noncompetitive-100

公共品的三个特征具体内容用专业英语怎么说？（即不可分割性、非排他性、非竞争性），要专业的

non-competitive_百度翻译。

non-competitive 。

英['nɒnkəmp'etətɪv] 美['nɒnkəmp'etətɪv] 。

[词典] 不具竞争性;

Noncompetitive Bidding

公共品的三个特征：非竞争性（non-competitive）、非排他性（non-excludability）、不可分割性（inseparability）

非竞争性（non-competitive）

非竞争性有两方面含义：(1)边际成本为零。这里所述的边际成本是指增加一个消费者对供给者带来的边际成本，例如增加一个电视观众并不会导致发射成本的增加。(2)边际拥挤成本为零。每个消费者的消费都不影响其他消费者的消费数量和质量。如国防、外交、立法、司法和政府的公安、环保、工商行政管理以及从事行政管理的各部门所提供的公共产品都是属于这一类，不会因该时期增加或减少了一些人口享受而变化。此类产品增加消费者不会减少任何一个消费者的消费量，增加消费者不增加该产品的成本耗费。它在消费上没有竞争性，属于利益共享的产品。

非排他性（non-excludability）

非排他性是指某些产品投入消费领域，任何人都不能独占专用，而且要想将其他人排斥在该产品的消费之外，不允许他享受该产品的利益，是不可能的，所有者如果一定要这样办，则要付出高昂的费用，因而是不合算的，所以不能阻止任何人享受这类产品。例如：环境保护中，清除了空气、噪音等污染，为人们带来了享受新鲜空气和安静环境，如果要排斥这一区域的某人享受新鲜空气和安静的环境是不可能的，在技术上讲具有非排他性。

不可分割性（inseparability）

纯公共产品具有非分割性，它的消费是在保持其完整性的前提下，由众多的消费者共同享用的。如交通警察给人们带来的安全利益是不可分割的。可见，具有非竞争性、非排他性而且不能分割的纯公共产品具有公共消费的性质，即在消费这类产品时，消费者只能共享，消费者也可以不受影响的共享，而不能排斥任何人享用。管理以及从事行政管理的各部门所提供的公共产品都是属于这一类。纯公共产品不仅包括物质产品，同时还包括各种公共服务。所以有时把公共产品与劳务联在一起来看，除可供公共消费的物质产品外，政府为市场提供的服务包括政府的行政和事业方面的服务也是公共产品，这就是说，广义的公共产品既包括物质方面的公共产品，又包括精神方面的公共产品。

急用，有的就加+100分了!!找《东盟与印度全面经济合作框架协议》(2003)的中文版 ！

Noncompetitive Bidding——非竞争性投标。

In a Treasury auction, bidding for a specific amount of securities at the price, whatever it may turn out to be, equal to the average price of the accepted competitive bids.。

美国财政部接受的国债投标方式分两种：竞争性投标和非竞争性投标。竞争性投标就是投标者以竞价的方式进行投标，这与我国目前承销团成员投标方式类似；非竞争性投标则是投标者在投标时只报欲购买国债的数量，不规定投标利率，并接受竞争性投标者决定的最终利率。

悬赏100分！！！求哪位达人谁给小弟翻译成英文，要准点的，软件翻译的我鄙视它！

Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation Between the Republic of India and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations。

印度共和国和东南亚国家联盟全面经济合作关系框架协议。

PREAMBLE 序言

WE , the Heads of State/Government of Brunei Darussalam, the Kingdom of Cambodia (Cambodia), the Republic of Indonesia (Indonesia), the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR), Malaysia, the Union of Myanmar (Myanmar), the Republic of the Philippines (the Philippines), the Republic of Singapore (Singapore), the Kingdom of Thailand (Thailand) and the Socialist Republic of Viet Nam (Viet Nam), Member States of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (collectively, “ASEAN” or “ASEAN Member States”, or individually, “ASEAN Member State”), and the Republic of India (India); 我们作为国家元首/政府首脑对文莱达鲁萨兰国，柬埔寨王国（柬埔寨） ，印度尼西亚共和国（印度尼西亚） ，老挝人民民主共和国（老挝） ，马来西亚，缅甸联邦（缅甸），中华民国对菲律宾（菲律宾） ，新加坡共和国（新加坡） ，泰王国（泰国）和越南社会主义共和国（越南），各会员国的东南亚国家协会（统称为"东盟"或"东盟各成员国" ，或单独， "东协会员国" ） ，和印度共和国（印度） ;。

RECALLING that in 2002, we had agreed on the importance of enhancing our close economic cooperation and to work towards an ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area (RTIA) as a long-term objective; 。

回顾 2002年，我们已经达成了一致意见，重要的是加强我们密切的经济合作，长远的目标是致力于建立一个东盟-印度区域贸易和投资领域（RTIA ）;。

DESIRING to adopt a Framework Agreement on Comprehensive Economic Cooperation (this Agreement) between ASEAN and India (collectively, “the Parties”, or individually referring to an ASEAN Member State or to India as a “Party”) that is forward-looking in order to forge a closer economic partnership in the 21st century; 。

我们期望通过一项对全面经济合作组织（本协议）东盟与印度（统称为"参与国" Parties / Party ）的框架协议，这是具有前瞻性，以便在新世纪结成更紧密的经济伙伴关系;。

DESIRING to minimise barriers and deepen economic linkages between the Parties; lower costs; increase intra-regional trade and investment; increase economic efficiency; create a larger market with greater opportunities and larger economies of scale for the businesses of the Parties; and enhance the attractiveness of the Parties to capital and talent; 。

我们期望减少障碍和深化参与国之间的经济联系;降低成本;增加区域贸易和投资;提高经济效率，创造一个更大的市场，有更多的机会和更大的规模的经济效益，增强参与国在资金和人才等方面吸引力;。

RECOGNISING the important role and contribution of the business sector in enhancing trade and investment between the Parties and the need to further promote and facilitate their cooperation and utilisation of greater business opportunities provided by the ASEAN-India RTIA; 。

认识参与国 的重要作用和贡献的业务部门在推动贸易和投资各方之间，并有必要进一步推动和促进他们的合作和利用带来更大的商机，提供了东盟-印度rtia ;。

RECOGNISING the different stages of economic development among ASEAN Member States and the need for flexibility, including the need to facilitate the increasing participation of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Myanmar and Viet Nam (the New ASEAN Member States) in the ASEAN-India economic co-operation and the expansion of their exports, inter alia, through the strengthening of their domestic capacity, efficiency and competitiveness; 认识到经济发展的不同阶段，东盟成员国和必要的灵活性，包括需要，以方便更多的参与，柬埔寨，老挝，缅甸和越南（东盟成员国）在东盟-印度经济合作经营和扩大其出口，特别是通过加强其国内能力，效率和竞争力;。

REAFFIRMING the rights, obligations and undertakings of the respective parties under the World Trade Organisation (WTO), and other multilateral, regional and bilateral agreements and arrangements; and 重申的权利，义务和承诺对所属党派的，根据世界贸易组织（ WTO ） ，以及其他多边，区域和双边协议和安排;。

RECOGNISING that regional trade arrangements can contribute towards accelerating regional and global liberalisation and as building blocks in the framework of the multilateral trading system, 认识到区域贸易安排，可以有助于推进区域和全球贸易自由化，并作为基石，在这个框架内的多边贸易体系，

HAVE AGREED AS FOLLOWS: 议定如下：

ARTICLE 1 第1条

Objectives 目标

The objectives of this Agreement are to:本协定的目标是：

1. Strengthen and enhance economic, trade and investment co-operation between the Parties;巩固和加强经济，贸易和投资合作和行动的各方之间;。

2. Progressively liberalise and promote trade in goods and services as well as create a transparent, liberal and facilitative investment regime;逐步开放并推动货物和服务贸易，以及建立一个透明，自由和便利的投资制度;。

3. Explore new areas and develop appropriate measures for closer economic co-operation between the Parties; and探索新的合作领域和制定适当的措施，为更紧密的经济合作关系，各方;。

4. Facilitate the more effective economic integration of the new ASEAN Member States and bridge the development gap among the Parties.有利于更有效地经济一体化的新的东盟成员国和桥之间的发展差距各方。

ARTICLE 2 第2条

Measures For Economic Cooperation 经济合作措施。

The Parties agree to enter into negotiations in order to establish an ASEAN-India Regional Trade and Investment Area (RTIA), which includes a Free Trade Area (FTA) in goods, services and investment, and to strengthen and enhance economic cooperation through the following:缔约双方同意进入谈判，以建立东盟-印度区域贸易和投资领域（ rtia ） ，其中包括一个自由贸易区（ FTA ）的货物，服务和投资，以巩固和提高经济合作，透过以下：

1. Progressive elimination of tariffs and non-tariff barriers in substantially all trade in goods;逐步消除关税和非关税障碍，在实质上所有货物贸易;。

2. Progressive liberalisation of trade in services with substantial sectoral coverage;逐步开放服务贸易，有相当多行业涵盖范围;。

3. Establishment of a liberal and competitive investment regime that facilitates and promotes investment within the ASEAN-India RTIA;建立一个自由和竞争的投资制度，以方便和促进东盟-印度区域贸易和投资领域 rtia ;。

4. Provision of special and differential treatment to the New ASEAN Member States;提供特殊和差别待遇，向东盟新成员国;。

5. Provision of flexibility to the Parties in the ASEAN-India RTIA negotiations to address their sensitive areas in the goods, services and investment sectors with such flexibilities to be negotiated and mutually agreed based on the principle of reciprocity and mutual benefits;提供灵活性，以双方在东盟-印度rtia谈判，以解决他们的敏感领域，在货物，服务和投资部门与这种灵活性，以谈判和相互同意的原则基础上的互惠互利;。

6. Establishment of effective trade and investment facilitation measures, including, but not limited to, simplification of customs procedures and development of mutual recognition arrangements;建立有效的贸易和投资便利化措施，其中包括，但不仅限于，简化海关手续和发展的相互承认安排;。

7. Expansion of economic cooperation in areas as may be mutually agreed between the Parties that will complement the deepening of trade and investment links between the Parties and formulation of action plans and programmes in order to implement the agreed sectors/areas of co-operation; and扩大经济合作的领域可以相互商定各方之间将补充深化贸易和投资联系当事人之间的和制定行动计划和方案，以便在执行商定部门/领域的合作和行动;。

8. Establishment of appropriate mechanisms for the purposes of effective implementation of this Agreement.建立适当的机制，以便有效地执行这一协议。

ARTICLE 3 第3条

Trade In Goods 在货物方面的贸易。

1. With a view to expediting the expansion of trade in goods, the Parties agree to enter into negotiations in which duties and other restrictive regulations of commerce (except, where necessary, those permitted under Article XXIV (8)(b) of the WTO General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)) shall be eliminated on substantially all trade in goods between the Parties.以期加速扩大在货物贸易方面，双方同意进入谈判，在关税及其他限制性规定，商业（除在必要时，允许根据第24条（ 8 ） （二）世界贸易组织总协定关税及贸易总协定（关贸总协定） ） ，应取消实质上所有货物贸易的当事方之间。

2. For the purposes of this Article, the following definitions shall apply unless the context otherwise requires:为本条的目的，应适用下列定义除非文意另有所指：

1. “applied Most Favoured Nation (MFN) tariff rates” shall refer to the respective applied rates of the Parties as of 1 July 2004; and "适用最惠国待遇（最惠国待遇）的关税税率"应是指以各自的适用税率的当事方，截至2004年7月1日;。

2. “non-tariff measures” shall include non-tariff barriers. "非关税措施"应包括非关税贸易壁垒。

3. Upon signing of this Agreement, the Parties shall commence consultations on each other’s trade regime, including, but not limited to the following:经签署的这项协定，双方应在协商，对对方的贸易制度，包括但不限于下列内容：

1. trade and tariff data;贸易和关税数据;。

2. customs procedures, rules and regulations;海关程序，规则和条例;。

3. non tariff measures including, but not limited to import licensing requirement and procedure, quantitative restrictions, technical barriers to trade, sanitary and phytosanitary;非关税措施，包括但不限于向进口许可的要求和程序，数量限制，技术性贸易壁垒，卫生和植物检疫;。

4. intellectual property rights rules and regulations; and知识产权的规则和规例;。

5. trade policy.贸易政策。

4. The tariff reduction or elimination programme of the Parties shall require tariffs on listed products to be gradually reduced and, where applicable, eliminated in accordance with this Article.关税削减或取消计划的各方应要求关税，对上市产品，以逐步减少，并在适用排除依照本条规定。

5. The products which are subject to the tariff reduction or elimination programme under this Article shall include all products not covered by the Early Harvest Programme (EHP) under Article 7 of this Agreement, and such products shall be categorised into two tracks as follows:该产品受到关税削减或取消计划，根据本条规定，包括所有产品不包括在早期收获计划（环境生政策）根据第七条本协定的，而这些产品应分为两个轨道如下：

1. Normal Track: Products listed in the Normal Track by a Party on its own accord shall have their respective applied MFN tariff rates gradually reduced or eliminated in accordance with specified schedules and rates (to be mutually agreed by the Parties) over a period from:正常轨道：产品上市，在正常的轨道上来，由党，它自己应有各自适用最惠国关税税率，逐步减少或取消，按照指定的时间和费率（须经双方同意由当事人）近一个时期以来，由：

1. 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2011 for Brunei Darussalam, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand, and India; 2006年1月1日至2011年12月31日对文莱，印度尼西亚，马来西亚，新加坡和泰国，印度等;。

2. 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 for the Philippines and India; and 2006年1月1日至2016年12月31日为菲律宾和印度;。

3. 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2011 for India and 1 January 2006 to 31 December 2016 for the New ASEAN Member States. 2006年1月1日至2011年12月31日对印度和2006年1月1日至2016年12月31日为新的东盟成员国。

In respect of those tariffs which have been reduced but have not been eliminated, they shall be progressively eliminated within timeframes to be mutually agreed between the Parties.在这些关税，其中已显着降低，但仍未消除的，应当逐步消除时限，以双方同意的当事人之间。

2. Sensitive Track:敏感的轨道：

1. The number of products listed in the Sensitive Track shall be subject to a maximum ceiling to be mutually agreed among the Parties.产品数量列在敏感的轨道应受最高限额须经双方同意各方之间。

2. Products listed in the Sensitive Track by a Party on its own accord shall, where applicable, have their respective applied MFN tariff rates progressively reduced/eliminated within timeframes to be mutually agreed between the Parties.产品列在敏感的轨道由一个党，它自己应在适用情况下，有各自的适用最惠国关税税率逐步降低/消除时限，以双方同意的当事人之间。

6. The commitments undertaken by the Parties under this Article and Article 7 of this Agreement shall fulfil the WTO requirements to eliminate tariffs on substantially all the trade between the Parties.承诺的，由各方根据本条和第七条本协定应履行世界贸易组织的要求，以消除关税，实质上所有有关各方之间贸易。

7. The specified tariff rates/tariff preferences to be mutually agreed between the Parties pursuant to this Article shall set out only the limits of the applicable tariff rates/preferences or range for the specified year of implementation by the Parties.指定的关税税率/关税优惠须经双方同意当事人之间依照本条规定只列出了限制其适用的关税税率/偏好或范围为指定年的执行情况，由各方。

8. The negotiations between the Parties to establish the ASEAN-India RTIA covering trade in goods shall also include, but not be limited to the following:有关当事方之间的谈判，以建立东盟-印度rtia涵盖货物贸易方面也应包括，但不仅限于以下方面：

1. modalities, including detailed rules governing the tariff reduction and/or elimination;方式，包括详细的规则，削减关税和/或消除;。

2. Rules of Origin;原产地规则;。

3. treatment of out-of-quota rates;治疗地地道道的配额内税率;。

4. modification of a Party’s commitments under the agreement on trade in goods based on WTO agreements;改造一党的承诺，根据双方达成的协议在货物贸易方面根据世界贸易组织协定;。

5. non-tariff measures/barriers, including, but not limited to, quantitative restrictions or prohibition on the importation of any product or on the export or sale for export of any product, as well as sanitary and phytosanitary measures and technical barriers to trade;非关税措施/障碍，其中包括，但不仅限于，数量限制或禁止进口任何产品或对出口或销售供出口的任何产品，以及卫生和植物检疫措施及贸易技术壁垒;。

6. safeguards based on the WTO agreements;保障措施的基础上，世界贸易组织协定;。

7. disciplines on subsidies and countervailing measures and anti-dumping measures based on the existing WTO agreements; and学科补贴与反补贴措施和反倾销措施的基础上，现有的世界贸易组织协定;。

8. facilitation and promotion of effective and adequate protection of trade-related aspects of intellectual property rights based on existing WTO, World Intellectual Property Organisation (WIPO) and other relevant agreements.推动和促进有效和充分的保护，与贸易有关的知识产权方面的根据现有的世界贸易组织，世界智慧财产组织，世界知识产权组织（ WIPO ）和其他有关协议。

ARTICLE 4 第4条

Trade In Services 服务方面的贸易。

With a view to expediting the expansion of trade in services, the Parties agree to enter into negotiations to progressively liberalise trade in services on a preferential basis with substantial sectoral coverage. Such negotiations shall be directed to:以期加速扩张，在服务贸易上，各方同意将进入谈判，以逐步开放服务贸易优惠的基础上有相当多的部门覆盖，这种谈判应当贯彻以下方针：

1. progressive elimination of substantially all discrimination between or among the Parties and/or prohibition of new or more discriminatory measures with respect to trade in services between the Parties, except for measures permitted under Article V(1)(b) of the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS);逐步消除实质上所有歧视之间或各当事方和/或禁止新的或更多的歧视性措施，以期在服务贸易各方之间的，除采取措施许可的情况下第五条（ 1 ）款（ b ）世界贸易组织总协定服务贸易（服务贸易总协定） ;。

2. expansion in the depth and scope of liberalisation of trade in services beyond those undertaken by ASEAN Member States and India under the GATS; and扩展，在深度和广度的开放服务贸易之外，由东盟成员国和印度按照服务贸易总协定;。

3. enhanced cooperation in services between the Parties in order to improve efficiency and competitiveness, as well as to diversify the supply and distribution of services of the respective service suppliers of the Parties.加强合作，在服务当事人之间，以提高效率和竞争力，以及更多元化的供应和分销服务的各自服务供应商的当事方。

ARTICLE 5 第5条

Investment 投资

To promote investments and to create a liberal, facilitative, transparent and competitive investment regime, the Parties agree to:促进投资，并建立一个自由，便利，透明和竞争的投资制度，缔约双方同意：

1. enter into negotiations in order to progressively liberalise their investment regimes;进入谈判，以逐步开放其投资制度;。

2. strengthen cooperation in investment, facilitate investment and improve transparency of investment rules and regulations; and加强投资合作，促进投资和提高透明度的投资规则和规例;。

3. provide for the protection of investments.为保护投资而设。

..........Article 1 to 5 ..........。

回答字数有限制，6至16未能加入。

请帮我把这段中文翻译成英语! 100表示感谢

(1) As China's enterprises to participate in the increase in world trade, China's foreign trade development has been made, the cost advantage of Chinese products increasingly clear that in international competition in a strong competitive position. However, our products become more and more countries of the anti-dumping investigation, China's export products abroad to the growing number of anti-dumping allegations, frequent investigations seriously affected China's export trade, China has become the world's biggest victim of anti-dumping. 。

In this paper, China's non-market economy treatment, foreign trade enterprises export disorder, and growth is too rapid, the lack of international marketing experience and business deal with ineffective anti-dumping lawsuits were analyzed. To improve product quality enhance brand awareness and market structure adjustment scattered anti-dumping litigation risk, training of professionals actively involved in the case of anti-dumping, the establishment of early warning mechanisms, such as anti-dumping measures. Therefore, Chinese enterprises how to deal with anti-dumping on it is particularly important. 。

(2) China is a large agricultural country, agricultural trade in China's trade at an important position. With economic development and opening up the constant deepening of China's agricultural trade status, role and the situation have undergone enormous changes, agricultural trade has promoted the development of China's economic development after joining the World Trade Organization, China's agricultural trade with the better Development, but also in the development, there are some problems. This paper briefly describes the development of China's agricultural trade on the basis of the status quo, the focus of China's agricultural trade in the main problems, these problems, both in our own deficiencies in agricultural trade, such as agricultural export structure is irrational, limited domestic support policy , And other serious deficit of resources and the environment; including the developed countries after China's WTO entry on China's agricultural imports and exports by setting various obstacles, such as trade barriers. In light of these problems, the paper put forward the corresponding countermeasures, including the change of government functions, the implementation of security coordination of agricultural development policy and strengthen the agricultural inputs, and the establishment of agricultural insurance system.。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/noncompetitive-100.html