least one active dry reagent selected from the group consisting of group IIA elements associated with oxygen, and another active dry reagent comprising Al(H2 PO4)3, wherein the concentration of the group IIA oxide ranges from about 0.5 to 2.0 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition; and at least one aggregate; b) charging an aqueous medium into the dry mix active reagents and aggregates, wherein the step of charging includes maintaining a net active reagent concentration equal to or less than the necessary concentration for observing nominally exothermic synthesis, to in turn, result in an aqueous mixture; and c) setting the resulting aqueous mixture. 。

In a preferred embodiment of the invention, the process further comprises the step of varying setting times of the resulting aqueous mixture. Moreover, the invention contemplates that the step of varying setting time comprises altering one of at least the dry reagent composition concentrations and particle distribution range. 。

In another preferred embodiment of the process, the active reagent concentration of Al(H2 PO4)3 ranges from about 2.2 to 7.3 percent, and the at least one aggregate concentration ranges from about 75 to 95 percent by weight of the total dry reagent composition. 。

DETAILED DESCRIPTION 。

While this invention is susceptible of embodiment in many different forms, there is described in detail a specific embodiment with the understanding that the present disclosure is to be considered as an exemplification of the principles of the invention and is not intended to limit the invention to the embodiment described hereinbelow. 。

At the outset, when magnesium oxide and aluminum phosphate are charged with water, a well-known acid-base type reaction occurs. The concentration of magnesium oxide and its particle size generally determine the setting time of the concrete. The concentration of MgO and Al(H2 PO4)3 directly affects the exothermic magnitude of the chemical reaction. Indeed, when "non-catalytic" amounts of active reagents are used, a significant exothermic reaction is observed. Accordingly, in each experiment in the present invention, the peak exotherm was nominal as a result of the virtually "catalytic" amounts of active reagents. Dry phosphate concretes of high structural integrity were synthesized using significantly less MgO and Al(H2 PO4)3 than contemplated by the prior art (see, for example Tomic '174). Moreover, as shown in experiments one, two and five, variable set times were still maintained using such diminished concentrations of active reagents. Amazingly, even with virtually "catalytic" (limited) amounts of active reagents, the phosphate refractory concretes maintained a very high degree of structural integrity. In support of such an invention, several experiments were conducted. The results are summarized herein-below. 。

Specifically, seven experiments were conducted, wherein the following common experimental procedure was used: 。

First, the dry reagents, which include at least the aggregate, MgO, and Al(H2 PO4)3 in which the phosphorus pentoxide (P2 O5) concentration was approximately sixty percent, were charged into a reaction vessel. Second, the dry reagents were mixed via conventional agitation methods for approximately fifteen minutes. Third, the reaction vessel was charged with H2 O, which resulted in a "concrete" slurry that was agitated for an additional two minutes. Fourth, the "concrete" reaction mixture was set and cast, which provided suitable material for analytical testing. Next, test samples were analyzed primarily for structural integrity via cold crushing strength methods (CCS). Additionally, analytical test data relating to net structural composition was provided when applicable. These additional tests included compositional density (.rho.) and modulus of rupture (MOR). 。

EXPERIMENT NO. 1 。

In this experiment, the following dry reagents and their respective percent composition by weight were used: 。

______________________________________。

Dry Reagent Percent Composition。

______________________________________。

Olivine 90.11。

Silica Fume 4.95。

Surfactant 0.04。

MgO 0.55。

Al(H2 PO4)3。

2.20。

Non-Wetting Agent。

2.15。

______________________________________。

The olivine used in this experiment consisted primarily of four dimensionally different aggregates. The grain sizes of the respective primary aggregates included: 3×50 mesh, 16×70 mesh, 12×40 mesh and 140 mesh material. Furthermore, the chemical composition of the olivine used in this experiment was ninety percent forserite (2MgO.SiO2) and ten percent fayalite (Fe2 SiO2). Moreover, the silica fume used was approximately ninety-five percent silica (SiO2) and dimensionally less than one micron. The magnesite (MgO) was technical grade and processed from sea water which was then calcined in a shaft kiln. The grain size of the MgO was one hundred mesh. However, other particle sizes, such as positive three hundred mesh, are suitable for use as well. Anyone of a number of conventional non-wetting agents which are understood in the art can be used. 。

After following the experimental procedure (as previously described), 6.6% H2 O (by weight) was charged into the reaction vessel and a nominally exothermic reaction was observed. Thereafter, 2×2×2" cubes were formed via vibration casting. The chemical composition of the "concrete" in this experiment provided a hardening ("set") time of ninety minutes. Test data was then collected following conventional industrial method ASTM C133. The test results after drying for sixteen hours at 230° F. provided a compositional density (.rho.) of 158 pounds per cubic foot (pcf) and a MOR of 166 pounds per square inch (psi). After heating to 1,000° F. and holding the temperature constant for five hours, the MOR increased to 966 (psi), and the CCS was then measured at 3,925 (psi). 。

EXPERIMENT NO. 2 。

In this experiment, the following dry reagents and their respective percent composition by weight were used: 。

______________________________________。

Dry Reagent Percent Composition。

______________________________________。

Bauxite 8.48。

60% Al2 O3 Aggregate。

55.14。

Bauxite Fines 6.36。

Kyanite 4.24。

Al2 O3

16.97。

MgO 1.59。

Al(H2 PO4)3。

5.62。

Non-Wetting Agent。

1.60。

______________________________________。

The bauxite used in this experiment was a South American bauxite and was elementally eighty-nine percent Al2 O3 and has a granular range from minus three to positive six mesh. The sixty percent Al2 O3 aggregate was supplied from C-E Minerals in Andersonville, Ga. and is also known commercially as Mulcoa-60. Furthermore, the Kyanite used in this experiment was supplied by Kyanite Mining。

圣彼得大教堂资料 英语的

描写思路：可以先从九寨沟的地理位置介绍作为开头，之后描述九寨沟在我国中是什么地位，之后描述九寨沟的美丽之处，正文：

Jiuzhaigou, located in Jiuzhaigou County, Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province, is the first nature reserve in China with the main purpose of protecting natural scenery.。

九寨沟位于四川省阿坝藏族羌族自治州九寨沟县境内，是中国第一个以保护自然风景为主要目的的自然保护区。

It is located in the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, the western Sichuan Plateau, the transition zone from mountainous area to Sichuan Basin, more than 300 kilometers away from Chengdu in the south. It is a ravine valley with a depth of more than 50 kilometers, with a total area of 64,297 hectares and a forest coverage rate of over 80%. Because there are nine Tibetan villages in the ditch, such as Shuzheng Stockaded Village, Heye Village and Zechawa Village, which are located in this mountain lake group, it gets its name.。

地处青藏高原、川西高原、山地向四川盆地过渡地带，南距成都市300多公里，是一条纵深50余千米的山沟谷地，总面积64297公顷，森林覆盖率超过80%。因沟内有树正寨、荷叶寨、则查洼寨等九个藏族村寨坐落在这片高山湖泊群中而得名。

The main protected objects of Jiuzhaigou National Nature Reserve are giant pandas, golden monkeys and other rare animals and their natural ecological environment. There are 74 kinds of rare plants protected by the state, 18 kinds of animals protected by the state, as well as rich fossils of paleontology and ancient glacial landforms.。

九寨沟国家级自然保护区主要保护对象是以大熊猫、金丝猴等珍稀动物及其自然生态环境。有74种国家保护珍稀植物，有18种国家保护动物，还有丰富的古生物化石、古冰川地貌。

There are 108 Haizi in springs, waterfalls, rivers and beaches, which constitute colorful jade basins in Yaochi. The six major landscapes, namely Changhai, Jianyan, Nuorilang, Shuzheng, Zharu and Black Sea, are distributed in the shape of "Y". Cuihai, Diebao Waterfall, Cailin, Xuefeng, Tibetan Love and Lan Bing are called "Six Musts". The magical Jiuzhai is known as the "fairy tale world" and the "king of waterscape".。

泉、瀑、河、滩108个海子，构成一个个五彩斑斓的瑶池玉盆。长海、剑岩、诺日朗、树正、扎如、黑海六大景观，呈“Y”字形分布。翠海、叠瀑、彩林、雪峰、藏情、蓝冰，被称为“六绝”。神奇的九寨，被世人誉为“童话世界”，号称“水景之王”。

九寨沟英文简介

很多，你参考一下这里：还有更多的我就不贴出来浪费资源了，你自己看好了－。

St. Peter's Basilica (Italian San Pietro in Vaticano) is a major basilica in Vatican City, an enclave of Rome. St. Peter's was until recently the largest church ever built (it covers an area of 23,000 m² and has a capacity of over 60,000), and it remains one of the holiest sites in Christendom. 。

Ancient tradition has it that St. Peter's Basilica was built at the place where Peter, the apostle who is considered the first pope, was crucified and buried; his tomb is under the main altar. Other popes are also buried in and below the basilica. Contrary to what one might reasonably assume, St. Peter's is not a cathedral - the pope's cathedral is St. John Lateran. 。

The current location of St. Peter's Basilica is the site of the Circus of Nero in the first century AD. After Emperor Constantine officially recognized Christianity he started construction (in 324) of a great basilica in this exact spot, which had previously been a cemetery for pagans as well as Christians.。

In the mid-15th century it was decided that the old basilica should be rebuilt. Pope Nicholas V asked architect Bernardo Rossellino to start adding to the old church. This was abandoned after a short while, but in the late 15th century Pope Sixtus IV had the Sistine Chapel started nearby.。

Construction on the current building began under Pope Julius II in 1506 and was completed in 1615 under Pope Paul V. Donato Bramante was to be the first chief architect. Many famous artists worked on the "Fabbrica di San Pietro" (as the complex of building operations were officially called). Michelangelo, who served as main architect for a while, designed the dome, and Bernini designed the great St. Peter's Square. 。

The following description is a virtual tour that follows this basic path: views from afar; St. Peter's Square; exterior of St. Peter's Basilica; nave; right aisle and transept; dome area with baldacchino; cathedra of St. Peter; left transept and aisle; and crypt/grottoes. See our St. Peter's Basilica Photo Gallery for a visual tour. 。

St. Peter's Square。

Providing a fitting approach to the great church is the huge, elliptical St. Peter's Square (Piazza San Pietro), designed by Bernini and built between 1656 and 1667. There are two beautiful fountains in the square, the south/left one by Carlo Maderno (1613) and the northern/right one by Bernini (1675). 。

In the center of the square is a 25.5-meter-tall obelisk, which dates from 13th-century BC Egypt and was brought to Rome in the 1st century to stand in Nero's Circus some 275 yards away. It was moved to its present location in 1585 by order of Pope Sixtus V. The task took four months and is said to have been done in complete silence on pain of death. If you include the cross on top and the base, the obelisk reaches 40m. 。

The square is outlined by a monumental colonnade by Bernini, its open arms symbolically welcoming the world into the Catholic Church. Between the obelisk and each fountain is a circular stone that marks the focal points of an ellipse. If you stand on one of these points, the two rows columns of the colonnade line up perfectly and appear to be just a single row. 。

On top of the colonnade are 140 statues of saints, crafted by a number of sculptors between 1662 and 1703. To the right of the southern gate of the colonnade is St. Macrina, grandmother of the Cappadocian fathers, followed by some founders of religious orders: St. Dominic, St. Francis, St. Bernard, St. Benedict, and St. Ignatius of Loyola. Some of the apostles are at the far end of the colonnade, outside the square and down the street: look for Paul and John on the south side (on the left as you walk to the square). More details here. 。

Near the stairs to the basilica at the front of the square are colossal statues of Sts. Peter and Paul, the patron saints of Rome. These were ordered by Pope Pius IX on Easter 1847, who wanted to replace the existing smaller ones. The new statues had been commissioned by the previous pope for St. Paul Outside the Walls. Peter was sculpted by Giuseppe De Fabris in 1838-40 and stands 5.55m in height, on a pedestal 4.91m high. Paul was sculpted in 1838 by Adamo Tadolini, and is also 5.55m in height, on a pedestal 4.91m high.。

Exterior of St. Peter's Basilica 。

The dome of St. Peter's was designed by Michelangelo, who became chief architect in 1546. At the time of his death (1564), the dome was finished as far as the drum, the base on which domes sit. The dome was vaulted between 1585 and 1590 by the architect Giacomo della Porta with the assistance of Domenico Fontana, who was probably the best engineer of the day. Fontana built the lantern the following year, and the ball was placed in 1593.。

The great double dome is made of brick and is 42.3 metres in interior diameter (almost as large as the Pantheon), rising to 120 metres above the floor. In the early 18th century cracks appeared in the dome, so four iron chains were installed between the two shells to bind it. The four piers of the crossing that support the dome are each 60 feet (18 meters) across.。

Uniquely, Michelangelo's dome is not a hemisphere, but a parabola: it has a vertical thrust, which is made more emphatic by the bold ribbing that springs from the paired Corinthian columns, which appear to be part of the drum, but which stand away from it like buttresses, to absorb the outward thrust of the dome's weight. Above, the vaulted dome rises to Fontana's two-stage lantern, capped with a spire.。

The grand façade is 116 m wide and 53 m high. Built from 1608 to 1614, it was designed by Carlo Modeno. The central balcony is called the Loggia of the Blessings, and is used for the announcement of the new pope with "Habemus Papum" and his Urbi et Orbi blessing. The relief under the balcony, by Buonvicino, represents Christ giving the keys to St. Peter.。

The facade is topped by 13 statues in travertine. From left, the statues represent: Thaddeus, Matthew, Philip, Thomas, James the Elder, John the Baptist, Christ the Redeemer (in the center), Andrew, John the Evangelist, James the Younger, Bartholomew, Simon and Matthias. St. Peter's statue in this set is inside.。

Two clocks are on either side; the one on the left is electrically operated since 1931, with its oldest bell dating to 1288. Stretching across the facade is the dedicatory inscription: IN HONOREM PRINCIPIS APOST PAVLVS V BVRGHESIVS ROMANVS PONT MAX AN MDCXII PONT VII (In honor of the prince of apostles; Paul V Borghese, pope, in the year 1612 and the seventh year of his pontificate)。

Between the façade and the interior is the portico. Mainly designed by Maderno, it contains an 18th century statue of Charlemagne by Cornacchini to the south, and an equestrian sculpture of Emperor Constantine by Bernini (1670) to the north.。

Stretching over 72,000 ha in the northern part of Sichuan Province, the jagged Jiuzhaigou valley reaches a height of more than 4,800 m, thus comprising a series of diverse forest ecosystems. Its superb landscapes are particularly interesting for their series of narrow conic karst land forms and spectacular waterfalls. Some 140 bird species also inhabit the valley, as well as a number of endangered plant and animal species, including the giant panda and the Sichuan takin. 。

Jiuzhaigou Valley reputed as a "airylands" located in Jiuzhaigou County of the Aba Tibetan and Qiang Autonomous Prefecture in Sichuan Province. It is an integration of green lakes multi-layered waterfalls. forests and snow-mountains with Tibetan culture and custom. And it becomes a well-known scenic area and a natural reserve for wild animals and plants in China with its natural-endowed and uniquely beautiful sceneries.。

The green and golden trees, the lofty and multi-shaped mountains and the clear and colorful waters constitute the unique beauty of Jiuzhaigou while the water of Jiuxhaigou is the soul of its beauty. So, there goes the saying: no mountain is worth aim is worth seeing after you have seen Mount Huangshan and no other water will interest you after your visit Jiuzhaigou. The waters of Jiuzhaigou are widely known for their crystal clearness, pure transparency and rich colorfulness. They are keeping their simple primitiveness without a single trace of artificiality.。

In the Y-shaped valley embraced by mountains are dispersed 108 terraced lakes and many shoals and waterfalls gradually flow from the heights to lower places in the green mountain valley, winding 50 kilometers, with the blue sky, the white snow mountains and green forests mirrored in the clear lakes, forming a realm of integration of man and heaven against the primitive water-mills, stocked villaged and the forest of Buddhist streamers.。

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