documenting-120

英国著名建筑物英文简介

Early life[edit]。

Childhood residence of Lu Xun in Shaoxing。

Born in Shaoxing, Zhejiang province, Lu Xun was named Zhou Zhangshou (周樟寿, P: Zhōu Zhāngshòu, W: Chou Chang-shou) with his courtesy name Yushan (豫山, P:Yùshān, W: Yü-shan). The courtesy name was later changed to Yucai (豫才, P:Yùcái, W: Yü-ts'ai). In 1898, before he went to Jiangnan Naval Academy, he took the given name of "Shuren" (树人, P: Shùrén, W: Shu-jen), figuratively, "to be an educated man".[1]。

The Shaoxing Zhou family was very well-educated, and his paternal grandfather Zhou Fuqing (周福清, P: Zhōu Fúqīng, W: Chou Fu-ch'ing) held posts in theHanlin Academy; Zhou's mother, née Lu, taught herself to read. However, after a case of bribery was exposed – in which Zhou Fuqing tried to procure an office for his son, Lu Xun's father, Zhou Boyi – the family fortunes declined. Zhou Fuqing was arrested and almost beheaded. Meanwhile, a young Zhou Shuren was brought up by an elderly servant Ah Chang, whom he called Chang Ma; one of Lu Xun's favorite childhood books was the Classic of Mountains and Seas.[2]。

His father's chronic illness and eventual death during Lu Xun's adolescence, apparently from tuberculosis, persuaded Zhou to study medicine. Distrusting traditional Chinese medicine, he went abroad to pursue a Westernmedical degree at Sendai Medical Academy (now medical school of Tohoku University) in Sendai, Japan, in 1904.[2]。

Lu Xun in his youth。

Education[edit]。

Lu Xun was educated at Jiangnan Naval Academy (T: 江南水师学堂, S: 江南水师学堂, P: Jiāngnán Shuǐshī Xuétáng, W: Chiang-nan Shui-shih Hsüeh-t'ang) (1898–99), and later transferred to the School of Mines and Railways (T: 矿路学堂, S: 矿路学堂, P: Kuànglù Xuétáng, W: K'uang-lu Hsüeh-t'ang) at Jiangnan Military Academy (T: 江南陆师学堂, S: 江南陆师学堂, P: Jiāngnán Lùshī Xuétáng, W: Chiang-nan Lu-shih Hsüeh-t'ang). It was there Lu Xun had his first contacts with Western learning, especially the sciences; he studied some German and English, reading, amongst some translated books, Huxley's Evolution and Ethics, J. S. Mill's On Liberty, as well as novels like Walter Scott's Ivanhoe and Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin.。

On a Qing government scholarship, Lu Xun left for Japan in 1902. He first attended the Kobun Gakuin (Kobun Institute ZH, JA, Hongwen xueyuan, 弘文学院), a preparatory language school for Chinese students attending Japanese universities. His earliest essays, written in Classical Chinese, date from here. Lu also practised somejujutsu.。

Lu Xun returned home briefly in 1903. At age 22, he complied to an arranged marriage with a local gentry girl, Zhu An (朱安, P: Zhū Ān, W: Chu An). Zhu, illiterate and with bound feet, was handpicked by Lu Xun's mother. Lu Xun possibly never consummated this marriage, although he took care of her material needs all his life.。

Sendai[edit]

Lu Xun left for Sendai Medical Academy in 1904 and gained a minor reputation there as the first foreign student of the college. At the school he struck up a close student-mentor relationship with lecturer Fujino Genkurō (藤野厳九郎); Lu Xun would recall his mentor respectfully and affectionately in an essay "Mr Fujino" in thememoirs in Dawn Blossoms Plucked at Dusk. (Incidentally, Fujino would repay the respect with an obituary essay on Lu Xun's death, in 1937.) However, in March 1906, Lu Xun abruptly terminated his pursuit of the degree and left the college.。

Lu Xun, in his well-known Preface to Nahan (T: 呐喊, S: 呐喊, P: Nàhǎn, W: Na-han, Call to Arms), the first collection of his short stories, tells the story of why he gave up completing his medical education at Sendai. One day after class, one of his Japanese instructors screened a lantern slide documenting the imminentexecution of an alleged Chinese spy by the Japanese army during the Russo-Japanese War (1904–05). Lu Xun was shocked by the complete apathy of the Chinese onlookers; he decided it was more important to cure his compatriots' spiritual ills rather than their physical diseases.。

"At the time, I hadn't seen any of my fellow Chinese in a long time, but one day some of them showed up in a slide. One, with his hands tied behind him, was in the middle of the picture; the others were gathered around him. Physically, they were as strong and healthy as anyone could ask, but their expressions revealed all too clearly that spiritually they were calloused and numb. According to the caption, the Chinese whose hands were bound had been spying on the Japanese military for the Russians. He was about to be decapitated as a 'public example.' The other Chinese gathered around him had come to enjoy the spectacle." (Lyell , pp 23).。

Moving to Tokyo in spring 1906, he came under the influence of scholar and philologist Zhang Taiyan and with his brother Zuoren, also on scholarship, published a translation of some East European and Russian Slavic short stories, including the works of a Polish Nobel laureate, Henryk Sienkiewicz. He spent the next three years in Tokyo writing a series of essays in classical Chinese on the history of science, Chinese and comparative literature, European literature and intellectual history, Chinese society, reform and religion, as well as translating the literature of various countries into Chinese.。

UML疑问,问题很多但是都不难

一、爱丁堡城堡

1、英文

Edinburgh Castle is the symbol of the spirit of Edinburgh and even Scotland. It stands on the top of the extinct volcanic rocks and overlooks the city of Edinburgh.。

Every August, a military band arrangement is held here, which shows the grandeur and grandeur of Edinburgh Castle.。

No one who travels to Edinburgh will miss Edinburgh Castle, which can be seen from all corners of the city centre.。

Edinburgh Castle became a royal castle in the 6th century, and Edinburgh Castle has since become an important royal residence and national administrative center.。

2、翻译

爱丁堡城堡是爱丁堡甚至于苏格兰精神的象征，耸立在死火山岩顶上，居高俯视爱丁堡市区，每年八月在此举办军乐队分列式，更将爱丁堡城堡庄严雄伟的气氛表露无遗。

到爱丁堡旅游的人都不会错过爱丁堡城堡，爱丁堡城堡在市中心各角落都可看到。爱丁堡城堡在6世纪时成为皇室堡垒，爱丁堡城堡自此成为重要皇家住所和国家行政中心。

二、白金汉宫

1、英文

Buckingham Palace is the principal dormitory and office of the British monarch in London.。

Located in Westminster, the palace is one of the venues for national celebrations and royal welcoming ceremonies, as well as an important tourist attraction.。

Buckingham Palace is also an important gathering place at a time of celebration or crisis in British history.。

From 1703 to 1705, Buckingham Palace, a large town hall building, was built here by Buckingham and John Sheffield, Duke of Normanby, which constitutes the main building of today.。

In 1761, George III acquired the mansion and served as a private dormitory.。

Since then, the palace expansion project has lasted for more than 75 years, mainly presided over by architects John Nassy and Edward Broll, which constructed three-sided buildings for the central courtyard.。

In 1837, Queen Victoria ascended the throne and Buckingham Palace became the official palace of the King of England.。

At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the public facade of the palace was built, forming the image of Buckingham Palace that continues today.。

During World War II, the palace chapel was destroyed by a German bomb attack.。

The Queen's Gallery on its site was opened to the public in 1962, displaying the Royal Collection.。

Buckingham Palace is now open to visitors. Every morning, there will be a famous handover ceremony of the guards, which has become a great view of British Royal culture.。

2、翻译

白金汉宫是英国君主位于伦敦的主要寝宫及办公处。宫殿坐落在威斯敏斯特，是国家庆典和王室欢迎礼举行场地之一，也是一处重要的旅游景点。

在英国历史上的欢庆或危机时刻，白金汉宫也是一处重要的集会场所。1703-1705年，白金汉和诺曼比公爵约翰·谢菲尔德在此兴建了一处大型镇厅建筑“白金汉宫”，构成了今天的主体建筑。

1761年，乔治三世获得该府邸，并作为一处私人寝宫。此后宫殿的扩建工程持续超过了75年，主要由建筑师约翰·纳西和爱德华·布罗尔主持，为中央庭院构筑了三侧建筑。

1837年，维多利亚女王登基后，白金汉宫成为英王正式宫寝。19世纪末20世纪初，宫殿公共立面修建，形成延续至今天白金汉宫形象。二战期间，宫殿礼拜堂遭一枚德国炸弹袭击而毁；

在其址上建立的女王画廊于1962年向公众开放，展示皇家收藏品。现在的白金汉宫对外开放参观，每天清晨都会进行著名的禁卫军交接典礼，成为英国王室文化的一大景观。

三、伊丽莎白塔

1、英文

Elizabeth Tower, formerly known as Big Ben, is the Bell Tower of Westminster Palace, one of the world's famous Gothic buildings, the landmark building of London.。

In June 2012, Britain announced the renaming of the Bell Tower of Big Ben, a famous landmark in London, as "Elizabeth Tower".。

The tower of Elizabeth is a bell tower on the Thames River in London, England. It is one of the landmarks of London. The bell tower is 95 meters high, 7 meters in diameter and 13.5 tons in weight.。

Every 15 minutes, the Westminster bell rings. Since the construction of the Jubilee Metro Line, the tower of Elizabeth has been affected. Measurements show that the tower tilts about half a meter northwest.。

The tower of Elizabeth, built on April 10, 1858, is the largest clock in Britain. The tower is 320 feet tall and the minute needle is 14 feet long.。

Elizabeth's tower is artificially wound. During congressional meetings, the clock shines every hour.。

Every year, when the time changes between summer and winter, the clock will stop and repair, exchange parts, and adjust the tone of the clock.。

2、翻译

伊丽莎白塔，旧称大本钟，即威斯敏斯特宫钟塔，世界上著名的哥特式建筑之一，伦敦的标志性建筑。

英国国会会议厅附属的钟楼的大报时钟，2012年6月，英国宣布把伦敦著名地标“大本钟”的钟楼改名为“伊丽莎白塔”。

伊丽莎白塔是坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔的一座钟楼，是伦敦的标志性建筑之一。钟楼高95米，钟直径7米，重13.5吨。

每15分钟响一次，敲响威斯敏斯特钟声。自从兴建地铁Jubilee线之后，伊丽莎白塔受到影响，测量显示伊丽莎白塔朝西北方向倾斜约半米。

伊丽莎白塔于1858年4月10日建成，是英国最大的钟。塔有320英尺高，分针有14英尺长，伊丽莎白塔用人工发条，国会开会期间，钟面会发出光芒，每隔一小时报时一次。

每年的夏季与冬季时间转换时会把钟停止，进行零件的修补、交换、钟的调音等。

四、威斯敏斯特宫

1、英文

Westminster Palace, also known as the House of Parliament, is the seat of the British Parliament.。

Westminster Palace is one of the representative works of Gothic Renaissance Architecture, which was listed as World Cultural Heritage in 1987.。

The building consists of about 1,100 separate rooms, 100 stairs and 4.8 kilometers of corridors.。

Although today's palaces were basically rebuilt in the 19th century, many of the original historical relics, such as the Westminster Hall, are still preserved.。

Today they are used for major public ceremonies, such as pre-funeral displays.。

2、翻译

威斯敏斯特宫，又称议会大厦是英国议会的所在地。威斯敏斯特宫是哥特复兴式建筑的代表作之一，1987年被列为世界文化遗产。

该建筑包括约1,100个独立房间、100座楼梯和4.8公里长的走廊。尽管今天的宫殿基本上由19世纪重修而来，但依然保留了初建时的许多历史遗迹，如威斯敏斯特厅，今天用作重大的公共庆典仪式，如国葬前的陈列等。

五、伦敦眼

1、英文

London Eye, situated on the Thames River in London, UK, is the world's first and largest Ferris wheel for sightseeing up to 2005. It is one of London's landmarks and famous tourist attractions.。

The London Eye is built to celebrate the new millennium, so it is also called the Millennium Ferris Wheel. Passengers can take the London Eye to get a bird's eye view of London.。

The London Eye becomes a huge blue halo at night, which greatly adds to the dreamlike temperament of the Thames River.。

The London Eye also lights up the 2015 British general election, with the red light representing the British Labour Party, the blue representing the Conservative Party.。

the purple representing the British Independent Party, and the Yellow representing the Liberal Democratic Party.。

2、翻译

伦敦眼，坐落在英国伦敦泰晤士河畔，是世界上首座、同时截至2005年最大的观景摩天轮，为伦敦的地标及出名旅游观光点之一。

伦敦眼是为庆祝新千年而建造，因此又称千禧摩天轮。乘客可以乘坐伦敦眼升上半空，鸟瞰伦敦。

伦敦眼在夜间则化成了一个巨大的蓝色光环，大大增添了泰晤士河的梦幻气质。伦敦眼还为2015英国大选亮灯，红灯代表英国工党，蓝色代表保守党，紫色代表英国独立党，黄色代表自由民主党。

参考资料来源：百度百科——爱丁堡城堡。

参考资料来源：百度百科——白金汉宫。

参考资料来源：百度百科——伊丽莎白塔。

参考资料来源：百度百科——威斯敏斯特宫。

参考资料来源：百度百科——伦敦眼。

review-document是什么意思

第一类是用例图,从用户角度描述系统功能,并指出各功能的操作者。

第二类是静态图(Static diagram),包括类图、对象图和包图。

第三类是行为图(Behavior diagram),描述系统的动态模型和组成对象间的交互关系。

第四类是交互图(Interactive diagram),描述对象间的交互关系。

第五类是实现图( Implementation diagram )。

UML图分为结构图和行为图。

结构图是静态的，它包括类图，构件图，对象图，实施图。

⑴类图（class diagram）

类图显示一组类、接口、协作以及它们之间的关系。类图可用于说明系统的静态设计视图。包含主动类的类图可用于说明系统的静态进程视图。

⑵对象图（object diagram）

对象图显示一组对象以及他们之间的关系。对象图是类图中发现的事物的实例的数据结构和静态快照。对象图也可用于说明系统的静态设计视图和静态的进程视图，但它是从现实或原型的方面来透视的（因为是类的实例）。

⑶构件图（component diagram）

构件图显示了一组构件以及他们之间的关系。构件图可用于说明系统的静态实现视图。

⑷实施图（deployment diagram）

实施图显示了一组节点以及他们之间的关系。实施图可用于说明系统的静态实施视图。

行为图是动态的，它包括用例图，状态图，顺序图/协作图，活动图。

⑴用况图（use case diagram）

用况图用于组织系统的行为，描述了一组用况和参与者以及他们之间的关系。用况图用于描述系统的静态用况视图。

⑵顺序图（sequence diagram）和协作图（collaboration diagram）

顺序图和协作图在语义上是等价的，它们可以互相转换。顺序图和协作图又被统称为交互图（interaction diagram）。它们显示了一组对象和由这组对象发送和接收的消息。顺序图强调消息的时间次序，协作图强调发消息的对象的结构组织。

⑶状态图（statechart diagram）和活动图（activity diagram）

状态图和活动图在语义上是等价的，它们可以互相转换。状态图显示了一个由状态、转换、事件和活动组成的状态机，它强调一个对象按事件次序发生的行为，通常状态图用于对接口、类或协作的行为建模。活动图显示了系统从活动到活动的流，它强调对象之间的控制流，通常活动图用于对系统的功能建模。

有些图样，发不上来。我有中文版的UML参考手册，不知道你感不感兴趣，是一本书，是很长，如果你只想知道一点点的话或许会不想看。如果有意向要的话，可以发个邮件：lingleer2@126.com 。

考试并不是就考这一点点的，好好复习一下吧。

用例图 描述用户与系统的交互，体现系统的功能 。

类图 描述系统中的类

顺序图 描述系统功能，强调时间顺序 。

协作图 跟顺序图类似，强调的是结构组织 。

状态图 显示状态、转换、事件和活动 。

活动图 类似流程图，控制流

部署图 硬件方面的部分

构件图 说明构件间的关系

UML = Unified Modeling Language 。

Lenguaje Unificado de Modelamiento 。

Es un lenguaje de modelado visual que se usa para especificar, visualizar, construir y documentar artefactos de un sistema de software. Se usa para entender, diseñar, configurar, mantener y controlar la información sobre los sistemas a construir. 。

UML capta la información sobre la estructura estática y el comportamiento dinámico de un sistema. Un sistema se modela como una colección de objetos discretos que interactúan para realizar un trabajo que finalmente beneficia a un usuario externo. 。

El lenguaje de modelado pretende unificar la experiencia pasada sobre técnicas de modelado e incorporar las mejores prácticas actuales en un acercamiento estándar. 。

UML no es un lenguaje de programación. Las herramientas pueden ofrecer generadores de código de UML para una gran variedad de lenguaje de programación, así como construir modelos por ingeniería inversa a partir de programas existentes. 。

Es un lenguaje de propósito general para el modelado orientado a objetos. UML es también un lenguaje de modelamiento visual que permite una abstracción del sistema y sus componentes. 。

Exist千n diversos métodos y técnicas Orientadas a Objetos, con muchos aspectos en común pero utilizando distintas notaciones, se presentaban inconvenientes para el aprendizaje, aplicación, construcción y uso de herramientas, etc., además de pugnas entre enfoques, lo que genero la creacion del UML como estándar para el modelamiento de sistemas de software principalmente, pero con posibilidades de ser aplicado a todo tipo de proyectos. 。

Objetivos del UML 。

UML es un lenguaje de modelado de propósito general que pueden usar todos los modeladores. No tiene propietario y está basado en el común acuerdo de gran parte de la comunidad informática. 。

UML no pretende ser un método de desarrollo completo. No incluye un proceso de desarrollo paso a paso. UML incluye todos los conceptos que se consideran necesarios para utilizar un proceso moderno iterativo, basado en construir una sólida arquitectura para resolver requisitos dirigidos por casos de uso. 。

Ser tan simple como sea posible pero manteniendo la capacidad de modelar toda la gama de sistemas que se necesita construir. UML necesita ser lo suficientemente expresivo para manejar todos los conceptos que se originan en un sistema moderno, tales como la concurrencia y distribución, así como también los mecanismos de la ingeniería de software, como son la encapsulación y componentes. 。

Debe ser un lenguaje universal, como cualquier lenguaje de propósito general. 。

Imponer un estándar mundial. 。

Arquitectura del UML 。

Arquitectura de cuatro capas, definida a fin de cumplir con la especificación Meta Object Facility del OMG: 。

Meta-metamodelo: define el lenguaje para especificar metamodelos. 。

Metamodelo: define el lenguaje para especificar modelos. 。

Modelo: define el lenguaje para describir un dominio de información. 。

Objetos de usuario: define un dominio de información específico. 。

Áreas conceptuales de UML 。

Los conceptos y modelos de UML pueden agruparse en las siguientes áreas conceptuales: 。

Estructura estática: 。

Cualquier modelo preciso debe primero definir su universo, esto es, los conceptos clave de la aplicación, sus propiedades internas, y las relaciones entre cada una de ellas. Este conjunto de construcciones es la estructura estática. Los conceptos de la aplicación son modelados como clases, cada una de las cuales describe un conjunto de objetos que almacenan información y se comunican para implementar un comportamiento. La información que almacena es modelada como atributos; La estructura estática se expresa con diagramas de clases y puede usarse para generar la mayoría de las declaraciones de estructuras de datos en un programa. 。

Comportamiento dinámico: 。

Hay dos formas de modelar el comportamiento, una es la historia de la vida de un objeto y la forma como interactúa con el resto del mundo y la otra es por los patrones de comunicación de un conjunto de objetos conectados, es decir la forma en que interactúan entre sí. La visión de un objeto aislado es una maquina de estados, muestra la forma en que el objeto responde a los eventos en función de su estado actual. La visión de la interacción de los objetos se representa con los enlaces entre objetos junto con el flujo de mensajes y los enlaces entre ellos. Este punto de vista unifica la estructura de los datos, el control de flujo y el flujo de datos. 。

Construcciones de implementación: 。

Los modelos UML tienen significado para el análisis lógico y para la implementación física. Un componente es una parte física reemplazable de un sistema y es capaz de responder a las peticiones descritas por un conjunto de interfaces. Un nodo es un recurso computacional que define una localización durante la ejecución de un sistema. Puede contener componentes y objetos. 。

Organización del modelo: 。

La información del modelo debe ser dividida en piezas coherentes, para que los equipos puedan trabajar en las diferentes partes de forma concurrente. El conocimiento humano requiere que se organice el contenido del modelo en paquetes de tamaño modesto. Los paquetes son unidades organizativas, jerárquicas y de propósito general de los modelos de UML. Pueden usarse para almacenamiento, control de acceso, gestión de la configuración y construcción de bibliotecas que contengan fragmentos de código reutilizable. 。

Mecanismos de extensión: 。

UML tiene una limitada capacidad de extensión pero que es suficiente para la mayoría de las extensiones que requiere el 裆ia a dia?sin la necesidad de un cambio en el lenguaje básico. Un estereotipo es una nueva clase de elemento de modelado con la misma estructura que un elemento existente pero con restricciones adicionales 。

The Unified Modeling Language (UML) has quickly become the de-facto standard for building Object-Oriented software. This tutorial provides a technical overview of the 13 UML. diagrams supported by Enterprise Architect.UML 2 semantics are explained in detail in the new UML 2.0 tutorial, To become familiar with the concepts of UML we recommend newcomers look at our UML 1.x tutorial which details the basic UML concepts. 。

But first... What is UML? 。

The OMG specification states: 。

"The Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a graphical language for visualizing, 。

specifying, constructing, and documenting the artifacts of a software-intensive system. 。

The UML offers a standard way to write a system's blueprints, including conceptual 。

things such as business processes and system functions as well as concrete things such 。

as programming language statements, database schemas, and reusable software 。

components."

The important point to note here is that UML is a 'language' for specifying and not a method or procedure. The UML is used to define a software system; to detail the artifacts in the system, to document and construct - it is the language that the blueprint is written in. The UML may be used in a variety of ways to support a software development methodology (such as the Rational Unified Process) - but in itself it does not specify that methodology or process. 。

UML defines the notation and semantics for the following domains: 。

- The User Interaction or Use Case Model - describes the boundary and interaction between the system and users. Corresponds in some respects to a requirements model. 。

- The Interaction or Communication Model - describes how objects in the system will interact with each other to get work done. 。

- The State or Dynamic Model - State charts describe the states or conditions that classes assume over time. Activity graphs describe the workflow's the system will implement. 。

- The Logical or Class Model - describes the classes and objects that will make up the system. 。

- The Physical Component Model - describes the software (and sometimes hardware components) that make up the system. 。

- The Physical Deployment Model - describes the physical architecture and the deployment of components on that hardware architecture. 。

The UML also defines extension mechanisms for extending the UML to meet specialized needs (for example Business Process Modeling extensions). 。

Part 2 of this tutorial expands on how you use the UML to define and build actual systems. 。

See also Business Process Modeling (pdf) . 。

If you have any suggestions or comments on the material here, please forward your thoughts to。

review-document。

审查文件

document[英][ˈdɒkjumənt][美][ˈdɑ:kjumənt]。

n.公文; （计算机）文档，证件; 。

vt.记录; 证明; 为…提供证明; 。

第三人称单数：documents过去分词：documented复数：documents现在进行时：documenting过去式：documented。

例句:

1.

Forged document are ones that have been made or altered falsely. 。

伪造的文件是那些被不实的制造或改造的文件。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/documenting-120.html