professionalisation

这个句子怎么翻译

王晴佳先生大体上认为，西方史学近代转变的完成关键在于19世纪德国史学的发展。理由是在这一阶段历史学成为一门独立学科。

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“如所周知，世界近代史在我国的教学中开始于1640年英国革命前后，但直至18世纪，德国史学仍然落后于英法两国。德国史学在这个意义上不能说是先导。但从另一个角度来看问题，从西方史学史的内部发展来看，近代史学是以其对史料的批判态度，对原始材料和档案的重视和广泛运用为核心的，而这核心则是由19世纪德国史学的发展构成的。这一观点还可以从另一个方面来认识。19世纪以前的人文主义史学和启蒙史学固然也是近代史学的组成部分，但那时历史学尚未成为独立的专业学科，其标志是历史学家还不是一种职业。并有了专门的历史学研究刊物和学会。这种历史学的专门化（professionalisation）又是在德国开其先的。上述两点证明，德国史学的发展造就了西方近代史学的内核，这种内核直至现在仍是西方史学的重要特征。”

——王晴佳：《近代德国的历史思想和实践》，《世界历史》，1990年，第6期。第105页。

求英语达人帮忙翻译一段简介

但是专业化只是科学上的一系列相关发展进程其中的一种（情形），（它）影响着通信的过程。

另一种（情况）是科学研究活动的日益职业化。

这里specialization意译跟professionalisation差不多，都是专业化、职业化的意味。

But specialization was （only one of a series of related }developments （in science }（affecting the process of communication}，该局括号内的部分均为修饰语，简化后为specialization was development 其中第三个括号的affecting是动词，它的主语是前面的developments 。

考研英语阅读:如何总结理解的段落大意

你的译文还有很大进步的空间。

首先你的汉语逻辑就有点小问题。

篮球职业化，nba的影响是我国篮球市场火爆的原因，姚明只是推动了这个火爆。

Together with the influence of NBA, the influence that was reinforced by the first pick of 2002 NBA Draft, Yao Ming, the development of Chinese Basketball Association（CBA）and its full professionalisation have boosted basketball a booming business(不要看到市场就是market).In this context, journalism related to basketball has seen its propsrity. Publications in this respect have been popular: as many as more than ten periodicals being “Stuff Inside NBA”, SLAM”, ”Dime”,” Basketball Club”,” Basketball” and so forth and three main newspapers(这里指种类，报纸就可数了) being “Basketball Pioneers”” Basketball News China”and ”51 MVP’.。

Compared with basketball perodicals’ professional and high-end style,(所谓“化”是汉语中最难翻译的一种表现之一) the style of basketball newspaper is amateur and unexpensive, （前后逻辑关系）thus resulting in more issues and larger popularity.Hereby, through the analyses and comparison of three newspaper， the essay aims to confirm its strong points and beneficial experience on the one hand and attempts to position its drawbacks in its development on the other hand, trying to offerconducive point-of-views and suggestions to basketball newspaper, the newly-born genre in the history in China’s media industry.。

华威大学商学院有无纯会计的硕士课程？

下文用两步教你快速总结出阅读理解中的段落大意。 结论题与推理题在解题思路和方法上有许多相似之处，但是推理题偏重于推理过程，而结论题偏重于归纳过程。解答结论题时一定要根据题目要求，就短文有关内容做出合乎逻辑的、可靠的结论。有时为了克服片面性，可以扩大阅读范围，否则获得信息的范围太窄，结论便欠妥。因此，解答此类试题既要以事实为依据，也要依据自己的常识和经验;既要重视文章主题，也要重视发展或印证主题的细节;而尤为重要的是把握作者的写作意图。注意过于概括、过于全面或过于细节化的选项，往往属于干扰项。 (1)先了解全文，把握主题 考生可以通过首尾段、文章结构、或归纳整理各段信息迅速了解主题。然后再通过主题与细节的关系进行合乎理性的归纳。 Example The attacks on ambition are many and come from various angles; its public defenders are few and unimpressive, where they are not extremely unattractive. As a result, the support for ambition as a healthy impulse, a quality to be admired and fixed in the mind of the young, is probably lower than it has ever been in the United States. This does not mean that ambition is at an end, that people no longer feel its stirrings and promptings, but only that, no longer openly honored, it is less openly professed. Consequences follow from this, of course, some of which are that ambition is driven underground, or made sly. Such, then, is the way things stand: on the left angry critics, on the right stupid supporters, and in the middle, as usual, the majority of earnest people trying to get on in life. (2000年 Passage 5) From the last paragraph the conclusion can be drawn that ambition should be maintained . [A] secretly and vigorously [B] openly and enthusiastically [C] easily and momentarily [D] verbally and spiritually 该段谈到人们对雄心的攻击远多于对它的维护，因此本应是一种健康公开的品质得不到很多支持。第四句和第五句指出了不公开表达雄心带来的不良后果，由此可以推出人们不应该隐瞒自己的雄心。此外，纵观全文，作者提倡的是正确对待雄心，坦言自己的抱负。因此[B]选项"公开而热情地"是作者提倡的对待雄心的正确态度。 (2)把握作者的写作意图 Example No clear-cut distinction can be drawn between professionals and amateurs in science: exceptions can be found to any rule. Nevertheless, the word "amateur" does carry a connotation that the person concerned is not fully integrated into the scientific community and, in particular, may not fully share its values. The growth of specialisation in the nineteenth century, with its consequent requirement of a longer, more complex training, implied greater problems for amateur participation in science. The trend was naturally most obvious in those areas of science based especially on a mathematical or laboratory training, and can be illustrated in terms of the development of geology in the United Kingdom. (2001年 Passage 1) The author writes of the development of geology to demonstrate. [A] the process of specialisation and professionalisation [B] the hardship of amateurs in scientific study [C] the change of policies in scientific publications [D] the discrimination of professionals against amateurs 前一段谈到，业余研究者进入专业领域很难的趋势在某些科学领域尤为突出，英国地质学的发展就说明了这一问题。后一段通过对19世纪英国地质学及其出版物的变化、研究方式的变化、非专业人员研究过程的困难等的陈述，说明专业人员和业余人员之间的分化越来越明显。因此可引申推理出作者的写作目的正是描述[A]选项 "职业化和专业化形成的过程"。 ◇ 编辑推荐·2014年考研复习：政治英语数学 专业课· 历年考研真题汇总 2014考研报考指南。

·2014各高校招生简章 ·考研院校录取数据对比 复试信息相关热词：考研考研英语考研英语复习。

我想了解一下西方音乐学院的历史发展过程，谁能告诉我呢？

对于硕士课程没有纯会计的学位和课程，但是在warwikc 的 business school and research centre 有一个Accounting Group.这个不是课程，只是一个兴趣研究的小组，由Keith Hoikins教授指导的。

华威的商科，只有纯管理学和纯金融学两个是单独的学科，大部分都像。

MA Management & Organizational Analysis 。

MSc Business Analytics & Consulting 。

MSc in Finance & Economics 。

这样的联合交叉学科。

下面是这个小组的一个信息。如果要查询其他的专业就去网站看一下就行。

Accounting Group 。

Head of group: Professor Keith Hoskins。

The Accounting Group comprises 21 academic members of staff with a wide range of research and teaching interests, many of whom are editors or members of editorial boards of leading journals and advisory panels. Their research approaches seek to build on the best, respectively, of US, UK and European research traditions in accounting, and to encourage students to engage with cutting-edge theorising and high-quality empirical research and, where appropriate, to promote critical thinking across their respective boundaries. The Group promotes work with private and public sector organisations and professional institutes, which will impact both within and beyond academia.。

The Group therefore offers an exciting and well-resourced research context within which talented and motivated individuals can flourish. Research in the Group spans the major areas of accounting, in particular; financial reporting, management accounting, accounting education, accounting history, auditing and taxation and the interplays between accounting expertise and professionalisation. More details of each academic’s interests can be found on the Group’s webpage.。

Academics in the Group employ a variety of research methodologies and the Group is a leading site for critical, historical, positivist and sociological research approaches. These are variously deployed to study accounting (financial and management), tax, managerialism, strategy and new public management (NPM). There is also a major interest in capital markets research in accounting and the Group has access to key research databases, eg COMPUSTAT, CRSP, LBS Share Price database, Extel/BES.。

希望我的信息能够帮的上忙。

另外附上华威的网址，查询信息最好不要看中国的相关网站，可能不准确，最好自己看下华威大学的网站，说得很清楚。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/professionalisation.html