polymerisation-80
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
急求过硫酸钠,杀菌剂,叔丁基过氧化氢的英文版MSDS
Polyolefin
A paper box wrapped with polyolefin shrink filmA polyolefin is a polymer produced from a simple olefin (also called an alkene with the general formula CnH2n) as a monomer. For example, polyethylene is the polyolefin produced by polymerizing the olefin ethylene. An equivalent term is polyalkene; this is a more modern term, although polyolefin is still used in the petrochemical industry. Polypropylene is another common polyolefin which is made from the olefin propylene.。
Polyolefin elastomer。
Polyolefin elastomer (or POE) is a relatively new class of polymers that emerged with recent advances in metallocene polymerisation catalyst. It represents one of the fastest growing synthetic polymer. POE’s can be substituted for a number of generic polymers including ethylene propylene rubbers (EPR or EPDM), ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), styrene-block copolymers (SBCs), and poly vinyl chloride (PVC).。
Polyolefin elastomers are compatible with most olefinic materials, are an excellent impact modifier for plastics, and offer unique performance capabilities for compounded products.。
Polyolefin elastomers are copolymers of ethylene and another alpha-olefin such as butene or octene. The metallocene catalyst selectively polymerises the ethylene and comonomer sequences and increasing the comonomer content will produce polymers with higher elasticity as the comonomer incorporation disrupts the polyethylene crystallinity. Furthermore, the molecular weight of the copolymer will help determine its processing characteristics and end-use performance properties with higher molecular weights providing enhanced polymer toughness.。
Polyolefin elastomers are produced using refined metallocene catalyst often referred to as single-site or constrained geometry catalysts. These catalysts have a constrained transition metal (generally a Group 4B metal such as titanium, zirconium, or hafnium) sandwiched between one or more cyclopentadienyl ring structures to form a sterically hindered polymerisation site. This unique catalyst provides a single polymerisation site instead of the multiple sites of conventional catalysts and provides the capability to tailor the molecular architecture of ethylene copolymers. (Note: Metallocene catalysts and process technologies can also be used to produce ethylene propylene rubbers).。
Polymerisation is very exothermic and requires efficient heat removal from the transport media of gas or solvent. Furthermore, reactor conditions must be carefully maintained to avoid loss of process control. Post-reactor processes involve additives addition and isolation of the polymer from the transporting media and the high catalyst efficiencies generally do not require removal of the deactivated catalysts. The final product is then packaged per manufacturer capability and end-user need, but can range from bags to railcars.。
Source: The Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.。
For more information on this source please visit The Institute of Synthetic Rubber Producers.。
Properties
Polyolefins are impossible to join by solvent cementing because they have excellent chemical resistance and can only be adhesively bonded after surface treatment because they have very low surface energies. They are also extremely inert chemically and exhibit decreased strength at lower temperatures.。
A more specific type of olefin is a poly-alpha-olefin (or poly-α-olefin, sometimes abbreviated as PAO), a polymer made by polymerizing an alpha-olefin. An alpha-olefin (or α-olefin) is an alkene where the carbon-carbon double bond starts at the α-carbon atom, i.e. the double bond is between the #1 and #2 carbons in the molecule. Common alpha-olefins used as co-monomers to give a polymer alkyl branching groups are similar to 1-hexene or may be longer (see chemical structure below).。
Many poly-alpha-olefins have flexible alkyl branching groups on every other carbon of their polymer backbone chain. These alkyl groups, which can shape themselves in numerous conformations, make it very difficult for the polymer molecules to line themselves up side-by-side in an orderly way. Therefore, many poly-alpha-olefins do not crystallize or solidify easily and are able to remain oily, viscous liquids even at lower temperatures. Low molecular weight poly-alpha-olefins are useful as synthetic lubricants such as synthetic motor oils for vehicles used in a wide temperature range.。
Even polyethylenes copolymerized with a small amount of alpha-olefins (such as 1-hexene, 1-octene, or longer) are more flexible than simple straight chain high density polyethylene, which has no branching. The methyl branch groups on a polypropylene polymer are not long enough to make typical commercial polypropylene more flexible than polyethylene.。
Uses
Polyolefin is used for blown film as well as rash guards or under garments for wetsuits. Polyolefin eloastomer POE is used as a main ingredient in the molded flexible foam technology such as in the fabrication of self skinned footwear (think Crocs shoes), seat cushion, arm rest and spa pillow etc.。
抱起亚轩找小葵
哪位英语高手能帮我把英语翻译成中文
这是 叔丁基过氧化氢的
**** MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEET ****。
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, 70% solution in water.。
**** SECTION 1 - CHEMICAL PRODUCT AND COMPANY IDENTIFICATION ****。
MSDS Name: tert-Butyl hydroperoxide, 70% solution in water.。
Catalog Numbers:。
18034-0000, 18034-0050, 18034-2500, 18034-5000。
Synonyms:
TBHP
Company Identification (Europe): Acros Organics BVBA。
Janssen Pharmaceuticalaan 3a。
2440 Geel, Belgium。
Company Identification (USA): Acros Organics。
One Reagent Lane。
Fairlawn, NJ 07410。
For information in North America, call: 800-ACROS-01。
For information in Europe, call: 0032(0) 14575211。
For emergencies in the US, call CHEMTREC: 800-424-9300。
For emergencies in Europe, call: 0032(0) 14575299。
**** SECTION 2 - COMPOSITION, INFORMATION ON INGREDIENTS ****。
+----------------+--------------------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+。
| CAS# | Chemical Name | % | EINECS# |Haz Symbols| Risk Phrases |。
|----------------|--------------------------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|---------------+。
|----------------|--------------------------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|---------------|。
| 75-91-2 |tert-Butyl hydroperoxide | 70% | 200-915-7 | E C| 2 20/21/22 34 7|。
|----------------|--------------------------------------|----------|-----------|-----------|---------------|。
| 7732-18-5 |Water | | 231-791-2 |||。
+----------------+--------------------------------------+----------+-----------+-----------+---------------+。
Text for R-phrases: see Section 16。
Hazard Symbols: O C。
Risk Phrases: 10 20/21/22 34 43 7。
**** SECTION 3 - HAZARDS IDENTIFICATION ****。
EMERGENCY OVERVIEW。
Flammable. Harmful by inhalation, in contact with skin and if。
swallowed. Causes burns. May cause sensitization by skin contact.。
May cause fire. Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause long-term。
adverse effects in the aquatic environment.。
Potential Health Effects。
Eye:
Causes eye burns. May cause eye injury.。
Skin:
Harmful if absorbed through the skin. Causes skin burns. May cause。
sensitization by skin contact.。
Ingestion:。
Harmful if swallowed. Causes gastrointestinal tract burns.。
Inhalation:。
Causes chemical burns to the respiratory tract. Inhalation may be。
fatal as a result of spasm, inflammation, edema of the larynx and。
bronchi, chemical pneumonitis and pulmonary edema. May cause burning。
sensation, coughing, wheezing, laryngitis, shortness of breath,。
headache, nausea, and vomiting.。
Chronic:
Not available.。
**** SECTION 4 - FIRST AID MEASURES ****。
Eyes:
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes,。
occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids. Get medical aid。
immediately.。
Skin:
Get medical aid immediately. Immediately flush skin with plenty of。
water for at least 15 minutes while removing contaminated clothing。
and shoes.。
Ingestion:。
Do not induce vomiting. If victim is conscious and alert, give 2-4。
cupfuls of milk or water. Get medical aid immediately.。
Inhalation:。
Get medical aid immediately. Remove from exposure and move to fresh。
air immediately. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If。
breathing is difficult, give oxygen.。
Notes to Physician:。
Treat symptomatically and supportively.。
**** SECTION 5 - FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES ****。
General Information:。
As in any fire, wear a self-contained breathing apparatus in。
pressure-demand, MSHA/NIOSH (approved or equivalent), and full。
protective gear. Strong oxidizer. Contact with combustible materials。
may cause a fire. Will burn if involved in a fire.。
Extinguishing Media:。
Use water spray to cool fire-exposed containers. Use dry chemical,。
carbon dioxide, or alcohol-resistant foam. Do NOT use halogenated。
agents.。
**** SECTION 6 - ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES ****。
General Information: Use proper personal protective equipment as indicated。
in Section 8.。
Spills/Leaks:。
Absorb spill with inert material (e.g. vermiculite, sand or earth),。
then place in suitable container. Avoid runoff into storm sewers and。
ditches which lead to waterways. Remove all sources of ignition. Use。
a spark-proof tool. Isolate area and deny entry. Provide。
ventilation.。
**** SECTION 7 - HANDLING and STORAGE ****。
Handling:
Use spark-proof tools and explosion proof equipment. Do not breathe。
dust, vapor, mist, or gas. Do not get in eyes, on skin, or on。
clothing. Take precautionary measures against static discharges. Use。
only in a chemical fume hood.。
Storage:
Do not store near combustible materials. Store in a tightly closed。
container. Store in a dry area. Refrigerator/flammables. Keep at。
temperature not exceeding 45°C.。
**** SECTION 8 - EXPOSURE CONTROLS, PERSONAL PROTECTION ****。
Engineering Controls:。
Facilities storing or utilizing this material should be equipped。
with an eyewash facility and a safety shower. Use adequate。
ventilation to keep airborne concentrations low.。
Personal Protective Equipment。
Eyes:。
Wear chemical goggles.。
Skin:。
Wear appropriate protective gloves to prevent skin。
exposure.。
Clothing:。
Wear appropriate protective clothing to prevent skin。
exposure.。
Respirators:。
Follow the OSHA respirator regulations found in 29。
CFR 1910.134 or European Standard EN 149. Always use。
a NIOSH or European Standard EN 149 approved。
respirator when necessary.。
**** SECTION 9 - PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ****。
Physical State: Clear liquid。
Color: APHA: 20 max。
Odor: weak odor。
pH: Not available.。
Vapor Pressure: 62 mm Hg @ 45 deg C。
Viscosity: 4.1 mPas 20 deg C。
Boiling Point: 37 deg C @ 15 mmHg。
Freezing/Melting Point: -2.8 deg C。
Autoignition Temperature: 204 deg C ( 399.20 deg F)。
Flash Point: 43 deg C ( 109.40 deg F)。
Explosion Limits, lower: Not available.。
Explosion Limits, upper: Not available.。
Decomposition Temperature: 75 deg C。
Solubility in water: Miscible.。
Specific Gravity/Density: .9400g/cm3。
Molecular Formula: C4H10O2。
Molecular Weight: 90.12。
**** SECTION 10 - STABILITY AND REACTIVITY ****。
Chemical Stability:。
A dangerous self-accelerating decomposition reaction and, under。
certain circumstances, explosion or fire can be caused by direct。
contact with incompatible substances or by thermal decomposition at。
and above the SADT (see Section 16).。
Conditions to Avoid:。
Incompatible materials, light, ignition sources, combustible。
materials, organic materials, temperatures above 75°C (167°F),。
freezing temperatures.。
Incompatibilities with Other Materials:。
Reducing agents, acids, bases, finely powdered metals, heavy metals.。
Hazardous Decomposition Products:。
Carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide.。
Hazardous Polymerization: Will not occur.。
**** SECTION 11 - TOXICOLOGICAL INFORMATION ****。
RTECS#:
CAS# 75-91-2: EQ4900000。
CAS# 7732-18-5: ZC0110000。
LD50/LC50:。
CAS# 75-91-2: Draize test, rabbit, eye: 7 mg; Draize test, rabbit,。
eye: 100 mg/24H Moderate; Draize test, rabbit, eye: 70 uL Severe;。
Draize test, rabbit, eye: 75%; Draize test, rabbit, eye: 0.02 mL;。
Draize test, rabbit, skin: 500 mg; Draize test, rabbit, skin: 500。
mg/24H Severe; Inhalation, mouse: LC50 = 350 ppm/4H; Inhalation,。
mouse: LC50 = 1800 mg/m3/4H; Inhalation, rat: LC50 = 500 ppm/4H;。
Inhalation, rat: LC50 = 1800 mg/m3/4H; Oral, mouse: LD50 = 320 mg/kg;。
Oral, mouse: LD50 = 320 mg/kg; Oral, rat: LD50 = 370 mg/kg; Oral,。
rat: LD50 = 370 mg/kg; Skin, rabbit: LD50 = 460 uL/kg; Skin, rat:。
LD50 = 790 mg/kg.。
CAS# 7732-18-5: Oral, rat: LD50 = >90 mL/kg.。
Irritation:。
Eye, rabbit: 7 mg。
Eye, rabbit: 150 mg/1M severe。
Carcinogenicity:。
tert-Butyl hydroperoxide -。
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA.。
Water -
Not listed by ACGIH, IARC, NIOSH, NTP, or OSHA.。
See actual entry in RTECS for complete information.。
**** SECTION 12 - ECOLOGICAL INFORMATION ****。
Ecotoxicity:。
Fish: Zebrafish: LC50: 57 mg/l; 96H; acute。
Other
Not readily biodegradable. Avoid entering into waters or underground。
water.。
**** SECTION 13 - DISPOSAL CONSIDERATIONS ****。
Dispose of in a manner consistent with federal, state, and local regulations.。
**** SECTION 14 - TRANSPORT INFORMATION ****。
IATA
Shipping Name: ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE F, LIQUID*。
Hazard Class: 5.2。
UN Number: 3109。
Packing Group:。
IMO
Shipping Name: ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE F, LIQUID (tert-Butyl hydrop。
eroxide)。
Hazard Class: 5.2。
UN Number: 3109。
Packing Group:。
RID/ADR
Shipping Name: ORGANIC PEROXIDE TYPE F, LIQUID (tert-Butyl hydrop。
eroxide)。
Hazard Class: 5.2。
UN Number: 3109。
Packing group:。
**** SECTION 15 - REGULATORY INFORMATION ****。
European/International Regulations。
European Labeling in Accordance with EC Directives。
Hazard Symbols: O C。
Risk Phrases:。
R 10 Flammable.。
R 20/21/22 Harmful by inhalation, in contact with。
skin and if swallowed.。
R 34 Causes burns.。
R 43 May cause sensitization by skin contact.。
R 52/53 Harmful to aquatic organisms, may cause。
long-term adverse effects in the aquatic environment.。
R 7 May cause fire.。
Safety Phrases:。
S 3/7 Keep container tightly closed in a cool,。
well-ventilated place.。
S 14A Keep away from acids, reducing agents and。
polymerisation catalysts.。
S 16 Keep away from sources of ignition - No。
smoking.。
S 17 Keep away from combustible material.。
S 24 Avoid contact with skin.。
S 36/37/39 Wear suitable protective clothing, gloves。
and eye/face protection.。
S 45 In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek。
medical advice immediately (show the label where。
possible).。
S 61 Avoid release to the environment. Refer to。
special instructions/safety data sheets.。
WGK (Water Danger/Protection)。
CAS# 75-91-2: No information available.。
CAS# 7732-18-5: No information available.。
United Kingdom Occupational Exposure Limits。
United Kingdom Maximum Exposure Limits。
Canada
CAS# 75-91-2 is listed on Canada's DSL List.。
CAS# 7732-18-5 is listed on Canada's DSL List.。
CAS# 75-91-2 is listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.。
CAS# 7732-18-5 is not listed on Canada's Ingredient Disclosure List.。
Exposure Limits。
CAS# 75-91-2: OEL-GERMANY。
OEL-RUSSIA:STEL 5 mg/m3;Skin。
US FEDERAL
TSCA
CAS# 75-91-2 is listed on the TSCA inventory.。
CAS# 7732-18-5 is listed on the TSCA inventory.。
**** SECTION 16 - ADDITIONAL INFORMATION ****。
SADT (Self-Accelerating Decomposition Temperature): 80°C。
MSDS Creation Date: 10/28/1996 Revision #2 Date: 8/02/2002。
The information above is believed to be accurate and represents the best。
information currently available to us. However, we make no warranty of。
merchantability or any other warranty, express or implied, with respect to。
such information, and we assume no liability resulting from its use. Users。
should make their own investigations to determine the suitability of the。
information for their particular purposes. In no way shall the company be。
liable for any claims, losses, or damages of any third party or for lost。
profits or any special, indirect, incidental, consequential or exemplary。
damages, howsoever arising, even if the company has been advised of。
the possibility of such damages.。
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------。
大圣杰锅是
环己烯与溴水加成属于自由基加成吗？
塑料回收塑料-怎么就是他们要如何做? 塑料是有机高分子材料组成的巨型有机分子. 塑胶原料可形成各种形状的过程之一,如挤出成型、 铸造或考场. 现代塑料(或聚合物)具有多项特色极不可取; 高强度重量比,热性能优异, 电气绝缘、耐酸、碱、溶剂,等等. 这些聚合物制成一系列重复单位称为单体. 结构与某一程度的聚合高分子确定其特征. 线性聚合物(单一线性链单体)和枝状聚合物(直线与侧链)热塑, 这是他们在激烈的软化. 交联聚合物(由两个或两个以上的连锁店加入侧链)热固性,即他们在激烈板结. 图1:高分子结构占80%的热塑性塑料制作. 热塑性塑料包括例子; ●用高密度聚乙烯(HDPE)管道、汽车油箱、瓶子、玩具、 ●低密度聚乙烯(LDPE)使用塑料袋,抱着电影、灵活器皿; ●用聚酯瓶(宠物)、地毯、食品包装; ●聚丙烯(PP)使用的餐具,广管局 陶器案件瓶箱、汽车零部件、纤维; ●聚苯乙烯(PS)用于乳制品容器,录音带盒、铜 聚苯乙烯和名牌; ●聚氯乙烯(PVC)用于窗框、地板、瓶子、包装薄膜、电缆绝缘、铬 编辑卡及医疗产品. 有数百种热塑性聚合物、新变化,经常被开发. 在发展中国家的一些常用塑料,但往往会大大降低. 其余20%弥补热固性塑料制作. 他们是被固化和硬化不能再熔化或重新塑造,因此也很难再用. 他们有时地上用作填充材料. 它们包括:聚氨酯(浦)--涂料、饰面、齿轮、隔板、座垫、床垫、汽车座位; 环氧胶粘剂、体育器材、 电动汽车和设备; 酚醛塑料-烘炉、扶手餐具、汽车零部件、电路板(世界资源基金会). 现在,塑料原料主要来自石化、塑胶虽然原本来自纤维素、 所有植物生命的基本物质. 线性高分子聚合物支交联聚合物回收塑料实际行动。
小韩在追星
锦秋名师独家解析：20年10月AL化学U1考情回顾及备考指导。
锦秋alevel
12-02
化学被学生认为是最难的A-Level课程之一，不仅是因为内容难度大还因为学生要把化学知识应用到各种各样的情况。
A-Level化学考纲
A-Level化学分为AS和A2两个阶段，主要学习三大部分内容：结构化学、有机化学、无机化学。
结构化学：主要阐述原子和分子的内部结构与反应原理，这部分知识内容比较抽象，不太好理解。但这属于化学领域的基础理论，很多化学反应现象的解释说明，都需要应用这部分的知识，所以需要掌握扎实。
无机化学：主要涉及的是无机物的化学与物理性质，像状态、气味、颜色、密度、硬度、溶解度等属于物理性质，氧气、水、酸、碱的反应等属于化学性质。
有机化学：涉及的是有机物的结构，比如官能团、官能团的性质、某些鉴定反应等。此外，还有应用化学的部分。
A-Level化学（爱德思考纲）学习内容模块：原子结构和周期表；成键与结构；氧化还原反应；无机化学和元素周期表；公式、方程和物质的量；能量学；平衡；酸碱平衡；过渡金属；有机化学；现代分析技术；动力学。考试时还会有实验技术与研究方法评估的部分，由考试委员会进行实验操作的监督与评分。
下面我们一起跟着锦秋化学组老师回顾下刚刚结束的A-Level化学十月考试整理出21年1月考试备考方向。快来！纯干货！锦秋名师带你梳理A-Level化学考点啦！
A-Level物理U1
2020年十月考情分析
考试代码及时间：WCH11/01，2020年10月6日。
1、 经验式Empirical formula题，比较简单。首先应该先写出丁烷butane的分子式(molecular formula) C₄H₁₀，经验式即其最简整数比C₂H₅.。
2、锌（金属）置换铜离子的反应，反应类型应为B置换displacement（强调氧化还原Redox）。另外A项addition为加成；C项neutralisation为中和（词根neutr-“中”）；D项substitution为取代。addition与substitution都是有机反应术语。
3、44.0g一氧化碳CO中有多少个分子。这个题比较阴险，利用人们对二氧化碳44g mol⁻¹的相对质量/摩尔质量的刻板印象挖坑。如能发现这个点则此题比较简单。
4、元素百分比推导分子式题目，比较简单，分别将质量分数composition by mass与相对分子量相乘即可得各元素原子相对质量和。
5、关于氯化钡BaCl₂的正确说法。A项说其“exist as a molecule”此处a molecule特指simple molecule/structure；BaCl₂是巨型分子giant molecule，所以A错误。B正确，其为化合物compound。C说经验式empirical formula是BaCl，错误，经验式是分子式的最简整数比，其实BaCl₂本身就是一个经验式。D，Mr=208。
6、由图中m/z值63、65处两个峰peak的相对丰度relative abundance 46：20可以算出相对原子质量。
可知应为Cu。显然m/z=31.5和32.5处应为+2 peak， 因为“when lose 2 e⁻ instead of one, m/z value would be halved”。32.5处即为⁶⁵Cu²⁺。
7、数分子式题，比较简单。注意每个碳能形成4条键。
8、简单数数原子个数就可以了，注意是此系列的第五个分子，即：只相差一个-CH2-单元的系列叫同系物homologous series。
9、1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶电子构型[Ar]。K⁺和Ca²⁺是4周期s-block的阳离子，符合条件。Ti3+相对1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶多一个电子（具体电子构型1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹）；而Sc³⁺由1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶4s²3d¹失三个价电子得来，符合条件。如果了解过渡金属transition metal定义（Sc³⁺不是transition metal）的话此类题目可以快速判定。
10、非常基础，N作为2周期p-block元素，N³⁻电子构型应为[Ne]。
11、离子半径题。其中A项Al³⁺、C项Mg²⁺、D项F⁻电子构型皆为[Ne]即1s²2s²2p⁶，等电子体isoelectronics的离子半径ionic radius负相关于核电荷nuclear charge数目，因为”more nuclear charge, more electrostatic attraction form nucleus”。所以原子序数/核电荷数最大的Al是最小的。另外B项Ga³⁺是4周期元素，电子构型1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁶3d¹⁰，比其他三者多一层(quantum) shell，半径会大很多。
12、原子经济性atom economy题。具体算式：
13、硫原子上的孤对电子lone pair数目应为两个，中心原子sp³ hybrid。
14、第三电离能the third ionisation energy的定义是：the energy need to remove the third electron from gaseous ions。强调离子由+2变为+3。
15、键角递减顺序。
16、极化作用polarising power (Covalent character)题。对于离子化合物而言，阳离子对银离子的扭曲作用成为极化polarising，此效应正比于阴阳离子的电荷，正比于阴离子的半径，反比于阳离子的半径。对于同样是+1价的阳离子和-1价的阴离子，最小半径阳离子Li⁺与最大半径阴离子I⁻的组合拥有最强的polarising。而polarising越强二者之间的离子键越像共价键，极端例子即是由金属与非金属组成的共价键单分子AlCl₃。
17、氯化氢HCl分子的电子密度图electron density map。氢原子在此处应远小于氯原子。
18、(a) 轨道orbital的定义。”an area which has the highest probability to find an electron”。
(b) s和p轨道的形状。s为球形sphere；p为哑铃形（沙漏、葫芦）dumbbell。此处画图亦可。
(c) 连续电离能successive ionisation解读题。这个题出题人非常懒，连对数电离能图都懒得放了，实际上图是这个样子：
这个题本身比较经典，三分的解释分别来自：①(two large jump:) three shells三个电子层 ②(first ionisation energy is low:) one electron in the outer shell最外层一个电子 ③(two is very high:) two electron in the third shell第三层两个电子 ④(eight is in the middle:) 8 electrons in second shell第二层八个电子。第一条应该是固定的，后三条写二即可。
(d) (i) 描点画图，没有什么难度，重点是纵坐标不适合从0开始，从0开始会导致整个线看不出斜率。因为数据(log第四电离能)最小值3.87，最大值4.06，所以这种图建议从3.7或3.8开始画，至4.1或4.2止；也就是：
这种题目一般官方会要求横纵坐标各占到一半的范围。
(ii) 从图中的回归线可知Na的log IE大概是3.99，所以 the 4ᵗʰ ionisation energy = 10³˙⁹⁹= 9770kJ mol⁻¹。注意纵坐标是电离能以10为底的对数。
(iii) 即使Na和Ne是不同周期的元素，为何第四电离能依然相似。很显然决定电离能的是电子构型，而从Na³⁺ 1s²2s²2p⁴和从Ne³⁺1s²2s²2p³中拿的是同一亚层subshell的电子，所需能量差别自然不大。Both element removing electrons from same subshell。
19、(a)(i) 重铬酸铵(NH4)2Cr2O7热分解为铬的氧化物CrxOy、氮气N2和水H2O。此处没明示氧化物中铬元素价态，所以我们先不写元素比（其实大部分情况下都是+3价最稳定）。
氮、氢元素配平后：
发现铬的氧化物只能是Cr2O3，即：
(ii) 此反应类型应为分解decomposition，如果写氧化还原redox可能也有分。其他答案肯定都没分，如disproportionation。
(b) 理想气体方程计算，每套1单元卷子的必备题目。此类题目本身套公式计算并不难，重点是能不能记住各物理量在式子中的单位，即：
(c) (i)铵根离子ammonium ion的点叉图/电子式dot and cross diagram，非常基础。
(ii) 解释铵根离子的形状，其实就是套用VSEPR理论的说辞就可以了，具体来说就是：
① repulsion between 4 (N-H) bonding pairs of electrons to maximum separation/bond angle.。
② tetrahedral。
(d)(i) 选择重铬酸铵ammonium dichromate(VI)的危险标志。此题不需要记忆，内容全在题干里：“toxic”“irritate and burn the skin and eyes”“strong oxidiser”
(ii) 为什么重铬酸铵不能与烷烃alkane储存在同一个橱子里。其实答案也处在题干里，即：“is a strong oxidiser that enhances the combustion of other substance”
20、烯烃/聚烯烃题目。
(a)(i) Polymerisation of propene方程式：
需注意：①此问跟题干的聚乳酸没有半毛钱关系；②这里要求展示式display formula，即每一条键都要画出来，包括-CH₃都要分开写。
(ii) 给出一个聚烯烃与聚乳酸的不同。此处最明显的不同就是addition polymerisation (against condensation polymer)，另外如果写no side product form应该也有分。
(iii) 可生物降解biodegradable的含义。就是字面意思：(can be) break down by organism/living things/bacteria。
(iv) 给出三个可生物降解聚合物的优点。典型的开放题，答案不唯一，只要符合题目要求基本都能算分。例如：reuse land of landfill, no/less environment damage(when disposal), slower CO₂ release(than incinerate)等。
(b) (i)解释为什么isoprene没有几何异构。几何异构有两个条件，一个是有双键（平面型分子）一个是每个碳原子两端都连着不同的部分two different part on each carbon。此题很明显不符合第二点，两个双键都有=CH₂结构。
(ii) 画出图中分子(Z-1-chloro-2-methylbut-1,3-diene)的几何异构体，即：
(iii) 为什么双键可以形成几何异构体。因为π键不能转because can not rotate。
21、(a) 计算0.03mol环己烯的体积，密度0.811g cm⁻¹，基础单位换算题。
(b) (i) 过量环己烯加入液溴中的反应现象应为red to colourless。对于卤素单质来说：
(ii)环己烯与溴单质的反应机理。标准的亲核取代反应机理题。
(c) (i) ppm的全拼是 parts per million。
(ii) 溴的安全浓度是1.1ppm，所以3.25cm3蒸汽需要3.25cm³ ÷ 1.1ppm = 2.95×10⁶cm³ = 2.95×10³dm³ 。
(d) 计算溶解溴单质所需溶剂的体积，其实就是计算与0.03mol环己烯反应所需的溴溶液的体积，Br₂与环己烯是1：1反应，一般将溶剂的体积视为溶液的体积。
C = 35g dm⁻³ ÷ 159.8g mol⁻¹ = 0.219 mol dm⁻³。
V = n × C = 0.137 dm³ =137 cm³。
22、(a) 卤代烃分子X的系统命名。此分子：
应为：1,1,2-trichloroethane。
(b) (i) C-Cl键断裂的必要条件是UV light。
(ii) X分子的均裂反应方程式，要写出半箭头：
(iii) 氯自由基与X分子的反应，其实是增殖步propagation step的拓展题。
(iv) 写出分子式为C₄H₄Cl₆的产物生成的方程式，碳原子数翻倍了，必然是烃基自由基的偶联产物，即：
(d) 陈述在上一问中的反应类型并且命名产物C₄H₄Cl₆。
反应类型应为自由基取代反应（中的终止步）(termination step of) free radical substitution。
命名的话两种产物分别叫1,2,2,3,3,4-hexachlorobutane和1,1,2,3,4,4-hexachlorobutane。
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