prefectures-20

刘耀文的大沙雕

2023-02-23 16:32

问题描述：周瑜，诸葛亮的英文介绍。大家好，小编为大家解答一个有趣的事情的问题。很多人还不知道一个有趣的事情，现在让我们一起来看看吧！

钟意阿满

2023-02-23 16:32

秦始皇陵问题，急啊

prefectures-20的相关图片

Zhou Yu (周瑜, 175-210) was a famous and one of the most capable military strategists for Sun Ce and his successor Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms era; the turbulent years leading to the end of Han Dynasty in China.。

Early life

Zhou Yu was born in Lujiang District. Zhou Yu was born into a cultured family that produced many officials, and when Sun Jian was attacking Dong Zhuo, he moved his family to live together with Zhou Yu's family. Sun Jian's son Sun Ce and Zhou Yu studied together and became lifelong friends. Soon, Zhou Yu's uncle became the governor of Danyang, and the whole family relocated to Danyang, where they served Yuan Shu.。

Sun Ce, under a commission from Yuan Shu, entered Yangzhou in order to aid his relatives, Wu Jing and Sun Ben, who were attacked by Liu Yao. Zhou Yu and his uncle, Zhou Shang, were among the first to join Sun Ce's army, superseded only by a fellow officer of Yuan Shu, Lü Fan, and the former retainers of Sun Jian. After Sun Ce defeated Liu Yao and his allies, Zhou Yu and his uncle were summoned to return to Yuan Shu while Sun Ce continued his conquests.。

In 197, confident that he had Sun Ce's support, Yuan Shu declared himself Emperor. Sun Ce, citing loyalty to Emperor Xian, declared independence and allied with Lü Bu, Cao Cao, and Liu Bei to oppose his former master. It was at this time that Zhou Yu returned to Sun Ce's army, this time bringing a wealthy merchant named Lu Su, who would go on to serve the Sun family as Zhou Yu's successor.。

It was around this time that Zhou Yu and Sun Ce wed the Two Qiaos, daughters of Qiao Xuan, a famed scholar and critic. Very soon afterwards, Sun Ce and Zhou Yu pacified most of Yangzhou Province south of Yangtze and extended their power both south into the native Yue area and north into the Huai River region, defeating Liu Xun and the remnant forces of Yuan Shu in the north as well as Huang Zu and the forces of Liu Biao to the west.。

[edit] Campaigns against Huang Zu and Cao Cao。

In 200, Sun Ce was assassinated and he passed down his power to his brother, Sun Quan. Zhou Yu took over the military affairs while Zhang Zhao was given the domestic affairs. Around this time, Cao Cao defeated Yuan Shao and he demanded that Sun Quan send a family member hostage. Zhou Yu advised against sending a hostage. This raised Zhou Yu's respect within the Sun family, and he was treated as an elder brother by Sun Quan. In 206, Zhou Yu attacked the local bandits and captured over ten thousand people and resettled them. Then he repelled an attack by Liu Biao and captured enemy general Deng Long.。

In 208, Sun Quan ordered an attack on Jiangxia, which was protected by the Sun family's nemesis, Huang Zu. Zhou Yu led the navy, and along with Gan Ning, Lü Meng, Dong Xi and Xu Sheng, defeated Huang Zu at Xiakou, killing him. It was not shortly thereafter that Cao Cao began a general campaign aimed at wiping out all opposition in southern China and reunify the empire. As his army conquered Jingzhou and was closing in on Sun Quan, Sun Quan's court was divided on the issue of whether to surrender or resist. Sun Quan consulted Zhou Yu, who replied: "Although Cao Cao pretends to be a minister of Han, he is actually a thief who is attempting to steal the empire from Han. Your majesty, with your brilliant talent and your father and brother's military prowess, have ruled and pacified Eastern Wu. The territory stretches thousand of li, the soldier are well trained, brilliant advisors of great talents are at your disposal. It is the time to get rid Cao Cao and help the Han dynasty to reunify China. Cao Cao came down south and presented himself as an opportunity for you, your majesty. Now I will analyse for you the dire situation Cao Cao has placed himself into: Even if the north has been completely unified, can Cao Cao's ground based army fight against our superior navy and marines? The truth is that the north has not been completely pacified. Ma Chao will remain a thorn in Cao Cao's flesh. Cao Cao's superior cavalry is useless against the mountainous and watery terrain of the south. Winter is upon us, and yet Cao Cao's large army has to depend on a long supply line halfway across China. Cao Cao's army are mainly composed of northerners, and they are not used to the environment of the south, thus they will easily become sick. With all of these problems, I promise you that with thirty thousand men, I can easily break him." Greatly relieved, Sun Quan decided to fight.。

Zhou Yu accepting the position of Commander-in-chief of the Wu navy at Chi Bi in the 84-episode TV serial Romance of the Three KingdomsThe famous Battle of Red Cliffs ensued. Contrary to popular belief, Zhuge Liang did not contribute much and Zhou Yu was the supreme commander of the united forces against Cao Cao. In this battle, a series of stratagems were employed by Zhou Yu to destroy Cao Cao's giant fleet. Huang Gai proposed a plan in which he pretended to surrender to Cao Cao and infiltrated Cao Cao's camp. There, he set his own ships on fire and rammed them into Cao Cao's ships before jumping into the river. Much of Cao Cao's ships were destroyed and Cao Cao was forced to flee back to Xuchang.。

Afterwards, Zhou Yu led his army in pursue and laid siege to the strategic town of Nanjun (Jiangling). While on the front lines, Zhou Yu was struck by a stray arrow and seriously wounded. He withdrew from the frontlines, leaving Cheng Pu, who had shared command responsibilities with Zhou Yu, to command the siege. Cao Ren, the defending general, heard of Zhou Yu's wounds and attempted to launch a counterattack, but Zhou Yu personally inspected his troops and sent them into battle, nearly slaying Cao Ren's officer, Niu Jin. After a year of siege, Nanjun was taken and Zhou Yu was named Governor of Nanjun.。

[edit] Death

Zhou Yu offered to ally against Cao Cao, but secretly he wanted to attack Zhuge Liang. Zhuge Liang, already knowing of his plan, ordered generals Zhou Yun, Ma Chao, Guan Yu, and several others to hold their positions and do not listen to Zhou Yu. When Zhou Yu approached Zhao Yun, he offered the allied attack. Zhao Yun only smiled and told him Zhuge Liang already saw through his plan and has ordered to ignore Zhou Yu. Angered by his response, he vomited blood and decided to retreat. When Zhou Yu found out that he had been surrounded by Guan Yu, Zhang Fei, and several others, he vomited more blood. Somehow, he ran into Zhuge Liang, who calmly was sitting at the top of a mountain. Zhou Yu laughed and said he finally had him where he wanted him, but archers appeared from the bushes and shot at Zhou Yu. When Zhou Yu retreated and returned to his home, he became sick and died.。

He was buried in his ancestral home in Lujiang. He was succeeded in his military command by Lu Su and in his nobility rank by his eldest son, Zhou Xun.。

[edit] Qualities。

Zhou Yu was intelligent and young, and he was also considered a very handsome man by his contemporaries. He was very open and made friends with his humbleness. Cheng Pu was an elder general of Sun Jian and he made fun of Zhou Yu's youth. Yet Zhou Yu took all of the abuse stoically and they eventually became great friends. He was a man of many talents, who was also well versed in music and poems. There was a saying at that time: "Should the tune be in error, Zhou Yu takes note." ("曲有误, 周郎顾")。

He was also famous for his loyalty. Even though Sun Quan saw Zhou Yu as an older brother, Zhou Yu never crossed the line, and he always served Sun Quan with humility and care.。

On the Kunqu stage, Zhou Yu appears as a zhiweisheng, as in the scene "The Swaying Reeds", where he is captured and ultimately set free by Zhang Fei.。

In Chinese opera, Zhou Yu is played by the xiaosheng (young man) or wusheng (military man), even when sharing the stage with Zhuge Liang, who was actually the younger of the two.。

[edit] Modern references。

A film currently showing in theatre titled Red Cliff, directed by John Woo featured Tony Leung Chiu Wai as Zhou Yu. 。

In the Koei video game series Dynasty Warriors (based on Romance of the Three Kingdoms), Zhou Yu is portrayed as a powerful, highly intelligent and handsome man. He wears a red gown with gold decorations and wields a very long, lavishly decorated dao. In Dynasty Warriors 6 he wears a ponytail and wields a bo staff. 。

[edit] Family

Great grandfather 。

Zhou Rong - the Imperial Secretary (尚书令) in charge of reading and interpreting reports to the emperor. 。

Grandfather

Zhou Jing - first the governor of Yuzhou (豫州刺史), and then became Imperial Secretary and finally Imperial Minister of Defence (太尉). 。

Father

Zhou Yi - Mayor of the capital city Luoyang. 。

Uncle

Zhou Shang - the Grand Administrator of Danyang (丹杨太守) 。

Wife

Xiao Qiao

Children

Zhou Xun - succeeded Zhou Yu's rank of nobility and was said to possess his father's talents, and he was married to Sun Quan's eldest daughter Sun Dahu (Princess Quan). He died suddenly and was succeeded by his younger brother. 。

Zhou Yin - succeeded Zhou Xun 。

A daughter, Zhou Ying, was married to Sun Deng, Sun Quan's eldest son. 。

Nephew

Zhou Jun - served Wu as a notable military officer and participated in numerous battles under the command of Lu Xun (Three Kingdoms). 。

Sworn Brother and brother in law。

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/ZhouYu.jpg。

Zhuge Liang (Chinese: 诸葛亮; pinyin: Zhūgě Liàng, 181–234) was Chancellor of Shu Han during the Three Kingdoms period of China. He is often recognised as the greatest and most accomplished strategist of his era.[2]。

Often depicted wearing a robe and holding a fan made of crane feathers,[3] Zhuge was not only an important military strategist and statesman; he was also an accomplished scholar and inventor. His reputation as an intelligent and learned person grew even while he was living in relative seclusion, gaining him the nickname "Fulong" (伏龙, alternatively translated as "Hidden Dragon"[4]). Because he lived near to Wolong border (卧龙强), he was also called Mr. Wolong, pronounced "Wolong-xiansheng" (卧龙先生).[2]。

Zhuge is an uncommon two-character compound family name. His name – even his surname alone – has become synonymous with intelligence and tactics in Chinese culture。

Early life

Zhuge Liang was born in Yangdu County (阳都) in Langya Commandery (琅琊), at present-day Yinan County (沂南), Shandong Province. He was the second of three brothers and was orphaned early on; his mother died when he was nine, and his father when he was twelve. His uncle raised him and his siblings.[5] When Cao Cao invaded Shandong in 195, his family was forced to flee south, and his uncle soon died of illness.。

Although both his sisters married into important families with numerous connections in the area, for ten years he resided in Longzhong Commandery (隆中; in present-day Hubei province)[5] with his brothers Zhuge Jin and Zhuge Jun (诸葛均) in a simple peasant life – farming by day and studying by night.。

The Temple of the Marquis of Wu in Chengdu, a temple worshipping Zhuge Liang.He developed friendships among the local intelligentsia. His reputation soon grew, and he was named the Crouching (or Sleeping) Dragon, an indication that he was viewed as wise among his peers in many areas. Meanwhile, he married the daughter of another renowned scholar Huang Chengyan, whose wife was the sister of Lady Cai, wife of the warlord Liu Biao, and sister of Cai Mao, one of Liu Biao's most powerful generals. Zhuge Liang's wife's name is rumored to be Huang Yueying. The Huang family was also connected to several other well established clans in the region.。

[edit] Rise to prominence。

The warlord Liu Bei harbored in the neighboring city Xiangyang under his distant relative and the governor of the Jing Province (荆州), Liu Biao. Zhuge Liang joined Liu Bei in 207 only after Liu Bei visited him in person three times.[2][I] Zhuge Liang soon presented his famous Longzhong Plan before Liu Bei, travelled in person to Eastern Wu and formed an alliance with its ruler, Sun Quan.。

In the Battle of Red Cliffs of 208, the allied armies of Liu Bei and Sun Quan defeated Cao Cao, thus enabling Liu Bei to establish his own territories. The historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms described that Zhuge Liang called forth a southeastern wind to sweep Huang Gai's fire-attack throughout Cao Cao's ships[6]. In reality, however, it was the Wu officer Zhou Yu who masterminded the fire attack. In folklore, the wind is attributed to either Zhuge Liang's magic or his ability to predict the weather.。

The union with Sun Quan broke down when Wu general Lü Meng invaded the Jing Province in 219 when its defender Guan Yu was at the Battle of Fancheng. Guan Yu was eventually captured by the Wu forces and was decapitated. Liu Bei, infuriated with the execution of his longtime comrade, ignored all arguments of his well-meaning subjects and turned on Eastern Wu, leading a huge army to seek revenge. He was defeated in the ensuing Battle of Yiling by Lu Xun and died in the lone fortress of Baidicheng after a hasty and humiliating retreat to his own borders. After the death of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang became the chancellor of Shu Han under Liu Shan, Liu Bei's son, and renewed the alliance with Sun Quan.[5] Despite Liu Bei's request that Zhuge Liang assume control of Shu Han should his son prove to be an incompetent leader, Zhuge did not, serving Liu Shan unwaveringly.。

[edit] The Southern Expedition。

Main article: Zhuge Liang's Southern Campaign。

During his reign as regent, Zhuge Liang pursued the goal of restoring the Han Dynasty, which, in Shu's point of view, was usurped by Cao Wei. Zhuge Liang felt that in order to attack Wei he would first have to unify Shu Han completely.[7] If he fought in the north while the Nanman people rebelled in the south, then the Nanman people would march further and perhaps even press into areas surrounding the capital. So rather than embarking on a northern invasion, Zhuge Liang led an army to pacify the south first.。

Ma Su, brother of Ma Liang, proposed the plan that Zhuge Liang should work toward getting the tribes to join him rather than trying to subdue all of them and he took this plan. Zhuge Liang defeated the rebel leader, Meng Huo, seven different times, but released him each time in order to achieve his genuine surrender.[8]。

Finally, Meng Huo agreed to join Zhuge Liang in a genuine acquiescence, and thus Zhuge Liang appointed Meng Huo governor of the region, so he could govern it as he already had, keeping the populace content, and keeping the southern Shu border secure to allow for the future Northern Expeditions.[7] Zhuge Liang also obtained resources from the south, and after this, Zhuge Liang made his moves north.。

[edit] The Northern Expeditions。

Main article: Zhuge Liang's Northern Expeditions。

From 228 until his death in 234, Zhuge Liang launched five Northern Expeditions against Cao Wei, but all except one failed, usually because his food supplies ran out rather than failure on the battlefield. His only permanent gain was the addition of the Wudu (武都) and Yinping (阴平) prefectures as well as relocating Wei citizens to Shu on occasion.[9]。

During his first Northern Expedition, Zhuge Liang persuaded Jiang Wei, a general of Cao Wei, to defect to Shu Han.[9] Jiang Wei would become one of the prominent Shu generals, and inheritor of Zhuge Liang's ideals. On the fifth expedition, he died of overwork and illness in an army camp in the Battle of Wuzhang Plains at the age of 54. At Zhuge's recommendation, Liu Shan commissioned Jiang Wan to succeed him as Regent.[10]。

In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Zhuge Liang attempted to extend his lifespan by twelve years, but failed when the ceremony was disturbed when Wei Yan rushed in, announcing the arrival of the Wei army[11]. The novel also related a story of Zhuge Liang passing the 24 Volumes on Military Strategy (兵法二十四篇) to Jiang Wei at the eve of his death[12].。

[edit] In Romance of the Three Kingdoms。

The wisdom and achievements of Zhuge Liang were made popular by Romance of the Three Kingdoms attributed to Luo Guanzhong more than a millennium after the Three Kingdoms era ended. The novel incorporates many popular folklore, pseudohistories, and opera scripts into the character of Zhuge Liang, turning him into an embodiment of intelligence itself. Differences from historic accounts include:。

[edit] Using straw boats to borrow arrows。

Before the Battle of Red Cliffs, Zhuge Liang went to visit the Wu camp to assist Wu strategist Zhou Yu. Zhou Yu saw Zhuge Liang as a threat to Eastern Wu and was also jealous of Zhuge Liang's talent. Therefore, he assigned Zhuge Liang the task to make 100,000 arrows in ten days or face execution. Zhuge Liang, however, swore he would finish this seemingly impossible task in three days. He requested 20 large boats, each manned with many straw men and a few soldiers. Before dawn, Zhuge Liang ordered his soldiers to beat war drums and shout orders, to imitate the noise of an attack.。

Zhuge Liang sat with Lu Su inside one of the boats drinking wine. The Wei soldiers, unable to see in the fog, fired many volleys of arrows at the sound of the drums. The straw men were soon filled with arrows, and Zhuge Liang returned to Wu having fulfilled his promise.。

Hence, the Chinese expression "草船借箭" ("Straw boat borrows arrows") refers to the act of using someone's strength against him or her.。

[edit] Stone Sentinel Maze。

英语介绍四川，包括当地食物，名人，自然资源，旅游资源，考旅游英语用，最好是导游词，哥哥姐姐们，在线

秦始皇陵位于陕西省西安市以东30公里的骊山北麓（另两资料分别为：秦始皇陵位于临潼以东5千米处的下河村。秦始皇陵位于西安市以东35公里的临潼区境内，），它南依骊山的层恋叠嶂之中，山林葱郁；北临逶迤曲转、似银蛇横卧的渭水之滨。高大的封冢在巍巍峰峦环抱之中与骊山浑然一体，景色优美，环境独秀。陵墓规模宏大，气势雄伟。陵园总面积为56．25平方公里。陵上封土原高约115米，现仍高达76米，陵园内有内外两重城垣，内城周长3840米，外城周长6210米。内外城廓有高约8—10米的城墙，今尚残留遗址。墓葬区在南，寝殿和便殿建筑群在北。

秦始皇是中国历史上一位杰出的政治家，姓嬴名政，秦庄襄王之子，公元前259年出生于赵国京都邯郸，公元前246年13岁即立为秦王，22岁加冕亲政。自公元前236年至公元前221年的15年中，秦国先后灭掉了韩、赵、魏、楚、燕、齐六个诸侯国，彻底结束了战国群雄割据的历史，在血与火中，建立了中国历史上第一个统一的、多民族、中央集权制的封建王朝——秦王朝。“秦皇扫六合，虎势何雄哉；挥剑决浮云，诸侯尽西来。”秦始皇——这位叱咤风云的旷世君主，不仅为后人留下了千秋伟业，还留有这座神秘莫测的皇家陵园。

据史书记载，秦始皇嬴政即位的次年即开始修陵园。到公元前208年完工，历时39年。（另两资料：一、他在位37年，而为其修建陵墓的时间就长达36年；二、秦始皇陵于秦始皇即位起开工修建，前后历时38年之久）。当时的丞相李斯为陵墓的设计者，由大将军章邯监工。共征集了72万人力，动用修陵人数最多时近于80万，几乎相当于修建胡夫金字塔人数的8倍。

秦始皇陵是中国历史上第一个皇帝陵园。其巨大的规模、丰富的陪葬物居历代帝王陵之首，是最大的皇帝陵。陵园按照秦始皇死后照样享受荣华富贵的原则，仿照秦国都城咸阳的布局建造，大体呈回字形，陵墓周围筑有内外两重城垣，陵园内城垣周长3870米，外城垣周长6210米，陵区内目前探明的大型地面建筑为寝殿、便殿、园寺吏舍等遗址。据史载，秦始皇陵陵区分陵园区和从葬区两部分。陵园占地近8平方公里, 建外、内城两重，封土呈四方锥形。秦始皇陵的封土形成了三级阶梯，状呈覆斗，底部近似方型，底面积约25万平方米，高115米，但由于经历两千多年的风雨侵蚀和人为破坏，现封土底面积约为12万平方米，高度为87米（另一资料：陵园初高120米，“高大若山”，后经风化侵蚀及人为破坏，降低了40多米）。整座陵区总面积为56.25平方公里。建筑材料是从湖北、四川等地运来的。为了防止河流冲刷陵墓，秦始皇还下令将南北向的水流改成东西向。

陵园的南部有一个土冢，高43米。筑有内外两道夯土城墙。内城周长3890米，外城周长6249米，分别象征皇城和宫城。在内城和外城之间，考古工作者发现了葬马坑、陶俑坑、珍禽异兽坑，以及陵外的人殉坑、马厩坑、刑徒坑和修陵人员的墓室。已发现的墓坑有400多座。

秦始皇陵的冢高55.05米，周长2000米。经调查发现，整个墓地占地面积为22万平方米，内有大规模的宫殿楼阁建筑。陵寝的形制分为内外两城。内城为周长2525.4米的方形，外城周长6264米。秦始皇陵的规模之大远非埃及金字塔所能比。

秦始皇帝陵是中国第一座皇家陵园，在中国近百座帝王陵墓中，以其规模宏大，埋藏丰富著称于世。1956年陕西省人民政府公布为省级重点文物保护单位，1961年，被中华人民共和国国务院公布第一批重点文物保护单位，1987年，联合国教育、科学文化组织，把秦始皇帝陵列入世界文化遗产保护目录，成为全人类共同的财富。2002年秦始皇陵荣膺国家AAAA级旅游景区。

古埃及金字塔是世界上最大的地上王陵，中国秦始皇陵是世界上最大的地下皇陵。

秦王朝是中国历史上辉煌的一页，秦始皇陵更集中了秦代文明的最高成就。秦始皇把他生前的荣华富贵全部带入地下。秦始皇陵地下宫殿是陵墓建筑的核心部分，位于封土堆之下。《史记》记载：“穿三泉，下铜而致椁，宫观百官，奇器异怪徙藏满之。以水银为百川江河大海，机相灌输。上具天文，下具地理，以人鱼膏为烛，度不灭者久之。”考古发现地宫面积约18万平方米，中心点的深度约30米。陵园以封土堆为中心，四周陪葬分布众多，内涵丰富、规模空前，除闻名遐迩的兵马俑陪葬坑、铜车马坑之外，又新发现了大型石质铠甲坑、百戏俑坑、文官俑坑以及陪葬墓等600余处，数十年来秦陵考古工作中出土的文物多达10万余件。在陵园里设立有多处文物展台，展示了秦陵近20年来出土的部分文物；布置有水道展区，重现当年陵园内科学周密的排水设施；相信随着考古工作的进展，肯定还会有更大的意想不到的发现。

在凝重的绿色和高大的墓冢之间，为了让游客身临其境的感受王者的尊荣、王者的威仪，秦始皇陵上演有大型的“重现的仪仗队——秦始皇守陵部队换岗仪式”表演和集“声、光、电”于一体的秦始皇陵陵区、陵园、地宫沙盘模型展示，再现了两千多年前神秘陵园的壮观场景，展示了数十年来的考古成果，生动直观地揭示秦陵奥秘，展示其丰富内涵。

秦始皇陵是中国历史上第一座帝王陵园，是我国劳动人民勤奋和聪明才智的结晶，是一座历史文化宝库，在所有封建帝王陵墓中以规模宏大、埋藏丰富而著称于世。

据《史记·秦始皇本纪》记载，陵墓一直挖到地下的泉水，用铜加固基座，上面放着棺材……墓室里面放满了奇珍异宝。墓室内的要道机关装着带有利箭的弓弩，盗墓的人一靠近就会被射死。墓室里还注满水银，象征江河湖海；墓顶镶着夜明珠，象征日月星辰；墓里用鱼油燃灯，以求长明不灭……

秦始皇陵共发现10座城门，南北城门与内垣南门在同一中轴线上。坟丘的北边是陵园的中心部分，东西北三面有墓道通向墓室，东西两侧还并列着4座建筑遗存，有专家认为是寝殿建筑的一部分。秦始皇陵集中体现了“事死如事生”的礼制，规模宏大，气势雄伟，结构舒特。

陵墓地宫中心是安放秦始皇棺椁的地方，陵墓四周有陪葬坑和墓葬400多个，范围广及56.25平方公里。主要陪葬坑有铜车、马坑、珍禽异兽坑、马厩坑以及兵马俑坑等，历年来已有5万多件重要历史文物出土。1980年发掘出土的一组两乘大型的彩绘铜车马——高车和安车，是迄今中国发现的体形最大、装饰最华丽，结构和系驾最逼真、最完整的古代铜车马，被誉为“青铜之冠”。

兵马俑坑是秦始皇陵的陪葬坑，位于陵园东侧1500米处。1974年春被当地打井的农民发现。由此埋葬在地下两千多年的宝藏得以面世，被誉为“世界第八奇迹”。为研究秦朝时期的军事、政治、经济、文化、科学技术等，提供了十分珍贵的实物资料，成为世界人类文化的宝贵财富。兵马俑坑现已发掘3座，俑坑坐西向东，呈“品”字形排列，坑内有陶俑、陶马8000多件，还有4万多件青铜兵器。

坑内的陶塑艺术作品是仿制的秦宿卫军。近万个或手执弓、箭、弩，或手持青铜戈、矛、戟，或负弩前驱，或御车策马的陶质卫士，分别组成了步、弩、车、骑四个兵种。在地下坑道中的所有卫士都是面向东方放置的。据钻探得知共有三个陪葬坑，其中1974年发现的一号坑最大，它东西长230米，南北宽62米，深5米左右，长廊和11条过洞组成了整个坑，与真人马大小相同、排成方阵的6000多个武士俑和拖战车的陶马被放置在坑中。在一号坑的东北约20米的地方是在1976年春天发现的二号坑，它是另一个壮观的兵阵。南北宽84米，东西长96米的二号坑，面积9216平方米，建筑面积为17016平方米。二号坑内有多兵种联合阵容，包括步兵、车兵、骑兵和弩兵等。二号坑西边是三号坑，1989年10月1日才开始允许游客参观。南北宽24.5米，东西长28.8米的三号坑面积为500多平方米。三号坑经有关专家推断，被认为是用来统帅一、二号坑的军幕。一乘战车，68个卫士俑以及武器都保存在坑内。

1974年以来，在陵园东1.5公里处发现从葬兵马俑坑三处，成品字形排列，面积共达2万平方米以上，出土陶俑8000件、战车百乘以及数万件实物兵器等文物。其中一号坑为“右军”，埋葬着和真人真马同大的陶俑、陶马约6千件；二号坑为“左军”，有陶俑、陶马1300余件，战车89辆，是一个由步兵、骑兵、战车等三个兵种混合编组的曲阵，也是秦俑坑的精华所在；三号坑有武士俑68个，战车1辆，陶马4匹，是统帅地下大军的指挥部。这个军阵是秦国军队编组的缩影。 1980年又在陵园西侧出土青铜铸大型车马2乘。引起全世界的震惊和关注, 这些按当时军阵编组的陶俑、陶马为秦代军事编制、作战方式、骑步卒装备的研究提供了形象的实物资料。兵马俑的发现被誉为“世界第八大奇迹”，“二十世纪考古史上的伟大发现之一”。秦俑的写实手法作为中国雕塑史上的承前启后艺术为世界瞩目。现已在一、二、三号坑成立了秦始皇陵兵马俑博物馆, 对外开放。

秦始皇陵是世界上规模最大、结构最奇特、内涵最丰富的帝王陵墓之一。秦始皇陵兵马俑是可以同埃及金字塔和古希腊雕塑相媲美的世界人类文化的宝贵财富，而它的发现本身就是20世纪中国最壮观的考古成就。它们充分表现了2000多年前中国人民巧夺天工的艺术才能，是中华民族的骄傲和宝贵财富。法国总统希拉克对它的“世界第八奇迹”的赞誉，使秦始皇陵为更多的世人所知。世界文化遗产的桂冠，为秦始皇陵更增光彩。

[编辑本段]陵园工程

“秦皇扫六合，虎视何雄哉，刑徒七十万，起土骊山隈。”

这脍炙人口的诗句出自大诗人李白笔下，它讴歌了秦始皇的辉煌业绩，描述了营造骊山墓工程的浩大气势。的确，陵园工程之浩大、用工人数之多、持续时间之久都是前所未有的。

陵园工程的修建伴随着秦始皇一生的政治生涯。当他13岁刚刚登上国王宝座时，陵园营建工程也就随之开始了。古代帝王生前造陵并非秦始皇的首创。早在战国时期诸侯国王生前造陵已蔚然成风。如赵肃侯“十五年起寿陵”，还有平山县中山国王的陵墓也是生前营造的。秦始皇只不过是把国君生前造陵的时间提前到即位初期，这是秦始皇的一点改进。陵园工程修造了30多年一直至秦始皇临死之际尚未竣工，二世皇帝继位，接着又修建了一年多才基本完工。

纵观陵园工程，前后可分为三个施工阶段。自秦王即位开始到统一全国的26年为陵园工程的初期阶段。这一阶段先后展开了陵园工程的设计和主体工程的施工，初步奠定了陵园工程的规模和基本格局。从统一全国到秦始皇三十五年，历时9年当为陵园工程的大规模修建时期。经过数10万人9年来大规模的修建，基本完成了陵园的主体工程。自秦始皇三十五年到二世二年冬，历时3年多是为工程的最后阶段。这一阶段主要从事陵园的收尾工程与覆土任务。尽管陵墓工程历时如此之久，整个工程仍然没有最后竣工。当时历史上爆发了一次波澜壮阔的农民大起义。陈胜、吴广的部下周文率兵迅速打到了距陵园不足数华里的戏水附近（今临潼县新丰镇附近）。面临大军压境、威逼咸阳之势，二世这位未经风雨锻炼的新皇帝惊慌失措，召来群臣商讨对策。他一幅丧魂落魄的样子，向群臣发出“为之奈何”的哀求。这时少府令章邯建议：“盗已至，众疆，今发近县不及矣，骊山徒多，请赦之，授兵以击之。”二世当即迎合，并让章邯率领修陵大军回击周文的起义军。至此尚未完全竣工的陵园工程才不得不中止。

总之，陵园工程由选点设计、施工营造到最后被迫中止，前后长达37～38年之久，在我国陵寝修建史上名列榜首，其修建的时间比埃及胡夫金字塔还要长8年。

[编辑本段]秦陵风水的传说

骊山以它特有的温泉和风景而闻名于世。西周末年的周幽王与爱妾褒姒曾在这里演出了一场兴起烽火戏诸侯的历史悲剧，从而葬送了西周王朝。相传秦始皇生前在骊山与神女相遇，游览当中欲戏神女，神女盛怒之下，朝他脸上唾了一口，秦始皇很快就长了一身的烂疮。虽然这是一个神话故事，但隐隐约约可以看出秦始皇与骊山似乎有些缘分。他的墓地也选在骊山之旁。秦始皇为什么特别迷恋骊山这块风水宝地呢？

古人把墓地的选择看作是一件造福于子孙后代的大事，尤其象秦始皇这个企图传之于万世的封建帝王自然对墓地的位置更加重视。他之所以要安葬在骊山之阿，据北魏时期的郦道元解释：“秦始皇大兴厚葬，营建冢圹于骊戎之山，一名蓝田，其阴多金，其阳多美玉，始皇贪其美名，因而葬焉。”郦道元的观点受到学术界多数学者的肯定。不过也有学者提出过异议，持否定意见的一方认为，秦始皇陵选在骊山之阿一是取决于当时的礼制，二是受“依山造陵”传统观念的影响。（见《秦始陵园渊源试探》、《文博》1990年第5期。）现在从风水角度来看秦始皇陵也不失为一块理想的风水宝地。

早在春秋战国时期已兴起了依山造陵的观念。后来人们选择墓地又特点重视依山傍水的地理环境。“立冢安坟，须籍来山去水。”（见《大汉原陵秘葬经》）依山傍水被古人视作最佳风水宝地。至于这个观念始于何时，无从考起。应该说秦始皇陵是“依山傍水”造陵的典范。秦始皇陵园南依骊山，北临渭水，这是大家有目共睹的事实。然而在秦始皇陵的东侧也有一道人工改造的鱼池水。按《水经注》记载：“水出骊山东北，本导源北流，后秦始皇葬于山北，水过而曲行，东注北转，始皇造陵取土，其地于深，水积成池，谓之鱼池也……池水西北流途经始皇冢北。”可见鱼池水原来是出自骊山东北，水由南向北流。后来修建秦始皇陵时，在陵园西南侧修筑了一条东西向的大坝，坝长1000余米，一般宽40多米，最宽处达70余米，残高2至8米，它就是人们通常所说的五岭遗址。正是这条大坝将原来出自骊东北的鱼池水改为西北流，绕秦始皇陵东北而过。此外，在陵园东侧，在川流不息的温泉水经过。据《水经注》记载：“在鱼池水西南有温泉水，世以疗疾”。《三秦记》曰：“郦山西北有温泉。”可见当年的温泉与西北的鱼池水相对应。由此不难发现秦始皇陵的风水特点是，南面背山，东西两侧和北面形成三面环水之势。“依山环水”不正是秦始皇陵特意选择的风水宝地吗？

秦代“依山环水”的造陵观念对后代建陵产生了深远的影响。西汉帝陵如高祖长陵、文帝霸陵、景帝阳陵、武帝茂陵等就是仿效秦始皇陵“依山环水”的风水思想选择的。以后历代陵墓基本上继承了这个建陵思想。

[编辑本段]陵墓内果真有飞雁吗？

秦地宫内有哪些珍贵的随葬品？千百年来由此引发了许多神奇的传说故事。地宫飞雁就是一个十分迷人的传说。

《三辅故事》记载，楚霸王项羽入关后，曾以三十万人盗掘秦陵。在他们挖掘过程中，突然一只金雁从墓中飞出，这只神奇的飞雁一直朝南飞去。斗转星移过了几百年，到三国时期，（宝鼎元年）一位在日南做太守的官吏名曰张善，一天，有人给他送来一只金雁，他立即从金雁上的文字判断此物乃出自始皇陵也。这个神奇的传说有没有历史依据？近年来有的学者著文指出：“这虽然是个传说故事，但说明秦陵内的文物曾经流失于外，并且远达云南以南。至于说金雁制作精巧，不但好看，而且还能飞，这也是有可能的。因为在春秋时期，著名工匠鲁班已经能制造出木雁，在天空中飞翔，直飞到宋国的城上。几百年后，秦国的工匠能制造出会飞的金雁，这是可信的。”（武伯纶、张文立《秦始皇帝陵》，上海人民出版社1990年3月）那么，这个传说故事究竟可信不可信？

在中国这个历史上不甚看重科技的国度内，假若在2200多年前就能制造出会飞的金雁，这在中国科技史乃世界科技史上都是一个罕见的奇迹。然而，金属飞雁的可信程度确实令国人捏把汗。假若仔细推敲，立即就会看出这个传说的破绽之处。试想一个金属物体在空中飞翔并不象放风筝和轻气球那样简单易行。后者由于质量轻，它借助于自然界的风力就可以在空中飞翔，然而对于一个金属物体来说，它如果没有机械动力单靠自然界的风力，不要说空中飞行恐怕连起飞这个基本的难题也无法解决。2200年前的中国何以能解决金属物体的飞行动力问题呢？再进一步分析，假设秦代有能力制作会飞的金雁，那么金雁埋入地宫之后将会不停地自动飞翔，一直在地宫内飞行了近一千个日日夜夜。当项羽打开地宫的墓道时，这个自动飞翔的金雁又沿着地宫的墓道顺利地飞出地面，然后又越过秦陵南侧数千米高的山峰飞往遥远的南方。如果这个奇闻不是闲聊文人编造出来的说，那么，金雁的控制与指挥系统恐怕连今天的电脑也望尘莫及了。所以，我们可以肯定说秦陵金属飞雁的传说没有丝毫的可能性，具有现代科技意识的中国人切勿轻信这个传说了。

金雁传说的辨误问题到此应该结束了。然而进一步来说古代文人编造的这个传说故事在历史文献上有没有一点蛛丝马迹呢？汉代有关的文献记载，在司马迁和班固的记述中有“黄金为凫雁”的文字，显然两位史学大师记载的是墓内有用黄金制作的“凫雁”，而古代文人很可能由此演义和“创作”了飞雁传说的故事。

[编辑本段]陵墓为何选在骊山之阿？

战国时期一些国君陵园的营造往往都少不了平面设计图。秦始皇陵园的营建按理也应该有平面规划图，而制图之前先要选择墓地。我们知道秦始皇执政于都城咸阳，为什么陵园却要选在远离咸阳的骊山之阿？

查阅有关典籍，最早解释这个问题的是北魏时期《水经注》的作者郦道元。他说：“秦始皇大兴厚葬，营建冢圹于骊戎之山，一名蓝田，其阴多金，其阳多美玉，始皇贪其美名，因而葬焉”（《水经·渭水注》）。此说在学界延袭千余年，并且被认为是最早的、最权威性的观点而深信莫疑。《水经注》的解释单从表面上看似乎不无道理，然而仔细回味起来秦始皇当年作为一个13岁的孩童能否知道蓝田的美金与美玉还是个问题。即使知道，当年选择陵墓位置恐怕也不会按照一个徒具空名的国王个人意志来决定。所以这个问题似乎应该从当时的礼制及陵墓的设计意图方面寻找答案。

首先，陵墓位置的确立与秦国前几代国君墓的位置不无关系。秦始皇先祖及太后的陵园葬在临漳县以西的芷阳一带，秦始皇陵园选在芷阳以东的骊山之阿是当时的礼制所决定的，因为古代帝王陵墓往往按照生前居住时的尊卑、上下排列。《礼记》、《尔雅》等书记载。“南向、北向、西方为上”。“西南隅谓这奥，尊长之处也”。东汉《论衡》一书记载得更明白了：“夫西方，长者之地，尊者之位也，尊者在西，卑幼在东……夫墓，死人所藏；田，人所饮食；宅，人所居处，三者于人，去凶宜等。”即在芷阳的宣太后也希望其陵墓能葬在她丈夫与儿子之间，即“西望吾夫，东望吾子”，似乎亦是按长者在西、晚辈居东的原则。秦始皇先祖已确知葬在芷阳的有昭襄王、庄襄王和宣太后。既然先祖墓均葬在临漳县以西，而作为晚辈的秦始皇只能埋在芷阳以东了。作壁上观若将陵墓定在芷阳以西，显然有悖于传统礼制。可见秦始皇陵园选在骊山脚下完全符合晚辈居东的礼制。

其次，陵墓位置的选择也与当时“依山造陵”的观念相关。大约自春秋时代开始，各诸侯国国君相继兴起了“依山造陵”的风气。许多国君墓不是背山面河，就是面对视野开阔的平原，甚至有的国君墓干脆建在山颠之上，以显示生前的崇高地位和皇权的威严。春秋时期的秦公墓也受这种观念的影响，有的“葬西山”，有的葬在陵山附近。战国时期的秦公墓依然承袭了“依山造陵”的典范，而秦始皇陵墓造在骊山之阿也完全符合“依山造陵”的传统观念。它背靠骊山、面向渭水，而且这一带有着优美的自然环境。整个骊山唯有临潼县东至马额这一段山脉海拔较高，山势起伏，层峦叠幛。从渭河北岸远远眺去，这段山脉左右对称，似一巨大的屏风立于始皇陵后，站在陵顶南望，这段山脉又呈弧形，陵位于骊山峰峦环抱之中，与整个骊山浑然一体。

总之，秦始皇陵园的位置既符合晚辈居东的礼制，也体现了“依山造陵”的传统观念。

秦始皇陵位于临撞县城东5公里，距西安市约37公里，南倚骊山，北临渭水。为什么选位在这里呢?有人认为，这与古人迷信风水宝地是分不开的。近年来，地质学家根据卫星拍照的图片看:从骄山到华山工好像一条龙，秦始皇陵正好位于龙头眼睛的位置。众所周知，自古就有“画龙点睛”之说，到底是古人有“高瞻远瞩”的本领，还是今人附会之风过重，一时间还弄不清楚。

秦始皇陵墓近似方形，顶部平坦，腰略呈阶梯形，高76米，东西长345米，南北宽350米，占地120750平方米。

根据初步考察，陵园分内城和外城两部分。内城呈方形，周长3000米左右，北墙有2门，东、西、南3墙各有1门。外城呈矩形，周长6200余米，四角各有门址一处。内、外城之间有葬马坑、珍禽异兽坑、陶桶坑;陵外有马厩坑、人殉坑、刑徒坑、修陵人员墓葬400多个，范围广及56·25平方公里。陵墓地宫中心是安放秦始皇棺椁的地方。

1974年以来，在陵园东1·5公里处发现从葬兵马俑坑三处，成品字形排列，面积共达20000平方米以上，出土陶桶8000件、战车百乘以及数万件实物兵器等文物。其中一号坑埋葬着和真人真马同大的陶佰、陶马约6000件;二号坑有陶桶、陶马1300余件，战车89辆;三号坑有武士桶68个，战车1辆，陶马4匹。

1980年又在陵园西侧出土青铜铸大型车马2乘。这组彩绘铜车马高车和安车，是迄今中国发现的体形最大、装饰最华丽、结构和系驾最逼真、最完整的古代铜车马，被誉为“青铜之冠”。

秦始皇陵园除从葬坑外，还发现石料加工场的遗址，建筑遗物有门砧、柱础、瓦、脊、瓦当、石水道、陶水道等。

秦始皇陵规模之大可见一斑，但秦始皇陵有没有设计蓝图呢? 。

据史书所说“使水相斯将天下刑人徒隶七十二万人作陵，凿以章程”来看，秦始皇陵的修建绝非任意，必定是按设计图有计划地营造，纵观历代帝王陵建造史不难想象其中的关联之处。具体设计蓝图如何，还在进一步研究之中。

是谁主持了秦始皇陵的修建呢? 。

据推测，少府是主管建筑的，国家陵墓当由其管理。当然最高的管理上级还是本相，只是本相日理万机，由少府具体操作办理而已。不过，这里还有一个问题，那就是少府一官是秦统一后命名的，在统一之前有无这一官职无从考证，但无论有无，肯定有一种机构专管宫廷的土木建筑工程。至于这一机构名称如何，尚待进一步考证。

大圣杰锅是

2023-02-23 16:32

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商务英语在线翻译

Sichuan is China’s mountainous provinces in the country. Mountain, plateau and the hills about the province’s land area of 97.46 percent, with the exception of the Sichuan Basin at the bottom of the plains and hills, the most of Valley Ridge 500 meters in elevation above. The lowest in the eastern part of the Yangtze River Three Gorges Project, only 70 meters above sea level, while the western Gongga Mountain is the highest of 7556 meters, 7400 meters above difference, the disparity between surface and downs in China, only in Tibet, Xinjiang comparable. 。

Sichuan’s climate is complicated and changeable. The west is the West Sichuan Plateau, the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin. Plateau covers an area of two-thirds of the province, covering an area of about 360,000 square km, the basin is only more than 200,000 square km. Including western Sichuan Aba, Ganzi, three Liangshan Autonomous Prefecture, adjacent to the eastern part of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, are at an altitude of 3000 meters. A vertical mountain gorge features climate, high altitude mountain天寒, when winter temperatures of about minus 20 Celsius degrees to a second, and the winter as long as long as five and a half months. June to September is the rainy season, November to March is the dry season the following year. Midday during the dry season temperatures can reach 32 degrees Celsius. Plateau has more than six hours of sunshine, blue sky background, grass trees, scenic. Belong there Siguniang Mountain Jiuzhaigou, Huanglong, Leshan Emeishan mountain ridgeThree Gorges Hailuogou Ruoergai - Aba Chengdu red tourism, such as peripheral JIANMENGUAN 50 tourist attractions. 0。

Chief: Xiaman 5 areas, 3 autonomous prefectures, 13 cities, 18 county-level cities, 124 counties and 3 autonomous counties. 。

Geographic: Sichuan Province is located in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Longitude 97 ° 22’-110 ° 10 ’, latitude 26 ° 03’-34 ° 20’. An area of 567,000 square km, mountains and plateaus account for 78.82%. Western Sichuan for the plateau, and the rest for the Sichuan Basin. 7 areas of Sichuan province’s jurisdiction, 3 autonomous prefectures, 13 cities, 18 county-level cities, 150 counties, 8 counties, with an area of nearly 57 million square kilometers, accounting for 6% of land area, is second only to Xinjiang, Tibet, Inner Mongolia and Qinghai province. Population of 112,140,000. In addition to the Han nationality, there are 52 ethnic minorities, of which the Yi, Tibetan, Tujia, Miao, Qiang, Hui, Mongolian, Manchu, a large number Lisu.。

小韩在追星

2023-02-23 16:32

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