engraver-20
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
外国古钱币等级
年龄最好在22-38岁，学历高中就行，有2年的技校毕业证，资格证等，紧缺职业有如下:。
Tradespersons and related workers 技工及相关工人 。
Occupation 职业 Points for Skill 。
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Avionics) 飞机维修工程师（航电）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Mechanical) 飞机维修工程师（机械）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineer (Structures) 飞机维修工程师（结构）
Aircraft Maintenance Engineers–Supervisor 飞机维修工程师（主管）
Apparel Cutter 服装裁剪 。
Automotive Electrician 汽车电工 。
Automotive Electricians–Supervisor 汽车电工-主管 。
Baker 面包师
Bakers and Pastry cooks–Supervisor 面点师－管理人员 。
Binder and Finisher 装订工和润饰工 。
Blacksmith 铁匠 。
Boat Builder and Repairer 船只建造与维修 。
Bricklayer 瓦工 。
Bricklayers–Supervisor 瓦工-管理人员 。
Broadcast Transmitter Operator 广播转发器操作员 。
Business Machine Mechanic 商业机械技工 。
Butcher 屠夫
Buttermaker or Cheesemaker 黄油和干酪制作工人。
Cabinetmaker 家具工 。
Cabinetmakers–Supervisor 家具工－管理人员 。
Cable Jointer 电线/电缆接头工 。
Canvas Goods Maker 帆布商品制造者 。
Carpenter 木匠
Carpenter and Joiner 木匠细木工 。
Carpentry and Joinery Tradespersons–Supervisor 木匠细木工业－管理人员 。
Communications Linesperson 通讯接线员 。
Communications Tradespersons–Supervisor 通讯人员－管理人员 。
Confectioner 糖果制造者 。
Cook 厨师
Drainer 下水道工人 。
Dressmaker 裁缝 。
Electrical Powerline Tradesperson 电路技工 。
Electrician (Special Class) 电工(特种) 。
Electricians–Supervisor 电工-管理人员 。
Electrical Distribution Tradespersons–Supervisor 配电工匠－管理人员 。
Electronic and Office Equipment Tradespersons–Supervisor 电子及办公设备工匠-管理人员。
Electronic Equipment Tradesperson 电子设备技工 。
Electronic Instrument Tradesperson (Special Class) 电子仪器行业－（特种）
Electronic Instrument Tradespersons–Supervisor 电子仪器行业－管理人员 。
Electroplater 电镀工 。
Engraver 雕刻师
Farrier 蹄铁匠
Fibrous Plasterer 纤维石膏涂抹工 。
Fibrous Plasterers–Supervisor 纤维石膏涂抹工－管理人员 。
Fitter 钳工
Flat Glass Tradesperson 公寓玻璃从业人员 。
Floor Finisher 地板铺设工 。
Floor Finishers–Supervisor 地板铺设工－管理人员 。
Forging Tradespersons–Supervisor 锻造业－管理人员 。
Furniture Finisher 家具制造工 。
Furniture Upholsterer 家具装饰工 。
Gasfitter 煤气装配工 。
Gem Cutter and Polisher 宝石切割和抛光人员 。
General Clothing Tradesperson 服装从业者 。
General Communications Tradesperson 通讯从业者 。
General Electrician 电工 。
General Electronic Instrument Tradesperson 电子设备人员 。
General Fabrication Engineering Tradesperson 装配工 。
General Fabrication Engineering Tradespersons–Supervisor 装配工－管理级 。
General Gardener 园丁 。
General Mechanical Engineering Tradesperson 机械工程人员 。
General Mechanical Engineering Tradespersons–Supervisor 机械工程人员－管理级 。
General Plumber 水管工 。
Glass Blower 玻璃吹制工 。
Graphic Pre-Press Tradesperson 图形出版社工作者 。
Greenkeeper 高尔夫球场管理人 。
Gunsmith 军械工人 。
Hairdresser 美容师 。
Hairdressers–Supervisor 美容师－管理人员 。
Head Gardener 主管园丁 。
Jeweller 钟表匠
Joiner 工匠
Landscape Gardener 景观园丁 。
Leather Goods Maker 皮革制品制造 。
Lift Mechanic 电梯技工 。
Locksmith 钳工
Meat Tradespersons–Supervisor 肉类从业者－管理人员 。
Mechanical Services and Air-conditioning Plumber 机械设备和空调管道工 。
Medical Grade Shoemaker 鞋匠（和医疗有关）
Metal Casting Tradesperson 金属铸造工作者 。
Metal Casting Tradespersons–Supervisor 金属铸造工作者－管理人员 。
Metal Fabricator (Boilermaker) 金属制作者(锅炉) 。
Metal Finishing Tradespersons–Supervisor 金属抛光工匠-管理人员 。
Metal Fitters and Machinists–Supervisor 金属钳工和机械师－管理人员 。
Metal Machinist (First Class) 金属机械师（一级）
Metal Polisher 金属磨光师 。
Motor Mechanic 电机技师 。
Motor Mechanics–Supervisor 电机技师－管理人员 。
Nursery person 保姆 。
Optical Mechanic 光学机械师 。
Painter and Decorator 油漆工 。
Painters and Decorators–Supervisor 油漆工－管理人员 。
Panel Beater 车身打磨技工 。
Panel Beaters–Supervisor 车身打磨技工－管理人员 。
Pastry cook 糕饼师傅 。
Pattern maker-Grader (Clothing) 模板－分类（服装）
Piano Tuner 钢琴调音师 。
Picture Framer 图画创作者 。
Plumbers–Supervisor 水管工－管理人员 。
Precision Instrument Maker and Repairer 精密仪器制造和修理工 。
Precision Metal Tradespersons–Supervisor 精密金属工匠－管理人员 。
Pressure Welder 压力焊工 。
Printing Machinist 打印机工 。
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanic 冰箱和空调技工 。
Refrigeration and Air-conditioning Mechanics–Supervisor 冰箱和空调技工－管理人员 。
Roof Plumber 房顶管道 。
Roof Slater and Tiler 屋顶盖瓦工 。
Roof Slaters and Tilers–Supervisor 屋顶盖瓦工－管理人员 。
Sail Maker 帆船制造 。
Saw Maker and Repairer 锯制造与维修 。
Screen Printer 屏幕印刷 。
Sheetmetal Worker (First Class) 薄金属工人（一等）
Sheetmetal Tradespersons–Supervisor 薄金属－管理人员 。
Shipwright 造船工人 。
Shoemaker 鞋匠
Signwriter 招牌撰写工 。
Signwriters–Supervisor 招牌撰写工－管理人员 。
Small Offset Printer 小平板印刷工 。
Smallgoods Maker 熟肉制造者 。
Solid Plasterer 固体成型工 。
Solid Plasterers–Supervisor 固体成型工－管理人员 。
Stonemason 石匠 。
Structural Steel and Welding Tradespersons–Supervisor 建筑钢材和焊接工匠-管理人员 。
Tailor 裁缝
Textile， Clothing or Footwear Mechanic 纺织，服装或鞋类技工 。
Toolmaker 精密工具制造者 。
Toolmakers–Supervisor 精密工具制造者－管理人员 。
Tradesperson and Related Workers (nec) 技师和相关工人（未分类）
Tree Surgeon 树木造型 。
Upholsterers and Bedding Tradespersons (nec) 皮套，床罩制造者 。
Vehicle Body Maker 车体制造工 。
Vehicle Body Makers–Supervisor 车体制造工－管理人员 。
Vehicle Painter 汽车油漆工 。
Vehicle Painters–Supervisor 汽车油漆工－管理人员 。
Vehicle Trimmer 汽车翻修工 。
Vehicle Trimmers–Supervisor 汽车翻修工－管理人员 。
Wall and Floor Tiler 墙壁和地板砖瓦工 。
Wall and Floor Tilers and Stonemasons–Supervisor 墙壁和地板砖瓦工，石匠－管理人员 。
Watch and Clock Maker and Repairer 钟表制造和维修 。
Welder (First Class) 焊接工（一级）
Wood Tradespersons (nec) 木工（未分类）
Wood Turner 木材车床工 。
QQ 1011259485
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请帮我解释这个吓了我一跳的怪现象
ME 纪念章 Medals
D.E.C. 试铸币 Die Essay Coins。
C.P. 浮雕精铸币 Cameo Proof。
TO 代币 Tokens
T.S.C. 试打币 Trial Strike Coins。
T 氧化 Toned
CO 钱币 Coins
E.P. 实验币 Experimental piece。
F.P. 霜面精铸币 Frosted Proof。
C.C. 流通币 Circulating coins。
M.T.R. 合面币 Mule Coin with Two Reverses。
S.F. 缎面精铸币 Satin Finishes。
C.C.C. 流通纪念币 Circulating Commemorative Coins。
M.T.O. 合背币 Mule Coin with Two Obverses。
B.U. 普铸币 Brilliant U.N.C.。
C.O.C. 纪念币 Commemorative Coins。
E.C. 变体币 Error Coins。
CL.C. 包覆币 Claded Coins。
B.C. 双金属币 Bimetal Coins。
O.M.S. 异质币 Off-metal Strikes。
PL.C. 镀金属币 Plated Coins。
L.C. 领衔币 Leading Coins。
FA 戏铸币 Fantasy
DE. 面值 Denomination。
P.C. 加厚币 Piefort Coins。
CF.C. 彩色币 Colorful Coins。
M.S. 俱造币厂原铸光泽 Mint State。
PA 样币 Pattern
M.P. 雾状精铸币 Matte Proof。
PR. 镜面精铸 Proof
HO. 雷射币 Hologram。
P.L. 准精铸币 Proof Like。
CM. 戳记 Chopmarks。
agw（actual gold weight） 实际含金量。
amulet 吉祥钱，压胜钱。
an (l'an) [法语]年。
anchor coinage 锚币（指英国在19世纪初期为毛里求斯、西印度群岛等殖民地制造的四 种面值银币，以船锚图像得名）。
asw （actual silver weight）实际含银量。
ana (american numismatic association) 美国钱币协会。
anepigraphic 无字币。
authentication （钱币真伪）鉴定。
bagmark （未流通币的）袋损。
banknote 纸币，钞票。
base metal 普通金属，非贵重金属。
bi-metal (coin) 双金属（币）。
billon 低含量（小于50%）银币。
bit 小分割币，1/8（西班牙）比索。
bid-buy sale 投标售币。
blank 币坯。
bracteate 薄片币。
bullion 金或银锭，纯金币，纯银币。
bullion value （bv） 纯金属原值。
cased set 盒装套币。
cash 文，铜钱。
cast coin 铸币，用浇铸方法制造的硬币。
cfa franc central 中非法郎。
cfa franc west 西非法朗。
chambre de commerce (法国)商业部。
chop (币上的)戳记。
criculation coins 流通（硬）币。
civil war coins 内战时期硬币。
clean, cleaning 清洗。
clipped coin 剪边币。
cob （不规则形状的）银块币（使用于16世纪--18世纪西班牙在美洲的殖民地）。
coin 硬币。
coin album 集币册，币薄。
coin alignment 硬币型正背面（指硬币的正背面铅垂线互成180度，即↑↓型）
coin dealer 钱币商。
coin shop 钱币店。
coinage 1）硬币，钱币（集合名词）；2）造币，硬币制造。
collect, collecting 收集，集藏。
collection 集藏品，收集品（指全部藏品）。
collector 收集者，集藏家。
colonial issues 殖民地钱币。
colonial coins 殖民地硬币。
coloured coins 彩色币。
commemorative coin 纪念币，收藏币。
condition (of coins) (硬币的)品相。
conjoined busts 叠（头）像（币）。
counter 筹码。
counterfeit 伪造，赝币。
countermarked (c/m) 加盖（戳记）的，带复压印记的。
cowrie 贝币。
crown 克朗，克朗型硬币（指直径为33毫米--42毫米，重量为20克--50克的金属币）。
current coins 流通币。
cut 切割，硬币切块。
date 年代。
debasement 贬值，贬值币。
decimal 十进制。
decimal coinage 十进制钱币。
denomination 面值。
design 图案，图像；设计。
diademed 戴冠头像。
die 币模，印模。
double die 重模币。
double-struck 重压币。
ducat 欧洲中世纪贸易金银币。
dump (澳大利亚大孔环币的)币芯。
ecd (east caribbean dollar) 东加勒比元。
ecu (european currency unit) 欧洲货币单位，欧元，埃居。
edge inscription 边文。
edge ornament 边饰。
eic (east india company) 东印度公司。
effigy (币面上的)头像。
ek (edge-knocked) 边缘被磕碰的，磕边的。
electrum 琥珀金（金银自然合金）。
elongated coin 压长币。
emergency coinage 紧急时期钱币。
enamelled coin 珐琅币。
engraver 刻模师。
enlarged size 放大的尺寸。
errors 残错币。
essay (essai [法语])， trial piece 试模币，试制币。
exonomia 广义钱币学，类钱币学。
face 币面。
face value (f.v.) 面值。
fake 伪币，赝币。
fantasy 臆造币
field （币面上图像和文字外的）空白底子。
fineness (贵金属)纯度，成色。
flan 币坯。
fdc (fleur de coin) [法语] 全新未流通币。
foreign coins 外国硬币，外币。
forgery 伪造，造假。
frosting （币面）凝霜。
ghetto coins 犹太人集中区币。
german silver 德国银。
genuine 真品，非为造的。
grade 品级，品相级别。
grading (品相)定级。
gun money 枪币，用废旧枪炮上的金属制作的硬币（特指1689年--1691年英王詹姆斯二世在爱尔兰发行的紧急时期币）。
hammered coins 手工锤制币，打压币。
hard time tokens 1834年--1844年间美国发行的紧急时期分币。
hand-made coins 手工制造币。
hobo nickels (美国30年代流浪改刻5分印第安人头像的)改刻币。
hog money 猪币（特指1616年英国为百慕大群岛发行的几枚币）。
holey dollar （1813年澳大利亚发行的）大孔环币。
homeland issues 本土发行供殖民地使用的硬币。
hub （用以压制工作模的）母模。
imitation 伪造币。
included above. (inc. ab.) 已计入上数。
incuse 阴文。
inflation money 通货膨胀币。
ingot 锭。
inscription (币上的)文字或缩写字。
intrinsic value 钱币上的金属原值。
invest, investment 投资。
issue price 发行价。
jeton, jetton [法语]筹码。
joint coinage (两地)联合发行的钱币。
klippe 方坯币。
kriegsgeld [德语]德国在第一次世界大战期间发行的地方币。
kruggerrand 南非克鲁格尔兰特（金币）。
legal tender 法币，法定货币。
legend (leg.) 硬币上的文字（多指硬币外圈文字）。
leper coins 麻风病隔离区的钱币。
lettered edge 带字的（币）边。
local issues 地方币。
louis d'or (法国)路易金元，金路易。
lustre （硬币上的）光泽。
machine-made coins, machine-struck coins 机制币。
mail-bid sale 信函投标售币。
market value (mkt. val.) 市价。
matte 粗精制币。
maundy money (英国)濯足节币。
maverick 待考币（常指未鉴别的代用币）。
medal 章，纪念章。
medal alignment 型正背面（指硬币的正背面铅垂线相重合，互成0度，即↑↓型）。
medallic issues 纪念章，章币。
milled coins 机制币。
mint 造币厂。
mint set 造币厂发行的未流通套币。
mint mark 造币厂标志、印记。
mintmaster's initials 造币厂厂长姓名首字缩写。
mintage 发行量。
mirror-like surface 镜面。
monetary reform 货币改革，币制改革。
monetary system 币制，货币制度。
monetary unit 货币单位。
monogram 首字缩写，花押。
motto 铭文，箴言。
mule (因正反面模具错用而产生的)骡币。
n.d. (no date) 无年代（币）。
n.c.l.t. (non-circulating legal tender) 未进入流通领域的法币，非流通法币。
nick 边缘磕碰。
non-circulating 不流通的。
notgeld [德语]（德国第一次世界大战中和战后年代的）紧争时期币。
numismatic coins 供收藏用的钱币。
numismatic society 钱币学会。
numismatics 钱币学。
numismatist 钱币学家，钱币研究者。
obv. (obverse) 正面。
off-metal strike (ofs) 非正规金属压制的硬币。
overdate coin 变更原模年代的钱币。
paper money 纸币。
patina 铜锈。
pattern 样（品）币。
pcs（pieces） 枚（硬币单位，此为复数）。
piedfort 加厚币。
plastic holder (装硬币的)小塑料袋。
plain edge 光边。
plaster 石膏模。
plated coin 镀覆硬币。
plugged coin 塞芯币。
porcelain coin 陶瓷币。
precious metal 贵金属。
premium 升水（即价格与面值的差别）。
prestige proof set 豪华版精制套币。
pricelist （币商印制的）售品目录，价格表。
private coin 私铸币。
privy mark (币上的)暗记。
proof 精制（币），抛光（币）。
proof set 精制套（币）。
proof-like 半精制（币），类精制（币）。
provas 样品。
rare 稀缺，珍稀。
rarity 稀缺（度）。
real size 原大，真实大小。
reduced size 缩小的尺寸。
reducing machine 缩刻机。
reeded edge 滚边（币）。
regional issue 地区币。
relief 阳文，凸出的文字或图形。
rev. (reverse) 反面。
relative scarcity 相对稀缺（度）。
rentenmark [德语]德国1923年开始发行的地产抵押马克。
restrike (用原模在以后年代压制的)重制币。
revenue （印花）。
rubbing 拓印，拓片。
sale catalogue 售品目录。
sandwich coins 夹心（金属）币。
scratch 擦痕，划道。
sede vacante 梵蒂冈教皇缺位时发行的硬币，缺位币。
seignorage 制币利润，即原值与面值的差别。
sigeg money 围城（时期发行的紧急）币。
series 系列，（一）组（币）。
serrated 齿边。
set 套。
sovereign 苏弗林（英国金币）。
special selects (品相极好的)精选币。
special uncirculated 精制的未流通币。
specimen 样币；币。
specimen set 样品套币。
state of preservation 品相，保存状态。
sterling 英镑；成色足的。
sycee 银锭，马蹄银。
tael （中国）两。
token 代用币，代价币。
token issues 代用向，代价币。
tone, toning （金属币）氧化，变色。
toughra 花押。
trade coins 贸易币。
transitional issues 过渡时期钱币。
trial strike 试制（币）。
troy weight 金衡量。
truncation (币面人像下的)空白处。
type set （同一类型便不同年代的）套币。
uncirculated 未流通的，没有使用过的。
uniface 单面币。
unique 孤品，独一无二的。
voc 荷属东印度公司（首字缩写）。 （荷兰文为vereenigde oostindische compagnie）
variety （币面设计的）变型。
vis-a-vis coin 面对面的双头像币。
w/,w/o (with, without) 有，无。
wooden nickels 木质代用币（一种游戏币）。
world coins 世界硬币。
yest set 年度套币（造币厂发行的同一年代不同面值的套币，多指未进入流通领域供收藏用的套币）。
大圣杰锅是
英语小故事20词
球状闪电呀！
球状闪电各种各样，根本没有什么威不威力，大不大小之分，不懂得人不要在那瞎否定。
引用Wikipedia关于球状闪电的解释：
球状闪电
维基百科，自由的百科全书
跳转到： 导航, 搜索
球状闪电是一种自然现象，属于闪电的一种。目前对于球状闪电的相关信息少而且多有争论，能归纳的有如下几点，多与降雨有关；
闪电呈球形也有部分接近球形
闪电于空中漂浮，直径由十五至四十厘米不等 。
高温，能把周围树木烤焦
闪光为红色或黄色
存在时间短，不超过15分钟。
球状闪电形成的原因比较复杂。以下是其中一种观点：
有人认为在发生枝状闪电时，由于闪电通道里的空气温度很高，使空气中的水汽分解为氧和氢，在特殊情况下，闪电通道分裂成数块。如是，把闪电通道附近的空气分裂成一团团含氢和氧的气团，形成连珠闪电，待枝状闪电停止以后，球状闪电温度降低，氢和氧重新化合，在化合过程中释放出能量，在释放能量的同时产生了光。有时候这种释放能量的现象是用爆炸的方式表现出来，便产生了球状闪电。
与此同时，也曾经有球状闪电进入室内的报导。
除了球状闪电外，有另外一种常被误会为同类型事物，但其实成因有所不同的自然现象－－圣艾尔摩之火。二者都是经常会在大雨（尤其是雷雨）中发生的自然现象，但不同的是，圣艾尔摩之火是低温的冷光现象，不会破坏周遭事物。
闪电球充满人性？ 多个目击者均指出，闪电球会在空气中慢慢飘浮。并且，它甚有“人性”，会选择从大门或窗户进入屋内，并在走廊中慢慢“踱步”
色彩幻变,威力惊人 由于闪电球附有大量能量，所以其颜色会经常转变，当中包括：浅绿色、浅蓝色、浅黄色、白色和红色。而它的巨大能量，亦曾多次造成破坏。据闻，科学家G. W. Richman也是在研究时，怀疑被闪电球“杀死”！ 墙上轰出大洞1849年，有数名巴黎居民，一起目睹一个红色闪电球，在离地二十呎的半空中飘浮。突然，闪电球竟在瞬间爆开，向四方八面发出闪电，令一间房屋的墙上轰开了一个炮弹般大的洞！
飞机上乱窜 1984年，闪电球在一架苏联客机内，大肆捣乱。它掠过乘客的头顶，飞至机尾，然后竟突然分成两团半月形的闪电，使机舱留下两个大洞！另一次，某商务机舱内亦出现闪电球，当它飘至一名空姐面前时，却在空姐们的尖叫声中，瞬间消失！
除了神出鬼没外，闪电球还能在地上弹起、以“之”字路线行走，以及穿透物件等等。可惜，有关闪电球的资料少之又少，似乎，要打开这个谜团，科学家还需继续艰辛的研究工作。
最传统的理论是认为它是一种旋涡状高温等离子体，由于内部高速旋转造成的离心力与外部大气压力达到平衡，因而维持了较长时间的稳定性。
还有人认为它是高温混合气体之间的化学反应，从而维持了能量的稳定。
还有微波激射-孤立子理论，认为球状闪电是由体积约为若干立方米的大气微波激设所引起的。微波激射所引起的。微波激射相当与能量低的多的激光，在空气体积很大时，微波激射会产生局部电场即孤立子，从而导致看的见的球状闪电。
懂看英文的看更详细的英文版：
Ball lightning
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia。
Jump to: navigation, search。
For other uses, see Ball lightning (disambiguation).。
Ball lightning reportedly takes the form of a short-lived, glowing, floating object often the size and shape of a basketball, but it can also be golf ball sized or smaller. It is sometimes associated with thunderstorms, but unlike lightning flashes arcing between two points, which last a small fraction of a second, ball lightning reportedly lasts many seconds. There have been some reports of production of a similar phenomenon in the laboratory, but some still disagree on whether it is a real phenomenon.。
Contents [hide]。
1 Reports
1.1 Historical and fictional accounts 。
2 Laboratory experiments 。
3 Analysis
4 Esoteric explanations 。
5 Quotations
6 See also
7 Further reading 。
8 References
9 External links 。
[edit]
Reports
Ball lightning discharges were once thought to be extremely rare occurrences, [1] but recent research shows that a few percent of the US population have been witnesses.[citation needed] Surveys have been taken of eyewitness accounts by at least 3000 people.[citation needed]。
Ball lightning is photographed very rarely, and details of witness accounts can vary widely. Many of the properties observed in ball lightning accounts conflict with each other, and it is very possible that several different phenomena are being incorrectly grouped together. It is also possible that some photos are fakes.。
The discharges reportedly appear during thunderstorms, sometimes issuing from a lightning flash, but large numbers of encounters reportedly occur during good weather with no storms within hundreds of miles.。
Ball lightning reportedly tends to float (or hover) in the air and take on a ball-like appearance. Its shape has been described as spherical, ovoid, teardrop, or rod-like with one dimension being much larger than the others. The longest dimension reported is between fifteen and forty centimeters. Many are red to yellow in color, sometimes transparent, and some contain radial filaments or sparks. Other colors, such as blue or white occur as well.。
Sometimes the discharge is described as being attracted to a certain object, and sometimes as moving randomly. After several seconds the discharge reportedly leaves, disperses, is absorbed into something, or, rarely, vanishes in an explosion.。
A 19th Century depiction of ball lightningBall lightning was reported in World War II as "escorting" bombers, flying alongside their wingtips. Pilots of the time referred to the phenomenon as "foo fighters," initially believing that the lights were from enemy planes. Other accounts place ball lightning as appearing over a kitchen stove or wandering down the aisle of an airliner. One report described ball lightning engulfing and following a car, causing the electrical supply to overload and fail.[citation needed]。
[edit]
Historical and fictional accounts。
One of the earliest reported, and most destructive, occurrences is said to have taken place during The Great Thunderstorm at Widecombe-in-the-Moor, Devon, in England, on October 21, 1638. Four people died and around 60 were injured when what appeared to have been ball lightning struck a church.[citation needed]。
Another reference to ball lightning appears in a children's book set in the 1800s by Laura Ingalls Wilder[2]. The books are considered historical fiction, but the author always insisted they were descriptive of actual events in her life. In Wilder's description, three separate balls of lightning appear during a winter blizzard near a cast iron stove in the family's kitchen. They are described as appearing near the stovepipe, then rolling across the floor, only to disappear as the mother chases them with a willow-branch broom.[3]。
Notorious British occultist Aleister Crowley also reported witnessing what he referred to as "globular electricity" during a thunderstorm on Lake Pasquaney in New Hampshire in 1916. As related in his Confessions, he was sheltered in a small cottage when he "noticed, with what I can only describe as calm amazement, that a dazzling globe of electric fire, apparently between six and twelve inches in diameter, was stationary about six inches below and to the right of my right knee. As I looked at it, it exploded with a sharp report quite impossible to confuse with the continuous turmoil of the lightning, thunder and hail, or that of the lashed water and smashed wood which was creating a pandemonium outside the cottage. I felt a very slight shock in the middle of my right hand, which was closer to the globe than any other part of my body."[4]。
A famous anecdote from 1753 depicts ball lightning as having violent potential. Professor Georg Richmann, of Saint Petersburg, Russia created a kite flying apparatus similar to that built by Benjamin Franklin a year earlier. He was attending a meeting of the Academy of Sciences, when he heard thunder. The Professor ran home with his engraver to capture the event for posterity. While the experiment was underway, ball lightning appeared, collided with Richmann's head and killed him, leaving a red spot. His shoes were blown open, parts of his clothes singed, the engraver knocked out; the doorframe of the room was split, and the door itself torn off its hinges.[5][6]。
[edit]
Laboratory experiments。
Many attempts have been made over the years to produce ball lightning in the laboratory, but it is easy to mistake other phenomena for ball lightning. Most prominent among these are glowing spheres produced by high-energy arcs between metal electrodes. Such arcs often expel small droplets of molten metal that are heated to extremely high temperatures. Because of their high heat content, these droplets will continue to glow quite brightly for several seconds after landing on a floor or other surface, and their odd physical characteristics can cause them to roll, still glowing brightly, for some distance after landing. They thus mimic the most common description of ball lightning before cooling down into a small speck of metallic dust. The most familiar instance of these glowing spheres is the "weld spatter" usually seen during arc welding operations. The spheres can also be produced when a switch carrying very large electric currents is operated improperly, or during certain grinding or other machining operations.。
Some laboratory experiments claim to have produced ball lightning, but there is no consensus that the phenomenon reproduced is related to the natural one. The natural occurrences are, by their nature, difficult to document accurately. Consequently, many scientists continue to dispute the existence of ball lightning as a distinct physical phenomenon.[7] In one such occurrence, Singer reports that staff at the Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge apparently saw ball lightning, although Brian Pippard, the Head of Department, was skeptical of its reality.[8]。
In February 2006, scientists at Tel Aviv University claimed to have produced ball lightning in the lab using a microwave drill and ceramic substrate.[9]. More recently (June, 2006) researchers at the Max Planck Institute for Plasma Physics successfully recreated the phenomenon using a relatively simple water tank experiment. The experiment involves two electrodes placed in a small tank of salt water, with one electrode covered by a clay tube. A large current of over 60 amps was then run through the water for 150 milliseconds, vaporizing water inside the clay tube and causing a ball of plasma to appear above the tank for 0.3 seconds. Although the plasma glows brightly it was found to be quite cold, much like a neon tube [10].。
[edit]
Analysis
An early attempt to explain ball lightning was recorded by Nikola Tesla in 1904. [11]。
Difficult features of the lightning include its persistence and its near-neutral buoyancy in air. A popular hypothesis is that ball lightning is a highly ionized plasma contained by self-generated magnetic fields: a plasmoid.[citation needed] This hypothesis is not initially credible. If the gas is highly ionized, and if it is near thermodynamic equilibrium, then it must be very hot. Since it must be in pressure equilibrium with the surrounding air, it will be much lighter and hence float up rapidly. Magnetic fields, if present, might provide the plasmoid's coherence, but will not reduce this buoyancy. In addition a hot plasma cannot persist for long, because of recombination and heat conduction.。
There may, however, be some novel form of plasma for which the above arguments do not fully apply. For example, a plasma may be composed of negative and positive ions, rather than electrons and positive ions. In that case, the recombination may be rather slow even at ambient temperature. One such theory involves positively charged hydrogen and negatively charged nitrites (NO2–) and nitrates (NO3–). In this theory, the role of the ions as seeds for the condensation of water droplets is important.[citation needed]。
Some researchers suggest that ball lightning has a more diverse range of properties than previously thought (e.g. Singer, 1971). Japanese investigators (e.g. Ofuruton et al) report that Japanese ball lightning can occur in fine weather and be unconnected with lightning. The diameter is said to be typically 20-30 cm but sometimes even larger up to a few meters. Ball lightning can split and recombine and can exhibit large mechanical energy like carving trenches (e.g. Fitzgerald 1978) and holes into the ground. Ball lightning is also said to have an odd motion such as looping and the appearance of bouncing along the ground. Other suggestions include:。
that ball lightning may represent the missing science of burning natural vortices. This theory by Coleman was published in Weather and in the 2006 Journal of Scientific Exploration 20,2,215-238. 。
that some stored chemical energy is slowly being released. see Abrahamson, J. and J. Dinniss (2000). Ball lightning caused by oxidation of nanoparticle networks from normal lightning strikes on soil. Nature 403:519-521. 。
that ball lightning is some form of induction phenomenon (electromagnetic knot), ball lightning having allegedly been witnessed inside metal aircraft.[3] 。
that the lightning is a Hill's vortex, like a smoke ring.[12] 。
that it is an optical illusion similar to the aftereffect of a photographer's flash directed into a person's eyes.[13][citation needed] 。
There is also a theory that poltergeists and human combustions might be subdivisions of ball lightning phenomena http://www.newscientist.com/article.ns?id=dn1720 。
[edit]
Esoteric explanations。
This article or section does not cite its references or sources.。
You can help Wikipedia by introducing appropriate citations.。
Ball lighting has been connected to reports of several supernatural phenomena, ranging from will o' the wisps to UFOs. Some people believe the ball lightning phenomena are ghosts or spirits. References can be seen in the will o' the wisp and other spirits that take the guise of orbs of light. Some UFO skeptics have suggested that many apparent close encounters are actually observations of ball lightning. UFO enthusiasts report seeing ball lightning often at crop circle sites and believe them to be some kind of intelligence or come from some kind of intelligence while not denying that it is indeed ball lightning.。
Another exotic explanation that has been offered for ball lightning is that it is the passage of microscopic primordial black holes through the Earth's atmosphere. No such tiny black holes have ever been positively detected, and it is uncertain whether they would have the physical properties described by ball lightning if they did in fact exist and in great enough quantity to account for ball lightning reports. This explanation also would not account for their alleged co-occurrence with electrical storms.。
Among the ancients of Japanese mythology, there is a myth that ball lightning is the wrath of the thunder god, Raijin from Japanese mythology。
[edit]
Quotations
"...Our conclusion is that these fireballs are primarily RF in origin, and not nuclear phenomena..." - Corum 。
"...No theory of ball lightning exists which can account for both the degree of mobility that the ball exhibits and for the fact that it does not rise...." - Talbot 。
[edit]
See also
St. Elmo's Fire 。
Naga fireballs 。
Hessdalen light 。
Spooklight
Will o' the wisp 。
Kiril Chukanov 。
Foo fighter
[edit]
Further reading。
Barry, James Dale (1980). Ball Lightning and Bead Lightning. New York: Plenum Press. 。
Cade, Cecil Maxwell; Delphine Davis (1969). The Taming of the Thunderbolts. New York: Abelard-Schuman Limited. 。
Coleman, Peter F. (2004). Great Balls of Fire—A Unified Theory of Ball Lightning, UFOs, Tunguska and other Anomalous Lights. Christchurch, NZ: Fireshine Press. 。
Golde, R. H. (1977). Lightning. Bristol: John Wright and Sons Limited. 。
Golde, R. H. (1977). Lightning Volume 1 Physics of Lightning. Academic Press. 。
Singer, Stanley (1971). The Nature of Ball Lightning. New York: Plenum Press. 。
Stenhoff, Mark (1999). Ball Lightning, An Unsolved Problem in Atmospheric Physics. New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. 。
Uman, Martin A. (1984). Lightning. Dover Publications. 。
Viemeister, Peter E. (1972). The Lightning Book. Cambridge: MIT Press. 。
[edit]
References
^ "At one time BL was thought to be extremely rare, but this was because most BL eyewitnesses feared ridicule and wouldn't come forward. In reality, five percent of the population has seen BL close up." [1] 。
^ Wilder, Laura Ingalls (1937). On the Banks of Plum Creek. Harper Trophy. 。
^ a b Getline, Meryl, "Playing with (St. Elmo's) fire", USA Today, 2005-10-17. 。
^ Crowley, Aleister (1989-12-05). “Chp. 83”, The Confessions of Aleister Crowley: An Autobiography. Penguin. ISBN 0140191895. 。
^ Clarke, Ronald W. (1983). Benjamin Franklin, A Biography. Random House, 87. 。
^ "Frenchman Thomas Francois D'Alibard used a 50-foot long vertical rod to draw down the "electric fluid" of the lightning in Paris on May 10, 1752. One week later, M. Delor repeated the experiment in Paris, followed in July by an Englishman, John Canton. But one unfortunate physicist did not fare so well. Georg Wilhelm Reichmann attempted to reproduce the experiment, according to Franklin's instructions, standing inside a room. A glowing ball of charge traveled down the string, jumped to his forehead and killed him instantly.[2] 。
^ Singer, Stanley (2002). "Ball lightning: the scientific effort". Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London v360: 5-9. 。
^ Pippard, A. B. (1982). "Ball of Fire?". Nature v298: 702. 。
^ "Great balls of lightning", Physics Web, 2006-02-09. 。
^ Max Planck Institute, Berlin, 7 June 2006 。
^ Tesla, Nikola (1904-03-05). "The Transmission of Electrical Energy Without Wires". Electrical World and Engineer. 。
^ "Ball lightning explained", Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 2002-04-04. 。
^ This suggestion would tend to account for the reports of "ball lightning" persisting for various lengths of time, and of appearing to float within a room or other dwelling, etc. The commonly shared modern experience of such flashes directly related to flash-photographs, and present-day research of optical perception and neuro-opthalmology, provides yet another possiblity to add to the many hypotheses that have historically been proposed. 。
想要更直观和深入的了解，看刘慈欣写的《球状闪电》。
小韩在追星
Premiere插件有哪些？
20词的小故事很难写的，20词表达不出意思，给你几个例子，仅供参考（第九最少）
一：鹏程万里
A Roc's flight of ten thousand li-A bright future。
In the Chinese classic 《Chuangtze》, there is a legend like this: 。
Once upon a time, a gigantic fish named Kun lived in the northern sea. No one knew how large it actually was. This fish could change itself into the enormous bird called Peng (roc), measuring thousands of kilometers in length. When the bird was spreading its wings, it looked like huge clouds in the sky. It could, in one stretch, fly from the northern sea to the southern sea on the other side of the globe and soaring up to 90000 li (45000 kilometers) in the heaven.。
the bird can surely fly over a long distance without stop. Now people use this idiom to with others have a long career or a bright future.。
鹏程万里
在《庄子》一书中有这样一个故事：
很久很久以前，北海里住着一条巨大的鱼，名字叫鲲 （K%n）。没有人知道它到底有多大。这条鱼能够变成鹏（P0ng），一种庞大的鸟，有几百万米长。鹏鸟展开翅膀就像天空里的一大片云。它能一口气从北海飞到地球另一边的南海。当它展翅高飞的时候，它可以冲上90000哩（45000公里）的高空。
毫无疑问，这种鸟一次能飞过很长的距离。人们用鹏程万里这个成语来祝愿别人事业顺利，前途光明。
二：投鼠忌器
Do not burn you house to get rid of a mouse。
there is a story in "Hanshu" telling of a rich man, who being a lover of s and had a large collection. Among them was a rare vase made of jade. The vase of exquisite workmanship and of historical value and he loved it dearly. One night he noticed a mouse passing near the precious vase. The mouse jumped into the vase and was trying to eat some food which the man had carelessly left there. The sigh infuriated the man and in a fit of rage he threw a stone at the mouse. For sure, the mouse was killed, but the precious vase was broken also. The loss of the vase pained the man GREatly and he deeply regretted his own thoughtlessness, which bought him this unrecoverable loss. He now realized that any one, who cares for the present and overlooks consequences is apt to bring disasters upon himself. So he exclaimed to warn people by saying do not burn you house to get rid of a mouse.。
投鼠忌器
《汉书》中有这么个故事：有个富人，很喜欢古董并收藏了很多。其中有一件稀有的玉盂，工艺精湛，具有很高的历史价值，深受这个富人的喜爱。一天晚上，一只老鼠跳进了这个玉盂，想去吃里边的一些剩菜，正巧被这个富人看到了。他非常恼火，盛怒之下，他拿了块石头砸向老鼠。当然，老鼠是被砸死了，可是那个珍贵的玉盂也被打破了。这件事使富人非常难过，他深深后悔自己的鲁莽带来的不可挽回的损失。他认识到只考虑眼前，而忽视后果，将给自己带来灾难。他向世人发出警告，不要为了除掉一只老鼠而烧毁自己的房子。
三：滥竽充数
Be there just to make up the number。
During the Warring States Period (475-221BC), the King of the State of Qi was very fond of listening to yu ensembles. He often got together 300 yu players to form a grand music. The king treated his musician very well. A man named Nanguo heard about that and he managed to become a member of the band, even though he wan not good at playing the instrument at all. Whenever the band played for the king, Nanguo just stood in the line and pretended to play. Nobody realized he was making no sound at all. As a result, he enjoyed his treatment just as the other musician did. When the king died, his son became the new ruler who also liked the music played on the yu. However, he preferred solos so that he ordered the musicians to play the yu one by one. Therefore, Nanguo had to run out of the palace.。
the idiom "Be there just to make up the number" is used to mock someone who passes for a specialist. You can also hear people saying it about themselves to show their modesty.。
滥竽充数
战国时，齐宣王喜欢听竽，通常是三百人的大合奏。因为他给予乐师非常优厚的待遇，所以一个叫南郭的人尽管并不擅长吹竽，也设法混进乐队。当乐队演奏时，他就站在队伍里假装也在吹。没有人注意到其实他连一点声音也没吹出来，所以南郭也享受到和其他乐师一样的待遇。宣王死后，他的儿子继承了王位。他也喜欢听竽，可是他喜欢听独奏，让乐师一个个吹给他听，于是南郭不得不逃跑了。
"滥竽充数"这个成语用来嘲笑那些没有真正才干，混在行家里的人。 人们有时也用"滥竽充数"来表示自谦。
四：李代桃僵
The plum tree sacrifices itself for the peach tree-Sacrifice oneself for another person 。
This idiom comes from a old folk song. the last two stanzas go like this:。
One family has five brothers, all serving to a minister as attendants. Every five days, they go back home for a reunion, decorating their horses and garments with shining gold. They vie with each other for ostentation and extravagance, attracting crowds of onlookers along the road.。
Now there is a peach tree by a well, and a plum tree next to it. When worms come to gnaw at the root of the peach tree, the plum tree invites them to gnaw at its own root. Finally, the plum dies, ossified.。
Even trees know how to sacrifice for other trees, why can't brothers do the same?。
李代桃僵
这个成语来自于一首古老的民歌。 歌曲的最后两段说的是：
一户人家有兄弟五人，都在一个大官的家中做仆人。每隔五天，他们会回家团聚一次。他们用金子装饰马匹和衣服，吸引了许多路人来看。五人互不相让，相互比较谁的排场大。
如今一口井边有一棵桃树，桃树旁是一棵李树。有虫子来咬桃树的根，李树便让虫子来咬自己的根。最终，李树变得僵硬，枯死了。
连树都知道为了别的树牺牲自己，为什么兄弟之间反而做不到呢？
五：入木三分
To have an image of bamboo in one's mind。
Wang Xi-zhi is one of the most famous calligraphers during the Eastern Jin Dynasty of China. When he was very young, he practiced his art every day and never stopped. 。
Later he absorbed the strong points of all the other schools of calligraphy, and developed his own unique style of writing. Because of his achievements, he has been honored as one of China's sages of calligraphy.One time, Wang Xi-zhi sketched in wood for an engraver to cut. Then the engraver found the ink had penetrated one centimeter into the wood.。
"Ru Mu San Fen" is got from this story, which means the calligraphy is penetrating.。
Now it is often used to describe expressing sharp ideas or profound views.。
入木三分
王羲之是中国东晋时代一个很有名的书法家，他从小就刻苦练字，从不间断，以后又吸取了各个不同书法派的优点，形成他自己独特的个性。因为他在书法上的成就，人们都尊称他为中国书法界的“圣人”。
有一次，王羲之在木板上刻字，后来刻字的人发现墨汁渗入木板有三尺深。
“入木三分”就是从这个故事中得出来的，用来形容书法有力，现在多用来比喻分析问题很深刻。
六：曾子杀彘
zengzi's wife was going to the market. Her little son insisted on going with her， making a tearful scene. “Stay at home，” she said to the boy. “When I come back， I will slaughter a pig for you.” When she came back， Zengzi got ready to slaughter the pig. His wife stopped him， saying： “I was just kidding.” “A child is not to be kidded like that！” he replied. “A child does not know much and cannot judge for himself. He learns from his parents and listens to what they day. To lie to him is to teach him to lie to others. If a mother lies to her son， he will not trust her anymore. How is she then to educate him？” With that Zengzi went to slaughter the pig and prepare a good meal for their son.。
曾子的妻子到集市上去， 他的儿子哭着要跟去。 他的母亲说： “你回家呆着，待会儿我回来杀猪给你吃。” 她刚从集市上回来， 曾子就要捉猪去杀。 妻子劝止他说： “只不过是跟孩子开玩笑罢了。” 曾子说： “不能跟孩子开玩笑啊！ 小孩子没有思考和判断能力， 要向父母亲学习， 听从父母的教导。 现在你欺骗他，这是教孩子骗人啊！ 母亲欺骗儿子， 儿子就不再相信自己的母亲了， 这不是实现教育的方法。” 于是曾子就杀猪煮肉给孩子吃。
七：买椟还珠
Getting the casket and returning the pearl。
A man from the state of Chu wanted to sell a precious pearl in the state of Zheng. He made a casket for the pearl out of the wood from a magnolia tree, which he fumigated with spices. He studded the casket with pearls and jade, ornamented it with red gems and decorated it with kingfisher feathers. A man of the state of Zheng bought the casket and gave him back the pearl.。
Too luxuriant decoration usually supersedes what really counts. This man from Chu certainly knew how to sell a casket but he was no good at selling his pearl. And the man of Zheng didn't know which is really valuable.。
(《Hanfeizi》)
买椟还珠
有个楚国人想在郑国出售一颗珍贵的珍珠。他用木兰为珍珠作了个匣子，用香料把匣子熏香，还用珠，玉，红宝石来加以装饰，并插上了翠鸟的羽毛。一个郑国人买走了这个匣子，却把珍珠还给了他。
过于华丽的装饰往往会喧宾夺主。那个楚国人知道如何卖掉匣子，却不擅长出售珍珠。至于买匣子的郑国人，他根本不懂什么才是真正有价值的。
八：专心致志
Single- hearted devotion。
Yi Qiu was known as the most famous expert at chess throughout the land. Once he gave lessons on chess to two men. One of them was completely absorbed in his teaching, listening attentively to Yi Qiu while the other, who seemed to be listening, had his mind on something else. In fact, he was having a fancy that a swan was flying towards him and he had in his hands a bow and an arrow, ready to shoot. As a result, though he was having the same lesson together with the first man, yet he turned out a much inferior pupil.。
If one does not give single-hearted devotion to it, no skills will be learned.。
Mencius
专心致志
奕秋是全国最有名的棋手。有一次，他教两个人下棋。一个认真的听课，完全沉浸于其中。 另一个尽管看上去也在听课，其实在想其他的事情。他幻想有只天鹅正朝他飞来，而他拿着弓和箭准备把它射下来。所以，虽然他和另一个人上的是同样的课，他学得可差多了。 不专心致志的学习，什么技能都学不会。
九：
战国时代，赵国的大臣蔺相如出使到秦国。在他向秦王索回玉璧的时候，秦王蛮不讲理，蔺相如气愤得连头发都竖了起来，向上冲着帽子。
In the Warring States Period， Lin Xiangru， chief min-ister of the State of Zhao， was sent as an envoy to the State of Qin to ask the ruler of Qin to return a fine piece of jade to Zhao. But the ruler of Qin was rude and unreasonable. Lin was angry， and his hair stood up so stiffly on his head that it lifted up his hat.。
后来人们用“怒发冲冠”这个成语形容人愤怒到了极点。
This idiom came to be used to mean being extremely angry.。
小韩在追星
我个人把PR的插件分为四类
(1)转场的插件：比如好莱坞,spice master。
(2)特效插件：比如FE，Panopticum公司的插件系列，一些为AE开发并能用在PR中的基本也属于这一类。
(3)字幕插件：比如TitleExpress，TM，小灰熊卡拉OK，小精灵字幕等。
(4)扩展功能插件：比如videoserver,CCE,CanonpusProcder等。
这个分类是个人为了方便管理而分的，所以不是很严格。比如有的插件在安装后会为PR同时添加转场和特效。
下面我把自己用过的插件，并且觉得非常好的插件作一简单介绍。
(1)视频特效:
Final Effects是MetaTools公司开发的Premiere的插件。MetaTools公司在图像界久享盛誉，著名的PhotoShop滤镜--- KPT就是该公司的旗舰产品。如果你的Final Effects版本较低，不能直接支持Premiere的话，那你在它安装好之后，把Plugins目录下的prm文件拷贝到Premiere的Plug -ins目录下,再将几个文件DELSLLISU、FE RESOURCES.DLL、COMMON.DLL拷贝到Premiere目录就可以了。
eyecandy据说也不错。用过Photoshop外挂滤镜的可能都知道这个，但它的PR版本似乎不是很好用，本人没用过。它有单独的AE版本，放到PR中更好用。
(2)转场
Hollywood FX可以脱离Premiere单独运行，如果把它的prm文件拷贝到Premiere的Plug-ins目录下，就可以在Premiere里直接调用。目前新版本为Hollywood FX PRO v5.2，支持PR PRO。
Spice Master可以为Premiere增加300多个精彩的转场特技。目前电视台用的大型非线性编辑设备，如大洋DY3000等用的特技转换都是从该软件移 植的！该插件可以自定义转场,方法是用photoshop做出有渐变特效的灰度图片（模式是灰度，8位通道）,大小一般是320*240，存为TIF格 式,可以添加到Spice Master的转场库中。也可以去下载现成的转场库。效果真的很好。(3)字幕插件。
最著名的是title motion，但D版不是很好安装。功能强大，效果丰富，专业级字幕软件。TM4.2对中文的支持需要修改inscribe.ini文件。
TM最新版本为TM5.0pro，支持PR PRO，但是对中文的支持不好，网上可以找到中文支持补丁。
以前有人用title deko，新版本的PR（6.0以后）已经集成了这个了，所以可以不装了。不过原软件对中文字体支持较好，汉字字体能正确显示，不象PR显示汉字字体还要进行修改。
如果你喜欢自己做点卡拉OK，那么小灰熊卡拉OK是个不错的选择，有专门的PR插件，再找现成的字幕，就可以导入PR了，试试把自己的视频做成卡拉OK吧。
著名的卡丽来也有字幕系统（这个不算PR的插件，不过讲到字幕了，在这也说说怎么在PR中使用它），但不能在PR中直接使用。不过只要把卡丽来的背景照片 做成纯蓝或纯绿的，只用一张图设置字幕输出歌曲就行了，（要注意字幕的色彩不要和背景相同）把生成的AVI作为PR的素材导入进去后抠像，OK，可以借卡 丽来的歌词做自己的卡拉OK了。
（4）扩展功能插件
这类插件最主要的就是让PR直接输出MPEG文件的插件，比如CCE，bbmpegencoder，CanonpusProcder等。建议对PR6.5 以前的版本使用小日本加videoserver输出的方法，PR PRO使用CanonpusProcder。
关于输出mpeg的插件我会单独发贴讲解，对插件进行比较。
扩展功能类插件还有一些可以引入其他格式文件的插件，比如让PR直接支持SWF格式的flash动画的插件：SWF2Video plugin等。
“原创：Premiere插件综述”来源与网络，版权归作者所有，勿用商业用途！插件滤镜类。
1.BORIS Red1.0/1.5/2.0 BORIS公司出品，制作专业广告.MTV.电视新闻必可少。
2.Boris-g BORIS FX的又一简化版本，特技多且新！
3.SpiceMaster 1.21"视频调味品",内置800多种模糊转场划像效果,使影视制作创意无限!。
4.3D Vortex 可以为Premiere增加30多种精彩的三维转场效果.。
5.HollyWoodFX4.5最新版本,含10余类200多种眩目的影视特效,电视台最常用视频插件！
6.HollyWoodFX3.11/3.13/4.03/4.1 HFX的不同时期版本.。
7.CLUB HFX4.0、4.03 为"好莱坞"软件增加11组47个具有生活情趣的精彩三维转场效果.。
8.3D eff 安装后Premiere增加几个精彩的三维转场效果和滤镜. 。
9.Final Effects AP 汉化版 汉化的FE更好用，可创造爆炸.下雨.下雪.星光.气泡效果。
10.Add Effects基于全射线跟踪的3D渲染引擎，具有良好的透明度，反射和抗锯齿性能。
11.SoftXplode Premiere重要大型插件之一。
12.illusion2 能产生很COOL的、精彩的粒子光线效果。
13.Ravers Premiere转场插件之一。
14.Sfx 安装后在premiere中可增加54个转场效果。
15.Ultimatte 2.0 Premiere滤镜插件之一，可以实现极佳的抠像效果。
16.VIDEOFINESSE1.03/2.02 一个很好的Adobe Premiere Plugin 插件。完全版本。
18.Mokey1.0 最好的运动抠像插件。
19.DigiEffects AgedFilm 1.03 一个很好用的Premiere插件。
20.FilmFX 2.09/2.25 好用的插件，可以做出多种转场。
21.PAN FIRE 2.0 可以产生各种火的特效！
22.PAN LENS Pro 可以产生各种光的特效！
23.PAN TOOLS FOR PR 工具插件，使Premiere使用更方便！
24.PREMIERE滤镜特技 可以为Premiere增加65个滤镜效果。
25.PREMIERE转场特技 可以为Premiere增加5个转场效果。
26.Ambience Extractor v1.3a Premiere的声音滤镜插件。
27.Avisynt
28.Font Creator Program v3.0.2 。
29.FREEDOM FX 30.HarrysTFplugs for PRM。
31.Intergraph VizFx plugin v1.0。
32.Panhandler Surround Sound 声音滤镜插件，制作声音特效。
33.Panopticum Engraver v1.0。
34.Panopticum Lens 2 for premiere 可以产生各种光的特效,最新版本。
35.Panopticum Rich Typing v1.3 。
36.pipeline provtr v6.1。
37.Pipeline v4.7.1。
38.Premiere 6 CE interface 。
39.Premiere Tools'' The Consolidator 1.1。
40.stagetools Moving Picture v1.0.09 。
41.Video Stabilizer v2.5 。
42.Vixen Video Enhancer v1.4.4 。
〓AVI-MPEG类插件
1.Panasonic Plug for Premiere安装后premiere能直接输出VCD格式的mpeg1文件，文件可大于2G。
2.TMPGEnc 12 plug for premiere 安装后premiere可以直接输出VCD格式的mpeg1文件。
3.XingEncoder plug for premiere最常用vcd格式压缩软件,速度快品质好,还可压mp3.。
4.LsxMPEG for Premiere 能在Premiere中直接生成MPEG1,MPEG2和SVCD格式.。
5.cinemacraft_sp250 能在Premiere中直接生成MPEG1,MPEG2和SVCD格式.。