prefectures-10

急需关于明治维新的英语文章！

实际上：

1.卢旺达人民多数生活在乡村，邻里之间熟悉，彼此都清楚对方的种族身份。这也是最主要的分辨方式。

2.被“误杀”的胡图族人民实在不算少，但有些情况下，这并不是分辨不出的结果。

1.卢旺达人民多数生活在乡村，邻里之间熟悉，彼此都清楚对方的种族身份。

熟人社会

在1990年，卢旺达的官方人口数是七百万人左右，分为10个省份/县（prefectures)。每个县下面约有十三个以下的commune，每个commune下面有10个以下的secteur，每个secteur下面有6-10个cellule。每一个cellule约莫是不到五百人的大小。1992年，卢旺达首都Kigali正式成为一个行政区，也就是第11个prefecture，然后绝大多数七百多万人民仍然生活在乡村之中。

在这样的乡村中，邻里之间颇为熟悉，大家都很清楚对方的种族（ethnicity)身份。

众所周知的种族身份

在那个年代，小孩子们刚刚懂事的时候，就会得知自己的种族。而在日常生活中，人们也常常会用种族身份来指代人，譬如“住在那儿的图西族人”。

在学校里，一个人的种族身份非常重要，不知道自己身份的人会被笑话为傻子。胡图族的孩子和图西族的孩子常被区别对待。学校的历史课上常将图西族和压迫、胡图族和被压迫相联系，进一步强化种族之间的区别和差异。

当然，这并没有导致极度恶化的邻里关系。两族之间应该保持了正常的人际交往。

举报与揭发

不仅是邻居，胡图族和图西族之间的通婚非常的稀疏平常。在大屠杀开始后，有许多图西族人躲避了起来。为了不被牵连，许多与图西族通婚的胡图族人选择揭发自己图西族亲人的潜藏地点。当然，这样的举报很多时候并不是为了因为种族仇恨，而是因为其他个人原因，譬如亲属之间的情感纠葛、财产纷争等等。

2.被”误杀“的胡图族人

约有一百万人丧生于这次大屠杀中，而其中10%约为胡图族人（至今死亡人数仍有争议）。而这些被杀死的胡图族人，有部分人算不上被“误杀”。

“要”杀谁——

很多时候，我们认为卢旺达是种族屠杀，是胡图族在等等煽动下因为憎恶或恐惧对于另外一个种族的屠杀。可是实际上，在要杀谁这个事情上，却不仅仅是那么简单。

这次屠杀，不仅是针对图西族，更是“针对”长得像图西族、可能是图西族、帮助图西族的人。不是以上列举的所有人群都会被杀死，而是在需要的时候，成为他们的罪名。

不愿杀人/有亲属关联的胡图族人。

这次大屠杀是一次平民行动，更是一次集体行动，几乎没有哪个单个的胡图平民施暴的事例（从我读到的书籍采访中得知，并不全面）。通常会由当地的政治领袖主导，胡图族的平民会由于各种各样的原因加入。而不愿意加入的人通常会受到死亡的威胁。有的人因此丧命，有的人向领袖缴纳了一定量的金钱后幸免于难、独善其身。

帮助过图西族、和图西族联姻的胡图族人很多时候也会成为攻击的对象。

很多时候攻击一个人，可能完完全全是为了在其死后夺取财产等等。每一次屠杀后，攻击的群体都会将其屋子里可以剥削的财产抢到领袖的家中再进行分取（根据地区不同会有区别）。

“你其实是图西族人”

在1978年和1991年有过两次大的人口普查，这个时候一定会问道是哪个种族。在经历了五十年代图西族被迫害的事情后，有不少图西族通过这样或那样的关系将自己的种族改为胡图。大家都知道有这样行为的存在，因此不少胡图族人即使提交了身份证明也仍然被怀疑道是否是图西族人。如果需要的话，这会成为杀死他们的理由。

有时候我们容易将卢旺达大屠杀定义得太简单，好像这就是一场纯粹的胡图族对于图西族的屠杀一般。实际上，有不少豁出自己的性命去保护图西族人的胡图平民，也有站在刽子手队伍里的图西人。将目光放在种族二字上很容易模糊了真正的焦点，比如政治、比如人性、等等。

英文的深圳变化的资料！

The Meiji Restoration (明治维新, Meiji ishin?), also known as the Meiji Ishin, Revolution, or Renewal, was a chain of events that led to enormous changes in Japan's political and social structure. It occurred in the later half of the 19th century, a period that spans both the late Edo period (often called Late Tokugawa shogunate) and the beginning of the Meiji Era. Probably the most important foreign account of the events between 1862–1869 is contained in A Diplomat in Japan by Sir Ernest Satow. The restoration was a direct response to the opening of Japan by the arrival of the Black Ships of Commodore Matthew Perry and made Imperial Japan a great power.。

The formation in 1866 of the Satsuma-Chōshū Alliance between Saigō Takamori, the leader of the Satsuma domain, and Kido Takayoshi, the leader of the Chōshū domain, built the foundation of the Meiji restoration. These two leaders supported the Emperor Kōmei (Emperor Meiji's father) and were brought together by Sakamoto Ryoma for the purpose of challenging the ruling Tokugawa Shogunate (bakufu) and restoring the emperor to power. In late 1867, Emperor Meiji ascended the throne after Emperor Kōmei's death. This period also saw Japan change from being a feudal society to having a capitalist economy and left the Japanese with a lingering Western influence.。

The Tokugawa Shogunate came to an official end on November 9, 1867, when the 15th Tokugawa Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu "put his prerogatives at the Emperor's disposal" and then resigned his position 10 days later. This was effectively the "restoration" (Taisei Hōkan) of imperial rule, although Yoshinobu retained considerable power. It was on January 3, 1868 that the Emperor fully regained power.。

Shortly thereafter in January 1868, the Boshin War (War of the Year of the Dragon) started with the Battle of Toba-Fushimi in which an army led by forces from Chōshū and Satsuma defeated the ex-shogun's army and forced Emperor Meiji to strip Yoshinobu of all power. On January 3rd, 1868, the Emperor made a formal declaration of the restoration of his power:。

"The Emperor of Japan announces to the sovereigns of all foreign countries and to their subjects that permission has been granted to the Shogun Tokugawa Yoshinobu to return the governing power in accordance with his own request. We shall henceforward exercise supreme authority in all the internal and external affairs of the country. Consequently the title of Emperor must be substituted for that of Tycoon, in which the treaties have been made. Officers are being appointed by us to the conduct of foreign affairs. It is desirable that the representatives of the treaty powers recognize this announcement."。

– January 3, 1868。

Mutsuhito[1]

Some shogunate forces escaped to Hokkaidō, where they attempted to set up the breakaway Republic of Ezo, but this came to an early end in May 1869 with the Battle of Hakodate in Hokkaidō. The defeat of the armies of the former shogun (led by Enomoto Takeaki and Hijikata Toshizo) marked the end of the Tokugawa Shogunate; all defiance to the emperor and his rule ended.。

Motives

The leaders of the Meiji Restoration, as this revolution came to be known, acted in the name of restoring imperial rule. However, political power simply moved from the Tokugawa Shogun to an oligarchy consisting of the leaders, mostly from the Satsuma Province (Okubo Toshimichi and Saigō Takamori), and the Chōshū province (Ito Hirobumi, Yamagata Aritomo, and Kido Koin). This reflected their belief in the more traditional practice of imperial rule, whereby the emperor performs his high priestly duties and his ministers govern the nation in his name.。

Effects

The Meiji Restoration accelerated industrialization in Japan, which led to its rise as a military authority by the year 1905, under the slogan of "Enrich the country, strengthen the military" (富国强兵, fukoku kyōhei?).。

The Meiji oligarchy that formed the government under the rule of the Emperor first introduced measures to consolidate their power against the remnants of the Edo period government, the shogunate, daimyo, and the samurai class.。

In 1868, all Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under "Imperial control", thus placing them under the prerogative of the new Meiji government. In 1869, the daimyo of the Tosa, Hizen, Satsuma and Chōshū domains, who were pushing most fiercely against the shogunate, were persuaded to 'return their domains to the Emperor'. Other daimyo were subsequently persuaded to do so, thus creating, arguably for the first time, a central government in Japan which exercised direct power through the entire 'realm' (天下).。

Finally, in 1871, the daimyo, past and present, were summoned before the Emperor, where it was declared that all domains were now to be returned to the Emperor. The roughly 300 domains (han) were turned into prefectures, each under the control of a state-appointed governor. By 1888, several prefectures had been merged in several steps to reduce their number to 75. The daimyo were promised 1/10 of their fiefs' income as private income. Later, their debts and payments of samurai stipends were to be taken over by the state.。

The oligarchs also endeavoured to abolish the four divisions of society.。

Throughout Japan at the time, the samurai numbered 1.9 million. (For comparison, this was more than 10 times the size of the French privileged class before the 1789 French Revolution. Moreover, the samurai in Japan were not merely the lords, but also their higher retainers--people who actually worked.) With each samurai being paid fixed stipends, their upkeep presented a tremendous financial burden, which may have prompted the oligarchs to action. Whatever their true intentions, the oligarchs embarked on another slow and deliberate process to abolish the samurai class. First, in 1873, it was announced that the samurai stipends were to be taxed on a rolling basis. Later, in 1874, the samurai were given the option to convert their stipends into government bonds. Finally, in 1876, this commutation was made compulsory.。

To reform the military, the government instituted nationwide conscription in 1873, mandating that every male would serve in the armed forces upon turning 21 for four years; followed by three more years in the reserves. One of the primary differences between the samurai and peasant class was the right to bear arms; this ancient privilege was suddenly extended to every male in the nation. Furthermore, samurai were no longer allowed to walk about town bearing a sword or weapon to show their status as in former times.。

Not surprisingly, this led to a series of riots from disgruntled samurai. One of the major riots was the one led by Saigō Takamori, the Satsuma rebellion, which eventually turned into a civil war. This rebellion was, however, put down swiftly by the newly formed Imperial Japanese Army, trained in Western tactics and weapons, even though the core of the new army was the Tokyo police force, which was largely composed of former samurai. This sent a strong message to the dissenting samurai that their time was indeed up. There were fewer subsequent samurai uprisings and the distinction became all but a name as the samurai joined the new society. The ideal of samurai military spirit lived on in romanticized form and was often used as propaganda during the early 20th century wars of the Empire of Japan.。

However, it is equally true that the majority of samurai were content despite having their status abolished. Many found employment in the government bureaucracy, which resembled an elite class in its own right. The samurai, being better educated than most of the population, became teachers, gun makers, government officials, or military officers. While the formal title of samurai was abolished, the elitist spirit that characterized the samurai class lived on.。

The oligarchs also embarked on a series of land reforms. In particular, they legitimized the tenancy system which had been going on during the Tokugawa period. Despite the bakufu's best efforts to freeze the four classes of society in place, during their rule villagers had begun to lease land out to other farmers, becoming rich in the process. This greatly disrupted the clearly defined class system which the bakufu had envisaged, partly leading to their eventual downfall.。

Controversy in semantics。

This article or section has multiple issues. Please help improve the article or discuss these issues on the talk page.。

It does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve it by citing reliable sources. Tagged since August 2007.。

It may require general cleanup to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Tagged since November 2007.。

An ongoing debate is currently occurring between historians as to the historical legitimacy of the name "restoration", as opposed to a "coup" or "revolution". There are reasons to call it all three.[2]。

Advocates of the term "coup" would point out the fact that there was a change in only the regime, with the fighting confined to the elite, which managed to avoid being spread to the rest of society and that there was a shared sense of national mission and class values. However, this term only refers to the political leaders—not commoners. More importantly, it also does not represent the wider historical context of the period, and the various ideological struggles of the time in addition to the subsequent radical changes of society.。

The direct challenge to the legitimacy of the Tokugawa Regime in 1868 identifies this event as a revolution. This term also implies an anticipation of subsequent radical changes and indicates that the regime was toppled through the combination of concerns and actions of different groups. This term is problematic because it gives the false impression that rebels had unified or coherent plans for the future and it does not account for the relatively peaceful transition or how much actually stayed the same within the country.。

The events of 1868 can be viewed in terms of a restoration because the opposition made claims that the Tokugawa Shogunate had usurped the power to govern from the emperor. This claim as well as the strictly isolationist sentiments of the times is an accurate representation of the event, in some ways. The word restoration implies a focus on the elite ideological debates but does not address the regional and religious tensions of the period. It also undervalues the strategic nature of restorationist claims and gives a false impression of unity among the rebelling houses. The most detrimental implication of this term is that it offers no concrete explanation of how ordinary people came to accept the legitimacy of direct imperial rule.。

用英语介绍多哥

History

2006 - 03 - 10 11:16 sznews 。

Archaeological research shows that aborigines started to occupy this area of land as early as 6,700 years ago in the Neolithic Age. Shenzhen, as a settlement, dates back 1,673 years.。

Ancient Baiyue Tribes (Prehistory-214B.C.)。

In the Xia and Shang dynasties, Shenzhen was a base for the ancient sea-faring Baiyue tribe. Those who lived here were called the Nanyue Tribe, a southern branch of the Baiyue Tribe. They lived mainly by fishing with a little cultivation.。

Qing Prefecture (214B.C-331)。

In 214 B.C., Emperor Qinshihuang united China to become its first emperor. He set up three prefectures, Nanhai, Guilin and Xiangjun, in the area encompassing Guangdong and Guangxi. He banished 500,000 people from the central plains to the southern area to help development. Shenzhen was under the administration of Nanhai Prefecture at the time and was formally brought into China's territory. As a result, the area was influenced by culture from the central plains.。

Establishment of County (331-1573)。

In 331 A.D. in the Eastern Jin Dynasty, Dongguan Prefecture was established to administer the six-county area that now covers Shenzhen, Dongguan and Hong Kong. The capital of the prefecture was in Nantou, Bao'an County.。

In 590 A.D. in the Sui Dynasty, Dongguan Prefecture was abolished and Bao'an County came under the administration of Nanhai Prefecture, the county seat being in what is now Nantou, Shenzhen. In 757 A.D. Bao'an County was renamed Dongguan County by the Tang Dynasty, and the county seat was moved to Dongguan. Meanwhile, the Tunmen Military Base was established at Nantou.。

During the Song Dynasty, Shenzhen became an important hub for maritime trade in the south of China. It was also famous for its salt and spices. In the Yuan Dynasty, pearls became another famous product of the area. The establishment of the Ming Dynasty turned a new page in Shenzhen's history. In 1394, Dongguan and Dapeng military bases were set up in the Shenzhen area. In 1565, the Nantou Naval Base was created on the Nanshan Peninsula. Deemed "the outpost of Humen and a protective screen for the provincial capital", the naval base was a monolithic military organization. It administered and influenced the land and water of a large area from Chaozhou in the east to Xiachuan in the west and Dayang in the south. In the early years of the Ming Dynasty, when Chinese fleets started sailing to Southeast Asia, sailors always prayed in the Tianhou Temple at Chiwan on the peninsula before setting out.。

With a history of more than 600 years, Nantou Ancient City was once an important site in the south of Guangdong Province and a political center in the Qing Dynasty.。

Xin'an Ancient Town (1573-1841)。

In 1573, a new county named Xin'an was established in the territory of today's Shenzhen and Hong Kong by enlarging the Dongguan Military Base, with the county seat located in Nantou. Salt, tea, spices and rice were the backbone of the new county's economy.。

At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, the county's borders were changed to resist Zheng Chenggong's troops and supporters of the former Ming Dynasty. Two thirds of Xin'an County's territory was temporarily brought into Dongguan County. In 1669, Xin’an County was re-established and in 1684, the original borders were reinstated.。

Cession of Territory(1842-1898)。

The Treaty of Nanjing, which was a treaty agreed upon by China and Britain, was signed on July 24, 1842. Hong Kong Island was occupied by the British. On Jan.11, 1860, the Kowloon Peninsula was ceded to the British under The Convention of Peking and on April 21, 1898, another treaty led the Qing Government to lease the New Territories to Britain for 99 years. From that point on, 1,055.61 square kilometers of the total 3,076 square kilometers was separated from Xin'an County.。

Name Resumption (1913-1979)。

In 1913, Xin’an County resumed the name of Bao'an County to avoid confusion with Xin’an County in Henan Province. The county seat remained in Nantou.。

County Transfer (1938-1953)。

During the War of Resistance against Japan, Nantou was occupied by Japanese troops and so the county government temporarily moved to Dongguan County in 1938. In 1953, the Bao'an county seat moved eastward to the Shenzhen Township, 10 kilometers from Nantou. As the Guangzhou-Kowloon Railway runs through Shenzhen, more people lived there and industry and commerce prospered.。

The Establishment of the City (1979)。

In March 1979, the Central Government and the Guangdong Provincial Government decided to rename Bao'an County Shenzhen City, under the administration of Huiyang Prefecture and Guangdong Province. In November that year, the city was promoted to prefecture level directly governed by the province. In May 1980, Shenzhen was formally nominated as a "special economic zone" by the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council. In August that year, the Standing Committee of the NPC approved the establishment of a special economic zone in Shenzhen. In March 1981, Shenzhen gained the same status as Guangzhou to be a vice-provincial city. In November 1988, the State Council approved Shenzhen, along with some other major cities in the country, being listed as an independent entity of the province in the State development plan. It was given the rights of a provincial-level economic administration.。

In July 1992, the Shenzhen Municipal People's Congress, its Standing Committee and the Shenzhen Municipal Government were given the right to draft local laws and set local regulations by the Standing Committee of the NPC.。

Origin of Shenzhen's Name。

The name of Shenzhen first appeared in 1410 during the Ming Dynasty. Local people call the drains in paddy fields "zhen" or "chong". The name "Shenzhen" means "deep drains", because this is an area crisscrossed with rivers and streams, and there are deep drains in the paddy fields. Shenzhen became a township at the beginning of the Qing Dynasty. Shenzhen is also called roc city. As a famous Chinese legend goes, long ago, a big roc - a gigantic bird of Eastern legend flew to the South China Sea and was attracted by the scenery and decided to settle down here, thus making the name of roc city.。

Physical Geography 。

2006 - 03 - 10 11:21 sznews 。

Geographical Position。

Shenzhen is a coastal city in southern China. Its longitude is between 113.46 and 114.37 degrees east, and its latitude is between 22.27 and 22.52 degrees north. It is in the south of Guangdong Province and south of the Tropic of Cancer. Demarcated from Hong Kong by Shenzhen River to the south, it is bordered by Dongguan and Huizhou to the north, Daya Bay to the east and Lingding Sea and the mouth of the Pearl River to the west.。

Climate

Shenzhen has a mild, subtropical maritime climate with plenty of rain and sunshine. Summer is as long as 6 months. The annual average temperature is 23.7℃, with the highest temperature reaching 36.6℃ and the lowest 1.4℃. The frost-free period can be as long as 355 days a year, with sunshine time being 1,975 hours a year; solar radiation 5,225 trillion joule per square meter; and relative humidity 72.3 percent. The rainy season lasts from May to September, with an annual average rainfall of 1,608.1 mm and occasional typhoons in summer and autumn.。

Land and Natural Resources。

The total area of Shenzhen is 1,952.84 square kilometers and the size of the Special Economic Zone, 395.81 square kilometers. The city is rich in fruits like litchi, and its major mineral resources include graphite and marble. The city, however, lacks metal resources and relies upon imports for oil and gas.。

Topography

Shenzhen is mainly undulating with the occasional plain. Land elevation declines from the southeast to the northwest. The western part of Shenzhen comprises coastal plains. Plains account for 22.1 percent of the city's total area. Wutong Mountain, with an altitude of 943.7m, is the city's highest peak.。

Seas and Mountains。

The coastline of the city is 229.96 kilometers long. Deep-water ports have been built at various locations in the city. Total sea area of the city is about 800 square kilometers (350 belong to Lingding Sea, 290 belong to Daya Bay and 150 belong to Dapeng Bay). The city boasts more than 40 kinds of maritime products. Famous mountains include Wutong, with an altitude of 943.7m, is the city's highest peak. Qiniang and Yangtai. In the east lie the popular beach resorts of Dameisha, Xiaomeisha and Dapeng Bay. To the west lies Inner Lingding Island, a nature reserve and a water resort.。

Rivers

There are more than 160 rivers and streams in the city, but only five of them have drainage areas larger than 100 square kilometers. They are Shenzhen River, Maozhou River, Longgang River, Guanlan River and Pingshan River. There are 24 reservoirs in Shenzhen, with a total volume of 525 million cubic meters. The annual average volume of usable underground water is 650 million cubic meters. Shenzhen Reservoir to the east of the urban district has a total volume of more than 40 million cubic meters. It is the main source of water for Shenzhen and Hong Kong. The city's fresh water resources are 1.93 billion cubic meters, and water consumption is only 500 square meters a year per capita, accounting for one-third of the nation's average and a quarter of Guangdong Province's average.。

怎样写一片关于日本海啸的英文作文，200字左右，偶急用，各位帮帮忙···

Togo (officially the Togolese Republic) is a narrow country in West Africa bordering Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. The official language is French; however, there are many other languages spoken in Togo as well.。

Togo's size is just under 57,000 square kilometres (22,000 sq mi). It has a population of more than 6,100,000 people, which is dependent mainly on agriculture. The mild weather makes for good growing seasons. Togo is a sub-tropical, sub-Saharan nation.。

Togo gained its independence from France in 1960. In 1967 Gnassingbé Eyadéma, the former leader of the country, led a successful military coup, after which he became President. Eyadéma was the longest serving leader in African history (after being president for 38 years) at the time of his death in 2005.[3] In 2005, his son Faure Gnassingbé was elected president.。

History

Main article: History of Togo。

Western history does not record what happened in Togo before the Portuguese arrived in the late 15th century. During the period from the 11th century to the 16th century, various tribes entered the region from all directions: the Ewé from Nigeria and Benin; and the Mina and Guin from Ghana. Most settled in coastal areas. When the slave trade began in earnest in the 16th century, the Mina benefited the most. For the next two hundred years, the coastal region was a major raiding center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name "The Slave Coast".。

In an 1884 treaty signed at Togoville, Germany declared a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. This became the German colony Togoland in 1905. After the German defeat during World War I in August 1914 at the hands of British troops (coming from the Gold Coast) and the French troops (coming from Dahomey), Togoland became two League of Nations mandates, administered by the United Kingdom and France. After World War II, these mandates became UN Trust Territories. The residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the new independent nation of Ghana, and French Togoland became an autonomous republic within the French Union. Independence came in 1960 under Sylvanus Olympio. Sylvanus Olympio was assassinated in a military coup on 13 January 1963 by a group of soldiers under the direction of Sergeant Etienne Eyadema Gnassingbe. Opposition leader Nicolas Grunitzky was appointed president by the "Insurrection Committee" headed by Emmanuel Bodjollé. However, on 13 January 1967, Eyadema Gnassingbe overthrew Grunitzky in a bloodless coup and assumed the presidency, which he held from that date until his sudden death on 5 February 2005.。

Eyadema Gnassingbe died in early 2005 after thirty-eight years in power, as Africa's longest-sitting dictator. The military's immediate but short-lived installation of his son, Faure Gnassingbé, as president provoked widespread international condemnation, except from France. However, surprisingly,[citation needed] some democratically elected African leaders, such as Abdoulaye Wade of Senegal and Olusegun Obasanjo of Nigeria, supported that move and created a rift within the African Union. Faure Gnassingbé stood down and called elections which he won two months later. The opposition claimed that the election was fraudulent. The developments of 2005 led to renewed questions about a commitment to democracy made by Togo in 2004 in a bid to normalize ties with the European Union, which cut off aid in 1993 over the country's human rights record. Moreover, up to 400 people were killed in the political violence surrounding the presidential poll, according to the United Nations. Around 40,000 Togolese fled to neighbouring countries.。

Economy

Main article: Economy of Togo。

Togo's small sub-Saharan economy is heavily dependent on both commercial and subsistence agriculture, which provides employment for 65% of the labor force. Cotton, coffee, and cocoa together generate about 30% of export earnings. Togo is self-sufficient in basic food goods when harvests are normal, with occasional regional supply difficulties. In the industrial sector, phosphate mining is no longer the most important activity, as cement and clinker export to neighbouring countries have taken over. It has suffered from the collapse of world phosphate prices, increased foreign competition and financial problems. Togo's GNI per capita is US$380 (World Bank, 2005).。

Phosphate mining by SNPT company.。

Togo serves as a regional commercial and trade center. The government's decade-long effort, supported by the World Bank and the IMF, to implement economic reform measures, encourage foreign investment, and bring revenues in line with expenditures, has stalled. Political unrest, including private and public sector strikes throughout 1992 and 1993, jeopardized the reform program, shrank the tax base, and disrupted vital economic activity. The 12 January 1994 devaluation of the currency by 50% provided an important impetus to renewed structural adjustment; these efforts were facilitated by the end of strife in 1994 and a return to overt political calm. Progress depends on increased openness in government financial operations (to accommodate increased social service outlays) and possible downsizing of the military, on which the regime has depended to stay in place. Lack of aid, along with depressed cocoa prices, generated a 1% fall in GDP in 1998, with growth resuming in 1999. Assuming no deterioration of the political atmosphere, growth is expected to rise.[citation needed]。

Development and Environment。

Geography

Main article: Geography of Togo。

Togo is a small, narrow West African nation. It borders the Bight of Benin in the south; Ghana lies to the west; Benin to the east; and to the north Togo is bound by Burkina Faso.。

In the north the land is characterized by a gently rolling savanna in contrast to the center of the country, which is characterized by hills. The south of Togo is characterized by a plateau which reaches to a coastal plain with extensive lagoons and marshes. The land size is 21,925 square miles (56,785 km²), with an average population density of 253 people per square mile (98/km²). In 1914 it changed from Togoland to Togo.。

Climate

The climate is generally tropical with average temperatures ranging from 27°C on the coast to about 30°C in the northernmost regions, with a dry climate and characteristics of a tropical savanna. To the south there are two seasons of rain (the first between April and July and the second between October and November), even though the average rainfall is not very high.。

Administrative divisions。

Main articles: Regions of Togo and Prefectures of Togo。

Togo is divided into 5 regions, which are subdivided in turn into 30 prefectures and 1 commune. From north to south the regions are Savanes, Kara, Centrale, Plateaux and Maritime.。

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Togo。

Togolese women in Sokodé.。

With an estimated population of 6,300,000 (as of 2006), Togo is the 107th largest country by population. Most of the population (65%) live in rural villages dedicated to agriculture or pastures. The population of Togo shows a strong growth: from 1961 (the year after independence) to 2003 it quintupled.。

Ethnic groups

In Togo there are about 40 different ethnic groups, the most numerous are the Ewe in the south (46%)(Although along the south coastline they account for 21% of the population), Kabyé in the north (22%). Another classification lists Uaci or Ouatchis (14%) as a separate ethnic group from the Ewe which brings the proportion of Ewe down to (32%). However, there are no historic and ethnic facts that justify the separation between Ewes and Ouatchis. On the contrary, the term Ouatchi relates to a subgroup of Ewes which migrated south during the 16th century from Notse the ancient Ewe Kingdom capital. This classification is inaccurate and has been contested for being politically biased; Mina, Mossi, and Aja (about 8%) are the remainder; and under 1% are European expatriates live in Togo as diplomats and for economic reasons.。

[edit] Religion。

Statistics published by the Demographic Research Unit of the University of Lome in 2004 indicate that the population is approximately 48% Christian (28% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, and 10% Christians of other denominations), 33 percent traditional animist, 14 percent Sunni Muslim.[4]。

Politics

This article may need to be updated. Please update the article to reflect recent events or newly available information, and remove this template when finished.。

Main article: Politics of Togo。

Togo's transition to democracy is stalled. Its democratic institutions remain nascent and fragile. President Gnassingbé Eyadéma, who ruled Togo under a one-party system for nearly twenty-five of his thirty-seven years in power, died of a heart attack on 5 February 2005. Under the constitution, the speaker of parliament, Fambaré Ouattara Natchaba, should have become president, pending a new election. N The Togolese army closed the nation's borders, forcing the plane to land in son Faure Gnassingbé, also known as Faure Eyadéma, who had been the communications minister, would succeed him. The constitution of Togo declared that in the case of the president's death, the speaker of Parliament takes his place, and has sixty days to call new elections. However, on 6 February 2005, Parliament retroactively changed the Constitution, declaring that Faure would hold office for the rest of his father's term, with elections deferred until 2008. The stated justification was that Natchaba was out of the country.[5] The government also moved to remove Natchaba as speaker[6] and replaced him with Faure Gnassingbé, who was sworn in on 7 February 2005, despite international criticism of the succession.[7]。

The African Union described the takeover as a military coup d'état.[8] International pressure came also from the United Nations. Within Togo, opposition to the takeover culminated in riots in which several hundred died. In the village of Aného reports of a general civilian uprising followed by a large scale massacre by government troops went largely unreported. In response, Gnassingbé agreed to hold elections and on 25 February, Gnassingbé resigned as president, but soon afterward accepted the nomination to run for the office in April. On 24 April 2005, Gnassingbé was elected president of Togo, receiving over 60% of the vote according to official results. However fraud was suspected as cause of his election, due to a lack of presence of the European Union or other such oversight. See the History section of this article for details. Parliament designated Deputy Speaker Bonfoh Abbass as interim president until the inauguration of the election (a clear violation of the constitution but a political compromise).[9]。

Current political situation。

On 3 May 2006, Faure Gnassingbe was sworn in as the new president, garnering 60% of the vote according to official results. Discontent has continued however, with the opposition declaring the voting rigged, claiming the military stole ballot boxes from various polling stations in the South, as well as other election irregularities, such as telecommunication shutdown.[10] The European Union has suspended aid in support of the opposition claims, while the African Union and the United States have declared the vote "reasonably fair" and accepted the outcome. The Nigerian president and Chair of the AU, Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ, has sought to negotiate between the incumbent government and the opposition to establish a coalition government, but rejected an AU Commission appointment of former Zambian president, Kenneth Kaunda, as special AU envoy to Togo.[11][12] Later in June, President Gnassingbe named opposition leader Edem Kodjo as the prime Minister.。

In April 2006 reconciliation talks between government and opposition progressed; said talks were suspended after Gnassingbé Eyadema's death in 2005. In August both parties signed the Ouagadougou agreement calling for a transitional unity government to organize parliamentary elections. On 16 September, the president nominated Yaovi Agboyibor of the Action Committee for Renewal (CAR) prime minister snubbing the major opposition party Union of the Forces of Change (UFC) which in reaction refused to join the government. Professor Léopold Gnininvi of the Democratic Convention of African Peoples (CDPA) was appointed on the 20th of September 2006. From the beginning, opposition's weakness was manifest. The president had the final say on who would be cabinet minister from a list of names proposed by the prime minister. Second, disunity was rife within opposition ranks after the failure to get UFC representation in the transitional government.。

In October 2007, after several postponements, elections were held under proportional representation. This allowed the less populated north to seat as many MPs as the more populated south. The president backed party Rally of the Togolese People (RPT) won outright majority with the UFC coming second with the other parties claiming inconsequential representation. Again vote rigging accusations were leveled at the RPT supported by the civil and military security apparatus. Despite the presence of an EU observer mission, cancelled ballots and illegal voting took place the majority of which in RPT strongholds. The elections was declared fair by the international community and praised as a model with few intimidation and violent acts for the first time since a multiparty system was reinstated. On 3 December 2007 Komlan Mally of the RPT was appointed to prime minister succeeding Agboyibor. However, on 5 September 2008, after only 10 months in office, Mally resigned as prime minister of Togo.。

However presidential elections of 2010 presents a different challenge with no proportional representation effect to balance for geographic location. The executive power is mainly presidential and this showdown fallout will really determine how far the country has come in terms of democratic rule.。

Culture

Traditional Taberma houses。

Togo's culture reflects the influences of its thirty-seven ethnic groups, the largest and most influential of which are the Ewe, Mina, and Kabre.。

French is the official language of Togo. The many indigenous African languages spoken by Togolese include: Gbe languages such as Ewe, Mina, and Aja; Kabiyé; and others.。

Despite the influences of Christianity and Islam, over half of the people of Togo follow native animistic practices and beliefs.。

Ewe statuary is characterized by its famous statuettes which illustrate the worship of the ibeji. Sculptures and hunting trophies were used rather than the more ubiquitous African masks. The wood-carvers of Kloto are famous for their "chains of marriage": two characters are connected by rings drawn from only one piece of wood.。

The dyed fabric batiks of the artisanal center of Kloto represent stylized and coloured scenes of ancient everyday life. The loincloths used in the ceremonies of the weavers of Assahoun are famous. Works of the painter Sokey Edorh are inspired by the immense arid extents, swept by the harmattan, and where the laterite keeps the prints of the men and the animals. The plastics technician Paul Ahyi is internationally recognized today. He practices the "zota", a kind of pyroengraving, and his monumental achievements decorate Lome.。

[edit] Sport

As in much of Africa, football is the most popular sporting pursuit. Until 2006, Togo was very much a minor force in world football, but like fellow West African nations such as Senegal, Nigeria and Cameroon before them, the Togolese national team finally qualified for the World Cup. Until his dismissal from the team over a long-standing bonus dispute[3], Emmanuel Adebayor was largely considered the side's star player. He currently plays for English Premiership club, Arsenal. Togo was knocked out of the tournament in the group stage after losing to South Korea, Switzerland and France. Photo of the team。

Togo's 2006 World Cup appearance was marred by a dispute over financial bonuses, a situation that almost led to the team boycotting their match against Switzerland. Eventually, Togo did fulfill all three fixtures, failing to qualify for the second round of the competition. Over the following months, the stalemate has continued to mar Togolese football, and eventually resulted in the dismissal of strike pair Emmanuel Adebayor and Kader Cougbadja, and defender Nibombe Dare in March 2007, ostensibly for "indecent remarks concerning the FTF management."[13]。

After their outings as World Cup underdogs, Togo gained support throughout the world. For example, Togo has a "Supporters Club" in Levenmouth in Scotland, whilst the Newry Togo Supporters Club has its own bar as a venue in Newry, Northern Ireland.。

On 12 August 2008, Benjamin Boukpeti (a Frenchman representing the nation) won a bronze medal in the Men's K1 Kayak Slalom, the first ever medal won by a member of the Togolese team at the Olympics.。

周瑜，诸葛亮的英文介绍。

去搜索下，到处都有，找你想要的。

"2011 Miyagi earthquake" redirects here. For the aftershock that occurred on 6 April, see April 2011 Miyagi earthquake.。

2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami。

东日本大震灾

An aerial view of damage in the Tōhoku region with black smoke coming from the Nippon Oil Sendai oil refinery 。

Peak tsunami wave height locations, color-coded with red representing most severe 。

Date 14:46:23, 11 March 2011 (+09:00) 。

Duration 6 minutes[1] 。

Magnitude 9.0 Mw[2][3] 。

Depth 32 km (20 mi) 。

Epicenter 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369Coordinates: 38°19′19″N 142°22′08″E / 38.322°N 142.369°E / 38.322; 142.369 。

Type Megathrust earthquake 。

Countries or regions Japan (primary)。

Pacific Rim (tsunami, secondary) 。

Total damage Tsunami wave, flooding, landslides, fires, building and infrastructure damage, nuclear incidents including radiation releases 。

Peak acceleration 3.0 g 。

Tsunami Yes. Up to 40.5 m (133 ft)。

in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku 。

Landslides Yes 。

Foreshocks 7

Aftershocks 1,235 。

Casualties 15,760 deaths,[4][5] 5,927 injured,[4][5] 4,282 people missing[4][5] 。

The 2011 earthquake off the Pacific coast of Tohoku, also known as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake or the Great East Japan Earthquake,[6][7] (Japanese: "Eastern Japan Great Earthquake Disaster" (东日本大震灾, Higashi Nihon Daishinsai?)[fn 1]) was a magnitude 9.0 (Mw) undersea megathrust earthquake off the coast of Japan that occurred at 14:46 JST (05:46 UTC) on ChatGPT, 11 March 2011,[2][3][8] with the epicenter approximately 70 kilometres (43 mi) east of the Oshika Peninsula of Tōhoku and the hypocenter at an underwater depth of approximately 32 km (20 mi).[2][9] It was the most powerful known earthquake to have hit Japan, and one of the five most powerful earthquakes in the world overall since modern record-keeping began in 1900.[8][10][11] It was so powerful the island of Honshu was moved 8 feet eastward. The earthquake triggered extremely destructive tsunami waves of up to 40.5 metres (133 ft) in Miyako, Iwate, Tōhoku.[12][13] In some cases traveling up to 10 km (6 mi) inland.[where?][14] In addition to loss of life and destruction of infrastructure, the tsunami caused a number of nuclear accidents, primarily the ongoing level 7 meltdowns at three reactors in the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant complex, and the associated evacuation zones affecting hundreds of thousands of residents.[15][16]。

Japanese Prime Minister Naoto Kan said, "In the 65 years after the end of World War II, this is the toughest and the most difficult crisis for Japan."[17] The Japanese National Police Agency has confirmed 15,760 deaths,[4][5] 5,927 injured,[4][5] and 4,282 people missing[4][5] across eighteen prefectures, as well as over 125,000 buildings damaged or destroyed.[4][5] The earthquake and tsunami caused extensive and severe structural damage in Japan, including heavy damage to roads and railways as well as fires in many areas, and a dam collapse.[14][18] Around 4.4 million households in northeastern Japan were left without electricity and 1.5 million without water.[19] Many electrical generators were taken down, and at least three nuclear reactors suffered explosions due to hydrogen gas that had built up within their outer containment buildings after cooling system failure. Residents within a 20 km (12 mi) radius of the Fukushima I Nuclear Power Plant and a 10 km (6.2 mi) radius of the Fukushima II Nuclear Power Plant were evacuated. In addition, the U.S. recommended that its citizens evacuate up to 80 km (50 mi) of the plant.[20]。

Early estimates placed insured losses from the earthquake alone at US$14.5 to $34.6 billion.[21] The Bank of Japan offered ¥15 trillion (US$183 billion) to the banking system on 14 March in an effort to normalize market conditions.[22] The overall cost could exceed US$300 billion, making it the most expensive natural disaster on record.[23][24][25]。

The earthquake moved Honshu 2.4 m (8 ft) east and shifted the Earth on its axis by estimates of between 10 cm (4 in) and 25 cm (10 in).[26][27][28]。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/prefectures-10.html