patriots独立战争

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The American Revolutionary War (1775–1783), the American War of Independence, or simply the Revolutionary War in the United States, was the military rebellion against Great Britain of Thirteen American Colonies which joined together as the United States of America in July 1776. Originally limited to fighting in those colonies, after 1778 it also became a world war between Britain and France, Netherlands, Spain, and Mysore.。

The war had its origins in the resistance of many Americans to taxes imposed by the British parliament, which they held to be unlawful. Formal acts of rebellion against British authority began in 1774 when the Patriot Suffolk Resolves effectively abolished the legal government of the Province of Massachusetts Bay. The tensions caused by this would lead to the outbreak of fighting between Patriot militia and British regulars at Lexington and Concord in April 1775. By the end of 1775 Patriots had seized full control in all thirteen colonies and on July 4, 1776, their Continental Congress declared independence.。

The British were meanwhile mustering large forces to put down the revolt. They inflicted significant defeats on the American rebel army, now under the command of George Washington, capturing New York City in 1776 and later Philadelphia in 1777. But they were unable or unwilling to land a finishing blow against him. British strategy relied on mobilizing American Loyalist militia, of whom they made little effort to enlist until late in the war. Poor coordination helped doom a British advance against Albany in 1777, which resulted in the capture of a British army following the Battles of Saratoga.。

France, Spain and the Dutch Republic had been secretly providing supplies, ammunition and weapons to the revolutionaries starting early in 1776. The American victory at Saratoga persuaded Britain to offer full self governance to the colonies, but France entered the war in order to prevent the Americans from accepting a compromise peace. They were followed by their ally Spain in 1779. The participation of France and Spain was decisive as they contributed crucial land and sea power to the American cause and diverted British resources away from North America.。

After 1778 the British shifted their attention to the southern colonies, which brought them initial success when they recaptured Georgia and South Carolina for the Crown in 1779 and 1780. In 1781 British forces attempted to subjugate Virginia, but a French naval victory just outside Chesapeake Bay led to a Franco-American siege at Yorktown and the capture of over 7,000 British soldiers. The defeat broke Britain's will to continue the war. Limited fighting continued throughout 1782, while peace negotiations began. In 1783, the Treaty of Paris ended the war and recognized the sovereignty of the United States over the territory bounded roughly by what is now Canada to the north, Florida to the south, and the Mississippi River to the west. A wider international peace was agreed, in which several territories were exchanged. The expensive war drove France into massive debt, which would contribute to the outbreak of the French Revolution.。

美国独立战争前后和加拿大的关系是？

THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 。

美国独立战争 。

The American Revolution, the conflict by which。

the American colonists won their independence from。

Great Britain and created the United States of。

America,was an upheaval(大变动)of profound(深刻的)。

significance in world history. It occurred in the。

second half of the 18th century, in an"Age of。

Democratic Revolution, "when philosophers and。

political theorists in Europe were critically。

examining the institutions of their own societies。

and the notions(观念) that lay behind them.Yet the。

American Revolution first put to the test ideas。

and theories that had seldom if ever been worked。

out in practice in the Old World--separation of。

church and state, sovereignty(主权) of the people,。

written constitutions, and effective checks and。

balances in government. 。

A struggle to preserve and later to expand the。

dimensions (限度) of human freedom, the American。

Revolution was also an anticolonial movement, the。

first in modern history. Before then,countries had。

usually come into existence through evolutionary。

(进化论) processes, the result of tradition and。

history, geography and circumstance. The United。

States, on the other hand,had a birth date,1776;it。

was"the first new nation, "a republic born in。

revolution and war, a pattern (模式) followed by。

scores of fledgling (初出茅庐者）states since that。

time,especially in the so-called Third World areas。

of the globe since 1945. 。

For many nation-makers the American rebellion。

has been a relevant revolution, offering insights。

（洞察力） and parallels that have aided them in。

their quest for self-determination. The。

revolutionists of 1776 themselves accurately。

predicted that the American Revolution would。

inspire men elsewhere to secure freedom and。

national identity in their own lands. As Thomas。

Jefferson assured John Adams, "the Flames kindled。

（点火） on the fourth of July"had spread over too。

much of the globe ever to be extinguished by the。

forces of despotism(独裁)and reaction（反动）. 。

THE COLONIES IN 1763 。

No revolution,of course,can be fully exported.。

A vast array of factors that include the political。

and social backgrounds of a people will shape the。

precise（正确的）course of any and all revolutions.。

So it was in America, where the colonists were not。

an alien people with a culture very different from。

that of the motherland.They were for the most part。

British in origin,English-speaking,Protestant(新教。

徒),rural,and agrarian（土地的）in their principal。

characteristics. They were proud of their Anglo-。

Saxon heritage and of the empire of which they。

were a part--proud,too,of the role they had played。

in helping to seize Canada and to crush French。

power in North America in the French and Indian。

War(known as the Seven Years' War in Europe),which。

ended in 1763. 。

At that time the colonists gave little thought。

to cutting loose from their imperial moorings （停。

泊处） . They considered the British political。

system the best in Europe, noted for its。

equilibrium between King, Lords, and Commons。

assembled in Parliament. They imported British。

books, furniture,and clothing;wealthy planters and。

merchants imitated the manners of the English。

aristocracy (贵族) . Even with the restrictions。

imposed on their external trade by the Navigation。

Acts--or perhaps because of them--they had。

prospered in their direct economic intercourse。

with Britain, the most industrialized country in。

Europe. Nor was their trade rigidly confined（分娩。

）; they were also permitted to sell an assortment。

(各色)of valuable products such as grain,flour,and。

rice on non-British markets in the West Indies and。

in southern Europe. 。

In 1763 the colonists were an expanding and。

maturing（成熟）people;their numbers had reached a。

million and a half, and they were doubling every。

quarter of a century--multiplying like。

rattlesnakes（响尾蛇）, as Benjamin Franklin said.。

If most provincials were sons of the soil,。

Americans could nonetheless boast of five urban。

centers, "cities in the wilderness"--Philadelphia,。

Boston, New York,Charleston,and Newport.The cities。

served as filters through which new ideas of the。

European Enlightenment（启蒙）entered the colonies,。

helping to generate an inquisitive（求知的）spirit。

about humankind and the total environment.。

Newspapers and colleges in the cities and towns。

served as disseminators(传播者) of the thought and。

culture of what was truly an Atlantic civilization.。

A new mobility, together with a receptivity(接受能。

力)to new ideas,was a hallmark(纯度检验证明印记)of。

American society. It came about because of high。

wages,cheap land,and an absence of legal privilege.。

Americans were--except for their African slaves--。

one of the freest people in the world.Another sign。

of that freedom was their almost complete control。

over their internal political and domestic affairs,。

exercised largely through their popularly elected。

lower houses of assembly (集会) , which in turn。

served as nurturing ground for such future。

Revolutionary leaders as John Adams,John Dickinson,。

Thomas Jefferson,and George Washington. 。

Although the colonists had reached a high。

level of maturity, there was not at mid-century a。

meaningful American nationalism. The life and。

institutions of the parent state continued to。

provide the central focus of colonial culture. The。

word American appeared infrequently; people were。

more likely to describe themselves as English or。

British,or as Virginians or Pennsylvanians.Nor did。

the provincials display a marked degree of。

intercolonial (殖民地间的) cooperation; their own。

rivalries and jealousies over boundaries, western。

land claims, and military contributions in the。

imperial wars all tended to retard(使减缓)American。

national feeling, as may be seen in the rejection。

of the Plan of Union presented by Benjamin。

Franklin to the Albany(美国NEW YORK州首府)Congress。

in 1754. 。

Nothing, however, unites a people like a。

commonly perceived (察觉) threat to their way of。

life; and after 1763 the colonists felt endangered。

within the empire.There is a real irony in the way。

the American Revolution began, for the very。

elements that had wedded the colonists to the。

mother country--especially their political and。

economic freedoms--were viewed in London as signs。

that Britain had lost control of its transatlantic。

dominions, that the colonists were fast heading。

down the road to full autonomy or absolute。

independence. Those sentiments,growing steadily in。

the 18th century, crystallized (结晶) during the。

French and Indian War when British officials。

complained that Americans cooperated poorly in。

raising men and supplies and in providing quarters。

for British troops, to say nothing of trading。

illegally with the enemy and generating friction。

(摩擦) with western Indians over land and trade。

goods. 。

Whatever the truth of these charges--and they。

were partly true, if exaggerated--it was not。

unreasonable after 1763 for Britain to ask more of。

its prosperous dependencies. Britain's heavy。

national debt and concurrent tax burdens stemmed。

(阻止) partly at least from a series of 18th-。

century wars that were fought to some extent for。

the defense of the colonies. Nor was it wrong to。

argue that a measure of reorganization in American。

administration would lead to greater economy and。

efficiency in imperial management. But Britain。

embarked upon this course with a lack of。

sensitivity, ignoring the concerns of its maturing。

subjects, who were scarcely the children they had。

once been. 。

In short, Britain's state of mind(meaning that。

of its rulers and the parliamentary(议会)majority)。

corresponded to its lofty status as the superpower。

of Europe in 1763. It was said that the Pax Romana。

would pale in comparison with the Pax Britannica,。

which would bring a"prosperity and glory unknown。

to any former age. "Britain no longer felt a need。

for its former allies in Europe. For what nation。

could now threaten it? It no longer required the。

goodwill of its colonies, for France had ceased to。

be a threat to the thirteen colonies,whose men and。

other resources--although Britain scarcely。

admitted it--had in fact aided the British victory。

in 1763. 。

Britain's was a mentality unable to appreciate。

the aims and aspirations (热望) of its colonial。

people. Superpowers, all too often, are not much。

given to introspection(内省) ,to questioning their。

values and assumptions.And it had been a long time。

since the British themselves had felt their。

liberties threatened,either by a foreign danger or。

by internal menace (恐吓) from a tyrannical ruler.。

Thus, when Britain adopted a new imperial program,。

the colonists were never meaningfully consulted.。

Furthermore, Britain's tactics (策略) could hardly。

avoid arousing the Americans. Having left the。

colonies virtually alone for decades with a de。

facto attitude of"salutary neglect, "the London。

government now attempted too much too quickly. 。

THE GROWING FERMENT 。

Even before the termination of the French and。

Indian War, visible indications had appeared of a。

new direction in colonial affairs. Beginning in。

1759, small-scale disputes broke out &n。

美国为何将4月15日确立为爱国者日?

美国独立战争是美国从英国殖民地中独立出来...当时加拿大还是英属殖民地。美国独立派叫Patriots，亲英派叫Loyalist。独立战争爆发后，亲英派大批北移。美国独立战争前北美英属殖民地统称BNA。独立战争导致大量难民，英国政府便将魁北克分成了upper和lower Canada。美国曾经计划像七年战争英国统帅General Wolfe那样偷袭魁北克，但是被英军守将识破，在悬崖上炮轰美军。以至于最后美国都没能拿下加拿大。

4月19日是什么节日

爱国者日，又名爱国日，是列星顿和康科德战役的纪念日，美国麻省每年4月第三个星期一庆祝。它是美国独立战争纪念日，是日当地举行波士顿马拉松赛。而波士顿红袜每年是日在芬威球场举行赛事。2013年，爱国者日发生波士顿爆炸案。

波士顿马拉松赛每年均在马萨诸塞州的“爱国者日”举行，这个纪念日是4月的第三个星期一，为了纪念美国独立战争而设。美国总统奥巴马在当天的讲话中也提到了这一点，“爱国者日是自由的波士顿庆祝其历史的一天”。不过因为其含有的独立寓意，近年来却成为了美国国内的右翼团体和反政府组织游行示威活动的“专属日”。a。

对美国独立宣言如何评价？

4月19日是巴西的印第安人日。

印第安人是对除因纽特人外的所有美洲原住民的总称。美洲土著居民中的绝大多数为印第安人，分布在南北美洲各国，传统将其划归蒙古人种美洲支系。自1943年起，巴西将每年4月19日确定为印第安人日。当天，巴西全国举行各种活动展示印第安传统文化，以庆祝印第安人日。

印第安人所说的语言通常总称为印第安语，或者称为美洲原住民语言。印第安人的族群及其语言的系属情况均十分复杂，至今没有公认的分类。印第安人也分为很多种，玛雅人就是印第安人的一个种族。

扩展资料

印第安人的由来：

印第安人在公元15世纪末之前本来并没有统一的称法。公元1492年，意大利航海家C·哥伦布航行至美洲时，误以为所到之处为印度，因此将此地的土著居民称作“印度人”（西班牙语：“indios”）。

后人虽然发现了哥伦布的错误，但是原有称呼已经普及，所以英语和其他欧洲语言中称印地安人为“西印度人”，在必要时为了区别，称真正的印度人为“东印度人”。汉语翻译时直接把“西印度人”这个单词翻译成“印第安人”或“印地安人”，免去了混淆的麻烦。

不过到了公元20世纪，许多美洲国家印第安人的地位有了明显改善，一些政府机构或民间组织开始对“印第安人”这一名称进行“正名”，比如印第安人在加拿大往往被称为更加政治化的“第一民族”。

参考资料来源：百度百科-4月19日。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/patriots%E7%8B%AC%E7%AB%8B%E6%88%98%E4%BA%89.html