epics-80
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
用英语介绍雨果。
请看维基百科相关记述：
流式细胞术
维基百科，自由的百科全书
(重定向自流式细胞仪)
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Image:03wiki-zn-frontpage-icon.gif流式细胞术正在翻译。
目前已翻译90%，原文在en:flow cytometry。希望您积极翻译与修订。
流式细胞术(英文flow cytometry)是一种生物学技术，用于对悬浮于流体中的微小颗粒进行计数和分选。这种技术可以用来对流过光学或电子检测器的一个个细胞进行连续的多种参数分析。
目录
[隐藏]
* 1 原理
* 2 流式细胞仪(flow cytometer)。
* 3 应用
* 4 参见
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原理
一束单色光（通常是激光）照到流体力学聚焦的一股流体上。若干个检测器瞄向流束和激光相交的这个点，其中一个和激光在同一直在线（称作前散射(FSC)），其它几个和激光垂直（旁散射(SSC)和一个或几个荧光监测器）。当每个悬浮颗粒通过光束时会按某种方式把光散射，同时所带有的荧光化合物被激发并发射出频率低于激发光的荧光。这些散射光和荧光的组合数据被检测器记录，根据各检测器亮度的波动（每个细胞会显出一个散射或荧光的峰）就能够推算出每个颗粒的物理和化学性质。前散射与细胞体积相关，而旁散射取决于颗粒的内部复杂程度（比如核的形状、胞质内颗粒的种类或者末的粗糙程度）。
可以检测的参数有：
* 细胞的体积和形态复杂程度。
* 细胞中的色素
* DNA（细胞周期分析、细胞动力学、细胞增殖等）
* RNA
* 染色体分析和分选（文库构建、染色体涂染）
* 蛋白质
* 细胞表面抗原（CD标记）
* 胞内抗原（各种细胞因子(cytokine)、次级媒介等）
* 核抗原
* 酶活性
* pH，胞内离子化的钙、镁，膜电势。
* 膜流动性
* 细胞凋亡(apoptosis)（定量检测DNA降解、线粒体膜电位、通透性变化）
* 细胞存活能力
* 监测细胞电通透性
* 氧爆作用(oxidative burst)。
* 研究癌细胞中的多重耐药性(multi-drug resistance, MDR)。
* 谷胱甘肽
* 各种组合（DNA/表面抗原等等）
这个列表非常长，而且在不断地扩展。
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流式细胞仪(flow cytometer)。
流式细胞仪又称荧光激活细胞分选器、荧光活化细胞分类计（FACS，Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorter）。
现代的流式细胞仪每秒可以实时检测几千个颗粒，并且可以主动分离具有不同特性的颗粒。
流式细胞仪和显微镜比较像，但能够对大量的单个细胞利用一组参数进行高通量的自动量化。固体组织需要在检测前制备成单细胞的悬浮液。
一个流式细胞仪包括五个组成部分：
* 细胞流动系统：液流（鞘液(sheath fluid)）携带细胞，使颗粒以串流形式通过光束。
* 光源：有通常的灯（汞或氙）、高功率水冷的激光源（氩、氪、染料激光）、低功率气冷激光（氩(488nm)，红氦氖(633nm)，绿氦氖，氦镉(紫外)）、偶极激光（蓝、绿、红、紫）。
* 检测和模数转换(analogue-to-digital conversion, ADC)系统：产生前散射、旁散射光和荧光的信号。
* 放大系统，线性或对数放大。
* 计算机，用于分析信号。
早期的流式细胞仪主要是实验设备，但目前仪器和相关的试剂有了很广的市场。不同厂商的仪器特性也不同，主要的厂商和品牌如下：
* Beckman-Coulter (ex-Coulter): Epics XL/XL-MCL; Epics Altra (Hypersort) (IBM-PC compatible platforms)。
* Becton, Dickinson: (FACS's): FACSCAlibur, FACScan, FACSort, FASCSVantage (Mac OS platform) FACS Canto, LSRII, Aria, DiVa (PC PLatform)。
* Cytomation: MoFlo, Cyan (IBM-PC platform)。
* Partec/Dako: Galaxy; PAS; CCA; PA (IBM-PC compatible platforms)。
[编辑]
应用
流式细胞术在很多领域中都有应用，包括分子生物学、病理学、免疫学和海洋生物学等。在分子生物学中，它主要用于荧光标记的抗体。特异性的抗体与靶细胞上的抗原结合，能够通过流式细胞仪研究这些细胞的特别信息。这在医学（尤其是器官移植、血液学、肿瘤免疫学和化疗、遗传学）中具有很广泛的应用。
现代的流式细胞仪具有多个激光和荧光检测器（目前商业用仪器的记录是4个激光和14个检测器），可以用于多个抗体标记，以便在表现型中更准确地区别某个靶群体。
流式细胞仪也是很有用的分选仪器。当细胞/颗粒通过时，可以被选择性地加上某种电荷，并在通过电磁场后偏转，从不同出口流出。这样就可以从一个混合物中高速（理论上可达到每秒大约9万个细胞）准确地分离开四类细胞。
由流式细胞仪得到的数据可以画成一维的柱状图或者二位或者三维的散点图。
The data coming from flow-cytometers can be plotted in 1-D to produce histograms or seen in 2D as dot plots or in 3D with newer software. The regions on these plots can be sequentially separated by a series of subset extractions which are termed gates. Specific gating protocols exist for diagnostic and clinical purposes especially in relation to haematology. The plots are often made on logarithmic scales. Because of overlaping fluorescent dyes, emission spectrum generated interfering signals by detectors signals have to be compensated electronically.。
海洋中主要的光合生物之一——占海洋浮游生物总细胞数将近1/3的原绿球藻(Prochlorococcus)就是通过流式细胞术发现的。因为其细胞小，叶绿素含量少，在通常的荧光观察中被迅速漂白(bleach)，但由于在流式细胞术中细胞通过光束的时间极短，胞内叶绿素的荧光可被观察到。
[编辑]
参见
* 荧光显微镜
* 荧光活化细胞分选
取自"http://wikipedia.cnblog.org/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E5%BC%8F%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E%E8%A1%93"。
页面分类: 待翻译文章 | 细胞生物学 | 实验室技术 | 解剖病理学 | 血液学 | 医学检验。
抱起亚轩找小葵
高一英语日记80到100字左右 大约要20篇 谢谢了
雨果： Victor-Marie Hugo (26 February 1802-May 1885) was a French poet, novelist, playwright, essayist, visual artist, statesman and human rights campaigner, perhaps the most influential exponent of the Romantic movement in France. Although in France his literary reputation rests on his poetic and dramatic output, in the Anglophone world his best-known works are the novels Les Misérables and Notre-Dame de Paris (often translated as The Hunchback of Notre-Dame in the English-speaking world). Among many volumes of poetry, Les Contemplations and La Légende des siècles stand particularly high in critical esteem, and Hugo is sometimes identified as the greatest French poet. Though extremely conservative in his youth, Hugo moved to the political left as the decades passed; he became a passionate supporter of republicanism, and his work touches upon most of the political and social issues and artistic trends of his time.。
大圣杰锅是
四大名著简介
新闻 网页 贴吧 知道 MP3 图片 视频 百科 文库 帮助 | 设置 。
百度知道 > 教育/科学 > 学习帮助 。
高一英语日记80到100字左右 大约要20篇 谢谢了 浏览次数：84次悬赏分：5 | 离问题结束还有 3 天 2 小时 | 提问者：博度10 。
输入内容已经达到长度限制还能输入 9999 字插入图片删除图片插入地图删除地图插入视频视频地图回答即可得2分经验值，回答被采纳可同步增加经验值和财富值。
参考资料：匿名回答提交回答
回答 共1条
Currently one of the most popular things to do in your free time is to watch the 3D blockbuster Avatar, nevertheless a long wait in a queue for a ticket seems a certainty. If you know a little about American history, you may find Avatar to。
Currently one of the most popular things to do in your free time is to watch the 3D blockbuster Avatar, nevertheless a long wait in a queue for a ticket seems a certainty.。
If you know a little about American history, you may find Avatar to be a cinematized retelling of the plight of native Indian people driven away from their ancestral lands 400 years ago.。
In the movie the story occurs in the year 2154. A marine named Jake is dispatched to a faraway planet called Pandora where lives blue-skinned Na'vi people and hosts a precious matter, which a greedy company head covets. In order to win Na'vi people's trust and then convince them to decamp, Jake transfers his spirit into a remotely controlled Na'vi body, called an avatar.。
But as Jake mingles with the Na'vi People, he gradually develops a close bond with the locals and finally decides to stand on their side against the human threat.。
Having watched the movie in an IMAX theater, I, together with literally everyone else in the huge room, were thrilled and amazed at the jaw-dropping visual feast it offered.。
Despite switching frequently between CGI and a real life cast, the movie doesn't discomfort its audience at all, thanks to a series of technological breakthroughs, a well-known trademark of James Cameron, the film's director.。
However, at three hours running time, the plot heavy movie can prove difficult to sit through without yawning. Having said that, I don't think the story of Avatar is any worse than other Hollywood sci-fi epics. A huge leap in techniques with Avatar fails to drag the storytelling to a higher level. This may suggest that a fundamental change in storytelling is far more arduous than creating cutting-edge material, and at the same time it may also prove that a refreshing story is more important.。
Even James Cameron himself has said in an interview with Newsweek that movies are about storytelling, and humans playing humans.。
If Avatar impacts you more on the physical side, we have to expect Cameron's future movies will both feast our eyes and touch our hearts.。
On my one-to-ten movie scale, I give Avatar an eight. 回答者： 热心网友 | 2011-8-15 15:26 。
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小韩在追星
中国四大名著英文简介（重赏)
1、《西游记》是中国古代第一部浪漫主义章回体长篇神魔小说。现存明刊百回本《西游记》均无作者署名。清代学者吴玉搢等首先提出《西游记》作者是明代吴承恩。
2、《三国演义》是中国古典四大名著之一，是中国第一部长篇章回体历史演义小说，全名为《三国志通俗演义》（又称《三国志演义》），作者是元末明初的著名小说家罗贯中。
3、《红楼梦》，中国古代章回体长篇小说，又名《石头记》等，被列为中国古典四大名著之首，一般认为是清代作家曹雪芹所著。
4、《水浒传》，中国四大名著之一，是一部以北宋末年宋江起义为主要故事背景、类型上属于英雄传奇的章回体长篇小说。作者或编者一般被认为是施耐庵，现存刊本署名大多有施耐庵、罗贯中两人中的一人，或两人皆有。
扩展资料
《西游记》这部小说以“唐僧取经”这一历史事件为蓝本，通过作者的艺术加工，深刻地描绘了当时的社会现实。
全书主要描写了孙悟空出世及大闹天宫后，遇见了唐僧、猪八戒和沙僧三人，西行取经，一路降妖伏魔，经历了九九八十一难，终于到达西天见到如来佛祖，最终五圣成真的故事。
《三国演义》描写了从东汉末年到西晋初年之间近百年的历史风云，以描写战争为主，诉说了东汉末年的群雄割据混战和魏、蜀、吴三国之间的政治和军事斗争，最终司马炎一统三国，建立晋朝的故事。反映了三国时代各类社会斗争与矛盾的转化，并概括了这一时代的历史巨变，塑造了一群叱咤风云的三国英雄人物。
全书可大致分为黄巾起义、董卓之乱、群雄逐鹿、三国鼎立、三国归晋五大部分。在广阔的历史舞台上，上演了一幕幕气势磅礴的战争场面。作者罗贯中将兵法三十六计融于字里行间，既有情节，也有兵法韬略。
参考资料：西游记-百度百科参考资料：三国演义-百度百科。
小韩在追星
流式细胞仪的价格
东拼西凑，搜集了一堆资料，楼主自己整理一下吧，去其糟粕，取其精华。自己写我是没这个实力的了，毕竟还是很有些专业的东西在里面……
Chinese Literature - Novels and fiction。
Hongloumeng 红楼梦"The Dream of the Red Chamber"。
Also called "The story of the Stone (Shitouji 石头记)", this novel written by Cao Xueqin 曹雪芹 (d. 1763) is said to be the greatest masterpiece of Chinese fiction. A wide branched scholarship does not consent about the main theme of this novel, should it be a novel of sentiment, of Daoist-Buddhist enlightenment, of social observation, of the decay of an aristocratic familiy, or even a veiled attack on Manchu rule. The frame of the novel is the contest of a Buddhist and a Daoist priest who make be born a young noble boy called Jia Baoyu 贾宝玉 and his girl cousin Lin Daiyu 林黛玉. With a loving detail describing the life of the two cousins in a huge noble mansion, between gardens and palaces, the red thread is the triangular love between Baoyu, Daiyu and a second girl cousin called Xue Baochai 薛宝钗 that is of more plumper character than the ever sick Daiyu. Switching between their life, the divine world and dreams, Baoyu becomes deranged after the disappearance of a stone (the origin of the second title) he had in his mouth when he was born. Not knowing, his love Daiyu died, he is tricked to marrying Baochai. Becoming aware of being tricked, Baoyu leaves the world of the "red dust" and becomes a monk. With hundreds of persons and their stories, paralleling the life and feelings of servants to the life of the main persons, the story is very complex and full of symbolisms, but very interesting and convincing for its encyclopedic character, depicting the life of a noble familiy in the 18th century Qing China 清.。
三国演义Romance of The Three Kingdoms。
Romance of The Three Kingdoms is one of the great chinese classics and is compiled into a semi-fictional literary masterpiece during the Ming Dynasty by Luo Guanzhong. The novel comprises around 70+% fact and 20+% fiction. Some issues such as Guan Yu's weapon weighing around 40+ kilograms, the capabilties of Lu Bu, Liu Bei's horses as well as the existence of the Hill of the Fallen Phoenix and some others are probably fictional.。
That period in history can be said as the golden age of chivalry and although it happened more than 1700 years ago, characters such as Liu Bei, Cao Cao, Guan Yu, Zhang Fei and Zhuge Liang have become household names among the chinese. Tales of their exploits, courage, adventures and many more are told in the novel "Romance of The Three Kingdoms".。
It is one of the most turbulent periods in China's history taking place toward the end of the Han Dynasty where corruption is rampant in the imperial court due to eunuches holding power. Coupled with natural disasters such as floods, plague and locust swarms devouring the crops grown by the peasants, hunger and disatisfaction among the peasants soon escalated rapidly until a major rebellion known as the "Yellow Scarves Rebellion" led by Zhang Jiao broke out. (It was dubbed "Yellow Scarves" because the rebels tied a yellow scarf on their head). Initially just a small band of rebels, due to widespread hunger and ill-sentiment among the populace, swarms of common folks joined in the rebellion across many parts of the country.。
三国演义人物介绍
刘备
Liu Bei (161–223 AD), styled Xuándé (玄徳), was a general, warlord, and later the founding emperor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China. Although having a later start than his rivals, also lacking both the material resources and social status they commanded, Liu Bei overcame his many defeats to carve out his own realm, that at its peak spanned modern day Sichuan, Guizhou, Hunan, part of Hubei, and part of Gansu.。
Culturally, due to the tremendously popular novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms by Luo Guanzhong, Liu Bei is widely known as the ideal benevolent, humane ruler who cared for his people and picked good advisors. His character was to advocate the Confucian set of moral values, such as loyalty and compassion.。
张飞
Zhang Fei (?-221 AD) was a military general of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms era of China.。
Zhang Fei was shown to have been a masterful general rather than simply a warrior. He treated his superiors with respect, but had little respect for his underlings. He was often warned by Liu Bei that his habit of over-punishing his own soldiers by lashing and killing would eventually bring himself disaster.。
Zhang Fei married Xiahou Yuan's daughter, who was captured by Zhang Fei's troops as she was out gathering firewood. They had a total of two daughters, and the older daughter became the empress of Shu Han after marrying Liu Shan, with Zhuge Liang as the matchmaker. After Zhang Fei's eldest daughter had passed away due to natural causes, Zhuge Liang once again played the role of matchmaker, and Liu Shan married Zhang Fei's younger daughter, who thus succeeded her older sister to become the empress of Shu Han.。
Zhang Fei is best portrayed through his description and actions depicted in Records of Three Kingdoms biography by Chen Shou. Some claim that Zhang Fei was also an excellent painter.。
Zhang Fei was killed by his own men Zhang Da and Fan Jiang, while preparing his troops to attack the rival Eastern Wu to avenge the death of Guan Yu. Zhang Da and Fan Jiang went on to defect to Wu.。
水浒传Outlaws of the Marsh。
The novel "Outlaws of the Marsh" is somewhat like the Iliad and Odyssey... An ancient epic tale... no one remembers the period it was composed and immortalized.。
One knows this story is based on real facts and has inspired many storytellers.。
One knows the North Song Dynasty (XIIIth Century) lived its apogee and declined, a victim of corruption and decadence.。
One finds historical traces of these outlaws who challenged the imperial authority and died under the executioner's blade.。
At last, as anyone knows today that a man called Homer wrote the Iliad and Odyssey, no one doubts anymore that a man called Shi Nai-an wrote down during the XIVth century the novel Outlaws of the Marsh that reached us.。
Everyone recognizes that Jin Sheng-tan, during the XVIIth century, published what is now famous as the original version of a novel that obtained the interest and infatuation of successive generations.。
Water Margin or Outlaws of the Marsh ("All men are brothers" in Pearl Buck's translation, "Shui hu zhuan" in Chinese, "Au Bord de l'Eau" in French ) is an immortal novel because its tale is universal : it speaks of beings (outlaws but also notables, strong muscled heroes but also intellectual, anarchists but also philosophers...) who cannot bear injustice nor abuse nor arbitrariness...。
That is the reason they are immortal and their popularity has lasted for centuries .。
Discover the 108 heroes, the episodes , the paper-cuts representing them, the Beijing operas their fighting exploits inspired...。
人物
Gai Ping Health gave special love make the world anyway, famous arena. Like charges to stick, chicken, and did not take wives, all hit others physique. Village Creek Village haunted legends, villagers digging a river in the town engraved art, ghost was rushed to the East seven. Classical hell, then alone will be engraved Creek Village in places away from the East side down. Thus so-called "Tota kings".。
晁盖平 生仗义疏财，专爱结交天下好汉，闻名江湖。喜欢刺枪使棒，身强力壮，不取妻室，终日打熬筋骨。传说邻村西溪村闹鬼，村人凿了一个青石宝塔镇在溪边，鬼就被赶到了东溪村。晁盖大怒，就去西溪村独自将青石宝塔夺了过来在东溪边放下。因此人称“托塔天王”。
西游记Pilgrimage to the West。
Journey to the West is a mythological novel based on many centuries of popular tradition. It was probably put into its present form in the 15708 by Wu Cheng’en (1500-82).。
This lively fantasy relates the amazing adventures of the priest San-zang as he travels west in search of Buddhist sutras with his three disciples, the irreverent and capable on-。
key, greedy Pig, and Friar Sand. The opening chapters recount the earlier exploits of Monkey, culminating in his rebellion against Heaven. We then learn how Sanzang became a monk and was sent on his pilgrimage by the Tang emperor who had escaped death with the help of an Underworld official.。
The main story, the journey, takes the priest through all kinds of entertaining trials and tribulations, mainly at the。
hands of monsters and spirits who want to eat him. Only the courage and powers of his disciples, especially Monkey, save him from death. Monkey is the hero of the fantasy, and the reader will soon learn why he has long been so loved in China. Will the pilgrims reach the Vulture Peak and obtain the Scriptures? The answer will only be found at the end of the lOO-chapter novel.。
The story is as full of imagination as Monkey is of magic, and packed with incident and down-to-earth humour. The illustrations are from 19th-century Chinese edition. This is the first of the three volumes of the novel.。