madeiraisland

portugal madeira是什么意思

马德拉国际机场，1964年7月18日开通运营，以前曾被称为圣卡塔琳娜州机场（Santa Catarina Airport），是位于葡萄牙马德拉丰沙尔（Funchal，Madeira，Portugal）的一个国际机场。机场承担马德拉岛（Island of Madeira）的国内和国际空中交通。是世界上最危险的机场之一。当地时间2016年7月22日，马德拉市长宣布马德拉国际机场即将被命名为：克里斯蒂亚诺·罗纳尔多国际机场（Cristiano Ronaldo International Airport）。

马德拉机场（非正式称为丰沙尔机场，以前被称为圣卡塔琳娜州机场）位于葡萄牙马德拉岛上的丰沙尔。机场管制国家和国际空中交通属于马德拉岛所有。马德拉机场在1964年7月18日运营至今，有两个1600米跑道。

马德拉国际机场曾一度以臭名昭著的短跑道，并且机场周围是高山和海洋，即使经验最丰富的飞行员，也使这个机场成为最棘手着陆的机场。原来的跑道只有1600米长，但9年后被延长了200米。葡萄牙航空公司的425航班事件在1977年发生。机场于2000年重建，几乎增加了一倍规模的跑道，直接在海洋上建设出来，而不是使用垃圾填埋场，扩大是建立在一系列的180立柱，每个高约70米。这个机场也因为其跑道的独特被认为是欧洲的经典。

马德拉国际机场的桥梁跑道

飞机从马德拉国际机场的桥梁跑道上起飞。

马德拉是一座小岛，距离葡萄牙海岸较远。对这座岛屿的发展来说，具备起落商业飞机的能力至关重要。马德拉国际机场最初的跑道长度只有大约5000英尺(约合1524米)，即使对经验最为丰富的飞行员也构成巨大威胁，同时也限制了当地的进口和旅游业发展。

独特之处

通过建造一座大型高架桥，工程师得以让跑道长度超过9000英尺(约合2743米)。高架桥位于大约200个支柱之上，长度超过3000英尺(约合914米)，宽度超过590英尺(约合180米)，桥身结构非常坚固，足以承受波音747以及类似喷气式客机的重量。2004年，国际桥梁与结构工程协会向这个扩建项目授予杰出结构奖。他们给出的评价是，无论是设计还是建造均考虑了环境因素同时又不失美感。

建筑设施

马德拉国际机场于1964年7月18日建成启用时共有两条1600米跑道。机场周围是高山和海洋，曾一度因其较短的跑道而声名狼藉，即使是经验最丰富的飞行员，在此着陆也非常困难。原来的跑道只有1600米长，葡萄牙泰普航空公司（TAP Air Portugal）1977年的425航班事件8年后延长了200米，随后于2000年重建，延伸到海面上的跑道几乎增加了一倍。取代传统的填海造地方法，扩建的机场跑道是建在180根高约70米的一系列立柱上。

马德拉国际机场跑道因其独特的建设方法也被认为是欧洲的启德（Kai Tak of Europe）。虽然跑道扩建至9000英尺长(约2743米)，但通往05号跑道的路仍然让飞行员毛骨悚然。他们必须面向群山飞行，并在最后一分钟右转进入跑道。

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急急急！求一篇英语文章，关于旅游业对环境的影响。（满意追加高分）

portugal madeira。

葡萄牙马德拉

双语对照

词典结果：

网络释义

1. 葡属马德拉群岛

例句:

1.

Portugal is expected to announce three days of national mourning following the floodsthat have hit madeira island, killing 42 people. 。

马德拉群岛遭洪水袭击，致使42人死亡，葡萄牙将要宣布为期三天的全国哀悼日。

有没有世界上最著名的品酒大师或者是酿酒大师所著的呃有关葡萄酒的书？

加分哦嘻嘻～

Considered as smokeless industry, tourism nowadays becomes the leading industry in the tertiary industry with the relative abundant of material and the corresponding development of people’s living standard. However, when Fairytale Jiuzhai Valley suffers from the premature decay of its karst lake, when Huangshan Mountain are spread all over by litters, when zhouzhuang becomes the typical negative example of over tourism development leading to constructive destruction, we have to think twice about the affect tourism exerting on environment.。

First of all, tourism, as an immeasurable model to bring profits, is of significance to the environment. On an island such as Madeira, tourism is, to quote the European Union's European Employment Service, “the regional economy's principal motor and greatest source of revenue”, even beyond its hotels. Without the tourists, Madeira's wine and embroidery industries would suffer, as would the island's 2,000 wicker weavers (it is tourists who mostly buy their work). This in turn would affect the landscape – another of the island's attractions – for there would be no industry left to steward the willows and eucalyptus, neither of which are indigenous and which would begin to encroach and in time destroy the Laurissilva forest that has been there more than 10,000 years. Thus, we are informed that the money tourism gains are of great help to environment preservation.。

Crucial continuing is the point that improper tourism would be the hazard to the environment. Excessive tourism would not only cause the air pollution, water pollution and solid waste which jeopardize local residents and tourists, but also result in an inappropriate use of local flora and fauna resources, leading to the ecological structural imbalance. Not to mention the disturbance to the local living environment and the imperilment to the tourism environment including Cultural Relics and Historic Sites recourses. According to the statistics, there are already 44% of our tourism zones are encountered with the garbage pollution, 12% are struggling against water pollution, noise pollution occurs in 11%, air pollution are invading 3%.。

Taking all this factors into consideration, tourism can be a good model for nature conservation and economic development if it is managed with the well-being of local ecosystems and human communities in a moderate way. Bring financial sources to local nature conservation, tourism can be a supporter but foe to the environment.。

濒危动物英文简介

关于葡萄酒入门，想必听到最多的建议就是要舍得花钱，要多参加品酒会，多喝才好。可是，小时候我们都是先学习拼音，再学造句的，没有扎实的基础知识，敢问光从口感上又能明白多少呢？

今天我们来盘点几本最入门、最易懂、最实用的葡萄酒书籍。

基础入门 - 小白也会有春天

《Hugh Johnson's Pocket Wine Book》

初学者的口袋宝典

作者：Hugh Johnson。

《葡萄酒随身宝典》（Hugh

Johnson's Pocket Wine 。

Book）每年更新一次，出版了近40年，仍然是每位葡萄爱好者必备的饮酒指南。葡萄酒大师休·约翰逊指导读者如何在专卖店和在餐厅用餐时选酒，哪些酒该先放入酒窖储藏，并提供世界各地酒款、酒庄、产区的最新资讯；并介绍大家认识葡萄品种、各地特色酒款，以及美酒与佳肴如何搭配的秘诀。全书以字典形式编成，在占主要篇幅的各地葡萄酒介绍中，同地区的各酒庄是按庄名的首字母排序，查询方便，但体积小巧，可以放在兜中随时携带，是一本极为难得与详尽的口袋宝典。

《神之水滴》

看漫画学酒，妈妈再也不用担心我的学习。

作者：亚树直

绘画：冲本秀

尽管《神之水滴》只是一部漫画，但她对世界葡萄酒消费的影响都是有目共睹的。抛开书中的信息是否专业准确不谈，作者对葡萄酒的描写却是创造了全新的葡萄酒文学，不是美国式的单调评分，也非欧式的行业术语，日式的细腻的文字突破常规，却更加传神地表达了葡萄酒的口感，“我轻轻地感到晕眩，恋上这微微湿润的感觉”、“充分感受到上天恩泽大地的力量，从长眠中苏醒过来”、“像燃烧的恋情般热情的甜味，然后带点儿失恋的微苦”、“喝下去的瞬间，印象竟突然改变了。就像是背对着自己的少女转过头来”。后来的效仿者不计其数。

直至现在《神之水滴》出现酒款、“十二使徒之一”都是商家的卖酒利器。

《恋酒事典》

喝酒也可以很言情

作者：Bernard Pivot。

里昂长大的伯纳德·皮沃（Bernard Pivot）老先生，家里拥有一小块葡萄园，也自酿薄若莱葡萄酒。《恋酒事典》（ Dictionnaire。

amoureux du

Vin）以字典形式编排，由A到Z收录了108个与酒相关的词条，有自传性质的、关于阅读的、关于酿酒的记忆、关于饮食、还有小酒馆、葡萄酒业的众生相、产区、城堡酒庄、酒桶、酒瓶、酒标、品酒、盲品、品酒师、开瓶器、试酒碟、软木塞味、葡萄酒战争、伊斯兰与葡萄酒、性与葡萄酒等等。从时间初始到世界末日，葡萄酒都与人类的冒险、文明、艺术有着密不可分的关系。“葡萄酒，不该等闲视之。”皮沃如是说。

《葡萄酒全书》

小白们的华丽蜕变读物

作者：林裕森

本书共分为两大篇，第一篇属于葡萄酒入门知识，从历史、品种、保存、年份、品尝、搭配等，第二篇则进一步介绍全球重要的葡萄酒产区，包括历史、地理环境、品种、制度、酿造法、葡萄酒特色等各个环节。

没有学过哲学的侍酒师不是好的作家。林裕森毕业于台湾东海大学哲学系，后就读于法国葡萄酒大学侍酒师专业和巴黎第十大学葡萄酒经济与管理研究所，还著有《开瓶》等十几本葡萄酒专著。

学霸工具书 - 买几本又当枕头又能镇宅。

《The World Atlas of Wine》

葡萄酒界的“十万个为什么”

作者：Hugh Johnson；Jancis Robinson。

《世界葡萄酒地图》（The World Atlas of Wine）是一本辐射人群非常广泛的读物，从刚刚爱上葡萄酒的基础爱好者，到学习葡萄酒的专业“脑残粉”都会将其当做工具书。

从“地图”两个字就可以猜到来这本书是在“看图说话”，第七版中拥有215张无与伦比的地图，通过介绍不同产区的气候、土壤、地形、法规等来讲解葡萄和葡萄酒。在学习葡萄酒的路上，记住地图不仅可以更加系统的了解一个产区，相对于硬背干巴巴的文字，图片也是更好记忆一些。

《Sales and Service for the Wine Professional》

侍酒师人手一本

作者：Brian K. Julyan MS。

作者Brian K. Julyan。

MS作为侍酒师大师理事会的主席和首席执行官，而这本《葡萄酒的营销与服务》（Sales and Service for the Wine 。

Professional）也成为了考取侍酒师文凭CMS的必读书目。和大部分葡萄酒书籍不同，该书除了介绍葡萄酒的基础知识（国家、品种、风格、品鉴方式等）以外，更加偏重葡萄酒在餐饮行业服务和销售环节的应用，除葡萄酒外还对烈酒、鸡尾酒、啤酒都有所介绍，是对侍酒师、酒店经理、餐饮部门主管都极具价值的资料。

《Perfect Pairings》

侍酒师的“武学秘笈”

作者：Evan Goldstein MS。

葡萄酒配餐或餐配葡萄酒似乎是西方饮食文化（现在早已不仅限于西餐）中最受关注的话题，人们总是不厌其烦的探讨如何将他们完美糅合到一起。侍酒师大师Evan。

Goldstein的独家秘笈《完美搭配》（Perfect 。

Pairings），根据不同的葡萄品种为主线详解餐酒搭配，包括品种，风土和风格介绍，以及每个葡萄品种命中注定的良配和那些可以避免的相生相恶。可以说是集吃货，酒饕和书虫于一身的葡萄酒爱好者的案头常客。

《Wine Grapes》

“真”学霸之选

作者：Jancis Robinson MW。

葡萄酒是葡萄品种和风土的结合体。世界上目前有超过一万多种的葡萄品种，然而只有1368种用于酿酒。想知道他们的祖先来自哪里，生命中跟谁嫁接交织过，孕育出的后代是谁，现在何处种植，如何生长，所酿之酒是何特征？我想，哪怕你有再多关于葡萄品种的奇葩问题，答案也逃不出这本书的如来佛掌。是给学霸性书虫的终极推荐。

《The Oxford Companion to Wine》

压箱底的传家之宝

作者：Jancis Robinson MW。

史无前例最全面的《牛津葡萄酒字典》《The Oxford Companion to Wine》，WSET四级必读的教科书，但能整本读完却寥寥无几。如果让专业葡萄酒人一生只用一本葡萄酒书、或者最读不下去的一本书，想必这本书一定得票第一。

大到天文史事，小到细菌病毒，只要和葡萄酒有关事无巨细无不涉及，里面没有生动的故事，全部是专业的名词解释，满满的一整本“硬货”。其学术性和权威性至今无可匹敌，是葡萄酒大师Jancis。

Robinson的传奇著作，更是她辉煌成功之路的里程碑。绝对是葡萄酒爱好者压箱底的传家之宝。

历史风云 - 以史为鉴，可以知兴替。

《The Billionaire’s vinegar》

酒书中的“福尔摩斯”

作者：Benjamin Wallace。

1985年一瓶标有Th.

J.（Thomas

Jefferson）署名的1787年拉菲古堡葡萄酒在伦敦克里斯蒂拍卖行以天价卖给了杂志《福布斯》的少当家Christopher 。

Forbes（据说他老爸听到这个消息后被气的吐血）。拍卖行声称该酒是在巴黎的一个地窖中发现的，前拥有者是美国前总统托马斯·杰弗逊。随后关于该酒的真实性很快引起了轩然大波，涉及多位葡萄酒业的知名人士和收藏家，比如著名葡萄酒专家Michael。

Brodbent。20年后杂志记者出身的葡萄酒爱好者Benjamin 。

Wallace辗转多国追查此事，最后著成此书。由于各种原因这本书在英国被列为禁书。被称为自《希特勒的日记》之后最悬疑惊险的纪实体小说，爱小说也爱葡萄酒的你读过了吗？

《The Story of Wine》

酒书中的“资治通鉴”

作者：Hugh Johnson。

龚自珍曾言“欲知大道，必先知史”。葡萄酒中从它众说纷纭的起源（波斯？格鲁吉亚？），经历老普林尼时期的庞贝火山喷发，酒神节的兴旺，葡萄根瘤蚜虫的毁灭性侵害，直到今日日渐成熟的市场消费，它跟随人类发展的脚步具体经历了什么？这是一部关于葡萄酒的史诗巨著，自出世就被很多葡萄酒收藏家争相纳入囊中。尽管是“量产型”葡萄酒作家休·约翰逊的作品，但其优雅的英伦范儿文字，让人仍有忍不住读下去的欲望，这绝对是一本不可错过葡萄酒书籍。

《Wine and War》

美酒万千都做了土

作者：Kladstrup夫妇

美国作家Kladstrup夫妇撰写的《葡萄酒与战争》（Wine and War）一书中，讲述了二战时纳粹在法国掠夺葡萄酒珍藏的一段历史。为写此书他们走遍法国，去重现了那些无人所知的酿酒人故事。

法国人们为了保护葡萄酒免于落入纳粹的手中，如何藏匿家族的酒窖，如何将名庄标签换到一般葡萄酒酒瓶上。同时德国人从普通士兵到希特勒都想将法国的美酒据为己有。

但随后的日子里，那些葡萄酒产区人们如何与纳粹抗争，他们将犹太人和盟军的士兵藏到葡萄园和酒窖里面，用橡木桶运输士兵等等，

用战争的角度去写葡萄酒，用葡萄酒的角度去回顾战争。

产区探秘 - 弱水三千，只取一瓢。

《Inside Burgundy》

勃艮第控的必备神器

作者：小猫 Morris MW。

一本厚达656页的超级勃艮第百科全书，涉及上千个葡萄园，450位生产者，从闻名遐迩的特级园到不为外人所知的晦涩葡萄田，内容的广度和深度无可挑剔。作者小猫。

Morris是1985年的葡萄酒大师，研究勃艮第长达30多年，现任英国著名酒商Berry Bros& 。

Rudd的采购总监。该书组织构架严谨务实，知识传达性明确，无多余文艺性描写。

《Madeira, The Island Vineyard》

酒书中的“明朝那些事儿”

作者：Noêl Cossart。

葡萄酒是西方历史文化发展中不可或缺的一部分，同时也是一个时代繁荣和衰落的缩影。马德拉是一个从欧洲去往美洲和印度的必经岛屿，从16世纪起就开始种植葡萄，与岛屿同名的马德拉酒被许多葡萄酒爱好者称为“不死之酒”。作者Noêl。

Cossart 从马德拉酒的角度讲述了这个大西洋上最与世隔绝葡萄园岛屿的繁荣与衰落。自1984年初版以来，多次出现‘断货’情况，这本书同时也是葡萄酒大师和勃艮第专家Clive。

Coats强烈推荐的酒书。

《Barolo to Valpolicella: The Wines of Northern Italy》

即将失传的葵花宝典

作者：Nicolas Belfrage MW。

该书是WSET四级指定读物，由葡萄酒大师Nicolas。

Belfrage历经数载撰著而成。书中倾注了他渊源深厚的葡萄酒知识和对于意大利北部这片神奇土地的非凡理解。如果你习惯了Robert 。

Parker式的评分体系和年份表，那么这本书绝对不是你的菜，甚至有人吐槽它的的语言太过‘神秘色彩’，但这绝对是我读过内容最详细也最有深度的意大利葡萄酒读物,该书的姐妹系列----Brunello。

to Zibibbo: The Wines of Tuscany, Central and 。

SouthernItaly(2001)延续了作者的一贯风格。在一个追求物以稀为贵的年代，这本即将绝版的经典酒书绝对值得收藏。

《World Encyclopedia of Champagne & Sparkling Wine》

香槟书中的战斗机

作者：Tom Stevenson。

香槟评论界泰斗Tom

Stevenson的经典大作，也是关于各国起泡酒（香槟）的首部详细文献，历年来获奖诸多。正如香槟是葡萄酒中血统高贵的优雅公主，这本香槟书设计时尚精致，配有600多张彩色图片，酒标和地图，随着目前不少酒庄纷纷加入换标大潮，这些图片的收藏价值会随着时间的沉淀愈显珍贵。

最后的话

阿根廷作家博尔赫斯曾说过：“上天给了我浩瀚的书海，和一双看不见的眼睛，即便如此，我依然暗暗设想，天堂应该是图书馆的模样。”

无论你是初学者，还是资深专业人士，无论你是酒商、还是爱好者，只要你打开了一本葡萄酒书籍，那么你便走进了酒神的殿堂。

濒危动物 Endangered species。

An endangered species is a population of an organism (usually a taxonomic species), which because it is either (a) few in number or (b) threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters, is at risk of becoming extinct. Many countries have laws offering special protection to these species or their habitats: for example, forbidding hunting, restricting land development or creating preserves. Only a few of the many endangered species actually make it to the lists and obtain legal protection. Many more species become extinct, or potentially will become extinct, without gaining public notice.。

The greatest factor of concern is the rate at which species are becoming extinct within the last 150 years. While species have evolved and become extinct on a regular basis for the last several hundred million years, the number of species becoming extinct since the Industrial Revolution has no precedent in biological history. If this rate of extinction continues, or accelerates as now seems to be the case, the number of species becoming extinct in the next decade could number in the millions[1]. While most people readily relate to endangerment of large mammals or birdlife, some of the greatest ecological issues are the threats to stability of whole ecosystems if key species vanish at any level of the food chain.。

Species extinction is the ultimate concern, but there are four different reasons to have for concern with this outcome:。

Loss of a species as a biological entity; 。

destabilization of an ecosystem; 。

endangerment of other species; 。

loss of irreplaceable genetic material and associated biochemicals. 。

The loss of a species in and of itself is an important factor, both as diminution of the enjoyment of nature and as a moral issue for those who believe humans are stewards of the natural environment. Destabilization is a well understood outcome, when an element of food or predation is removed from an ecosystem. Examples abound that other species are in turn affected, such that population increases or declines are forthcoming in these secondary species. Marked change or an unstable spiral can ensue, until other species are lost and the ecosystem structure is changed markedly and irreversibly.。

The fourth outcome is more subtle, but perhaps the most important point for mankind to grasp. Each species carries unique genetic material in its DNA and in its chemical factory responding to these genetic instructions. For example, in the valleys of central China, a fernlike weed called sweet wormwood grows, that is the only source of artemisinin, a drug that is nearly 100 percent effective against malaria (Jonietz, 2006). If this plant were lost to extinction, then the ability to control malaria, even today a potent killer, would diminish. There are countless other examples of chemicals unique to a certain species, whose only source is the species, whose genetic factory makes that given substance. How many further chemicals have not yet been discovered and could vanish from the planet when further species become extinct cannot be determined, but it is a highly debated and influential point.。

Though extinction can be a natural effect of the process of natural selection, the current extinction crisis is not related to that process. At the present, the Earth has fallen from a peak of biodiversity[1] and Earth is undergoing the Holocene mass extinction period.[2] These periods have occurred before without human intervention; however the current extinction period is unique. Previous periods were triggered by physical causes, such as meteorite collision and volcanic eruption, all leading to climate change. The current extinction period is being caused by humans and began approximately 100,000 years ago with the diaspora of humans to different parts the world. By entering new ecosystems which had never before experienced the human presence, humans disrupted the ecological balance by hunting and also possibly bringing disease. From this time up to approximately 10,000 years ago is known as "phase one" of the sixth extinction period.。

Phase two of the period began approximately 10,000 years ago with the birth of agriculture. With the birth of agriculture, humans did not have to rely on interaction with other species for survival and so could begin to domesticate them, and they also did not have to adhere to the limitations of the ecosystem's carrying capacity. Thus, humans became the first species able to live outside local ecosystems. As Niles Eldridge says "Indeed, to develop agriculture is essentially to declare war on ecosystems - converting land to produce one or two food crops, with all other native plant species all now classified as unwanted "weeds" -- and all but a few domesticated species of animals now considered as pests."[3] With the ability to live outside of a local ecosystem, humans have been free to breech the "carrying-capacity" of areas and overpopulate, putting ever more stress on the environment with destructive activities necessary for more population growth. Today, those activities include tropical deforestation, coral loss, other habitat destruction, overexploitation of species, introduction of alien species into ecosystems and pollution (such as soil contamination and greenhouse gases).。

[edit] Conservation status。

The conservation status of a species is an indicator of the likelihood of that endangered species continuing to survive. Many factors are taken into account when assessing the conservation status of a species; not simply the number remaining, but the overall increase or decrease in the population over time, breeding success rates, known threats, and so on. In many areas this is referred to as a red-listed species. Internationally, 189 countries have signed an accord agreeing to create Biodiversity Action Plans to protect endangered and other threatened species. In the USA this plan is usually called a species Recovery Plan.。

The best-known worldwide conservation status listing is the IUCN Red List, but many more specialized lists exist. The following conservation status categories are used in articles in this encyclopedia. They are loosely based on the IUCN categories.。

Extinct: the last remaining member of the species had died, or is presumed beyond reasonable doubt to have died. Examples: Thylacine, Dodo, Passenger Pigeon. 。

Extinct in the wild: captive individuals survive, but there is no free-living, natural population. Examples: Dromedary. 。

Critical or critically endangered: faces an extremely high risk of extinction in the immediate future. Examples: Ivory-billed Woodpecker, Arakan Forest Turtle 。

Endangered: faces a very high risk of extinction in the near future. Examples: Blue Whale, Snow Leopard, Kings holly 。

Vulnerable: faces a high risk of extinction in the medium-term. Examples: Cheetah, Bactrian Camel 。

Secure or lower risk: no immediate threat to the survival of the species. Examples: Norway Rat, Nootka Cypress, Llama 。

The following lists are examples of endangered species. It is important to stress that the following lists are a miniscule fraction of the total endangered species. It is also worth noting that the number of species becoming extinct each year is many times as large as the number of species classified as endangered; this fact arises from the extensive and slow review process for listing new species as endangered. It also arises from the voluminous number of yearly extinctions, often for species about which little documentation exists. Note that because of varying standards for regarding a species as endangered, and the very large number of endangered species, these lists should not be regarded as comprehensive. neha。

[edit] Endangered mammals。

The endangered Island FoxThe following list is a very small fraction of known endangered mammals:。

Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus) 。

Aye-aye (Daubentonia madagascariensis) 。

Banteng (Bos javanicus) 。

Bighorn Sheep (Ovis canadensis) 。

Black Rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) 。

Black-footed Ferret (Mustela nigripes) 。

Black-tailed Prairie Dog (Cynomys ludovicianus) 。

Blue Whale (Balaenoptera musculus) 。

Bonobo (Pan paniscus) 。

Bornean Orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) 。

Bowhead Whale (Balaena mysticetus) 。

Brazilian Sloth (Bradypus torquatus) 。

Burrowing Bettong (Bettongia lesueur nova) 。

Common Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) 。

Chinese River Dolphin (Lipotes vexillifer) and other river dolphins 。

Diademed Sifaka (Propithecus diadema) 。

Eastern Gorilla (Gorilla beringei) 。

The endangered Sea OtterFin Whale (Balaenoptera physalus) 。

Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis) 。

Fossa (Cryptoprocta ferox) 。

Gelada (Theropithecus gelada) 。

Giant golden-crowned flying fox (Acerodon jubatus) 。

Giant otter (Pteronura brasiliensis) 。

Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) 。

Giant Pangolin (Manis gigantea) 。

Giant Sable Antelope (Hippotragus niger varani) 。

Golden Lion Tamarin (Leontopithecus rosalia) 。

Gray Bat (Myotis grisescens) 。

Hawaiian Monk Seal (Monachus schauinslandi) 。

Humpback Whale (Megaptera novaeangliae) 。

Iberian Lynx (Lynx pardinus) 。

Indian Pangolin (Manis crassicaudata) 。

Indri (Indri indri) 。

Island Fox (Urocyon littoralis) 。

Javan Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros sondaicus) 。

Humpback WhaleKey Deer (Odocoileus virginianus clavium) 。

Kouprey (Bos sauveli) 。

Leopard (Panthera pardus) 。

Mahogany Glider (Petaurus gracilis) 。

Mountain Pygmy Possum (Burramys parvus) 。

Northern Hairy-nosed Wombat (Lasiorhinus krefftii) 。

Numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus) 。

Ocelot (Leopardus pardalis) 。

Père David's Deer (Elaphurus davidianus) 。

Proboscis Monkey (Nasalis larvatus) 。

Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens) 。

Red Wolf (Canis rufus) 。

American bison skull heap. There were as few as 750 bison in 1890 from overhunting.Savannah Elephant (Loxodonta africana) 。

Sea Otter (Enhydra lutris) 。

Sei Whale (Balaenoptera borealis) 。

Snow Leopard (Uncia uncia) 。

Steller's Sea Lion (Eumetopias jubatus) 。

Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii) 。

Sumatran Rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) 。

Temminck's Pangolin (Manis temminckii) 。

Tibetan Antelope (Pantholops hodgsonii) 。

Tiger (Panthera tigris) 。

Timber Wolf (Canis lupus) 。

Vaquita (Phocoena sinus) 。

Western Gorilla (Gorilla gorilla) 。

West Indian Manatee (Trichechus manatus) 。

Wolverine (Gulo gulo) 。

[edit] Endangered birds。

Immature California CondorAlaotra Grebe (Tachybaptus rufolavatus) 。

Andean Condor (Vultur gryphus) 。

Amami Thrush (Zoothera major) 。

Amsterdam Albatross (Diomedea amsterdamensis) 。

Attwater's prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido attwateri) 。

Bali Starling (Leucospar rothschildi) 。

Black-capped Petrel (Pterodroma hasitata) 。

Bornean Peacock Pheasant (Polyplectron schleiermacheri) 。

Brazilian Merganser (Mergus octosetaceus) 。

California Clapper Rail (Rallus longirostris obsoletus) 。

California Least Tern (Sterna antillarum browni) 。

California Condor (Gymnogyps californianus) 。

Chatham Albatross (Thalassarche eremita) 。

Chinese Crested Tern (Sterna bernsteinii) 。

Christmas Island Frigatebird (Fregata andrewsi) 。

Cozumel Thrasher (Toxostoma guttatum) 。

Crested Ibis (Nipponia nippon) 。

Eskimo Curlew (Numenius borealis) 。

Giant Ibis (Thaumatibis gigantea) 。

Glaucous Macaw (Anodorhynchus glaucus) 。

Guam Rail (Gallirallus owstoni) 。

Gurney's Pitta (Pitta gurneyi) 。

Hawaiian Crow (Corvus hawaiiensis) 。

Hawaiian Goose or Néné (Branta sandvicensis) 。

Imperial Woodpecker (Campephilus imperialis) 。

Indian White-rumped Vulture (Gyps bengalensis) 。

Ivory-billed Woodpecker (Campephilus principalis) 。

Jerdon's Courser (Rhinoptilus bitorquatus) 。

Junin Flightless Grebe (Podiceps taczanowskii) 。

Kagu (Rhynochetos jubatus) 。

Kakapo (Strigops habroptilus) 。

Kittlitz's Murrelet (Brachyramphus brevirostris) 。

Kiwi (Apteryx australis, A. hastii, A. owenii) 。

Laysan Duck (Anas laysanensis) 。

Lear's Macaw (Anodorhynchus leari) 。

Long-billed Vulture (Gyps indicus) 。

Magdalena Tinamou (Crypturellus saltuarius) 。

Magenta Petrel (Pterodroma magentae) 。

Maleo (Macrocephalon maleo) 。

Mauritius Fody (Foudia rubra) 。

Mauritius Parakeet (Psittacula eques) 。

Mindoro Bleeding-heart (Gallicolumba platenae) 。

New Zealand Storm-petrel (Oceanites maorianus) 。

Night Parrot (Geopsittacus occidentalis) 。

Northern Bald Ibis (Geronticus eremita) 。

Okinawa Woodpecker (Sapheopipo noguchii) 。

Orange-bellied Parrot (Neophema chrysogaster) 。

Philippine Eagle (Pithecophaga jefferyi) 。

Po'ouli (Melamprosops phaeosoma) 。

Puerto Rican Parrot (Amazona vittata) 。

Raso Skylark (Alauda razae) 。

Red-cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides borealis) 。

Red-vented Cockatoo (Cacatua haematuropygia) 。

Ridgway's Hawk (Buteo ridgwayi) 。

São Tomé Grosbeak (Neospiza concolor) 。

Siberian Crane (Grus leucogeranus) 。

Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris) 。

Socorro Mockingbird (Mimodes graysoni) 。

Sociable Lapwing (Vanellus gregarius) 。

Spix's Macaw (Cyanopsitta spixii) 。

Sumatran Ground Cuckoo (Carpococcyx viridis) 。

Takahe (Porphyrio hochstetteri) 。

West Indian Whistling Duck (Dendrocygna arborea) 。

White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala) 。

White-shouldered Ibis (Pseudibis davisoni) 。

Whooping Crane (Grus americana) 。

Writhed-billed Hornbill (Aceros waldeni) 。

Yellow-crested Cockatoo (Cacatua sulphurea) 。

Zino's Petrel (Pterodroma madeira) 。

[edit] Endangered reptiles。

Loggerhead Sea TurtleAntigua Ground Lizard (Ameiva griswoldi) 。

Antigua Racer Snake (Alsophis antiguae) 。

Blunt-nosed Leopard Lizard (Gambelia silus) 。

Burmese Star Tortoise (Geochelone platynota) 。

Californian Walking Bird (Augusto squamish) 。

Coachella Valley Fringe-toed Lizard (Uma inornata) 。

Cuban Crocodile (Crocodylus rhombifer) 。

Flat Back Turtle (Natator depressa) 。

Grand Skink (Oligosoma grande) 。

Green Sea Turtle (Chelonia mydas) 。

Hawksbill Turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata) 。

Island Night Lizard (Xantusia riversiana) 。

Kemp's Ridley (Lepidochelys kempii) 。

Komodo Dragon (Varanus komodoensis) 。

Leatherback Sea Turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) 。

Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta) 。

Mesoamerican River Turtle (Dermatemys mawii) 。

Mona Ground Iguana (Cyclura stejnegeri) 。

Monito Gecko (Sphaerodactylus micropithecus) 。

Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) 。

Otago Skink (Oligosoma otagense) 。

San Francisco garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis tetrataenia) 。

Smith's Dwarf Chameleon (Bradypodion taeniabronchum) 。

St. Croix Ground Lizard (Ameiva polops) 。

[edit] Endangered amphibians。

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (photo courtesy of Don Roberson)Arroyo toad (Bufo californicus (=microscaphus)) 。

Australian Lace-lid (Nyctimystes dayi) 。

Barton Springs Salamander (Eurycea sosorum) 。

Baw Baw Frog (Philoria frosti) 。

California Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma californiense) 。

Desert Slender Salamander (Batrachoseps aridus) 。

Fleischmann's Glass Frog (Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni) 。

Houston toad (Bufo houstonensis) 。

Italian Spade-footed Toad (Pelobates fuscus insubricus) 。

Mississippi Gopher Frog (Rana capito sevosa) 。

Mountain Yellow-legged Frog (Rana muscosa) 。

Palmate Newt (Triturus helvetica) 。

Santa Cruz Long-toed Salamander (Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum) 。

Shenandoah Salamander (Plethodon shenandoah) 。

Sonoran Tiger Salamander (Ambystoma tigrinum stebbinsi) 。

Spotted Tree Frog (Litoria Spenceri) 。

Texas Blind Salamander (Eurycea rathbuni) 。

Wallum Sedge Frog (Litoria olongburensis) 。

Wyoming Toad ( Bufo baxteri (=hemiophrys)) 。

[edit] Endangered fish。

An Asian arowanaAsian arowana (Scleropages formosus) 。

Bonytail (Gila elegans) 。

Chinese paddlefish (Psephurus gladius) 。

Coelacanth (Coelacanthiformes) 。

Colorado pikeminnow (Ptychocheilus lucius) 。

Cui-ui (Chasmistes cujus) 。

Dwarf Pygmy Goby (Pandaka pygmae) 。

Gambusia eurystoma, native to Mexico, due to very limited habitat 。

Humpback chub (Gila cypha) 。

June sucker (Chasmistes liorus) 。

Moapa dace (Moapa coriacea) 。

Nassau grouper (Epinephelus striatus) 。

Virgin River chub (Gila seminuda) 。

[edit] Endangered arthropods。

Alabama cave shrimp (Palaemonias alabamae) 。

Delhi Sands flower-loving fly (Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis), due to severely limited range of habitat and development 。

Kentucky cave shrimp (Palaemonias ganteri) 。

San Bruno elfin butterfly (Incisalia mossii bayensis), due to limited range of habitat and development encroachment 。

Spruce-fir moss spider (Microhexura montivaga) 。

Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish (Astacopsis gouldi) 。

Tooth cave spider (Neoleptoneta myopica) 。

White-clawed crayfish (Austropotamobius pallipes)。

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