rationalizing-20

信仰的力量英文演讲稿

你好，2005年版《中国药典》（公示稿）中药材部分修订动向2005年度第4期 。

费 曜 ＊ ， 刘 新 ， 王 文 苹 重 庆 医 科 大 学 药 学 系 ， 重 庆 市 400016 。

中图分类号: R92 文献标志码: C 文章编号: 1001－ 0408（ 2005） 04－ 0314－ 05 。

摘要:及 时 掌 握 2005年 版 《 中 国 药 典 》 中 药 材 部 分 修 订 动 向 ， 为 修 订 工 作 建 言 献 策 。 方 法 ： 对 2005年 版 《 中 国 药 典 》 （ 公 示 稿 ） 中 药 材 部 分 新 增 品 种 、 增 订 项 目 的 变 化 动 向 进 行 详 细 分 析 。 结 果 ： 2005年 版 《 中 国 药 典 》 （ 公 示 稿 ） 中 药 材 质 量 标 准 在 继 承 传 统 经 验 鉴 别 — — 辨 状 论 质 的 基 础 上 ， 吸 收 了 新 的 、 成 熟 的 技 术 ， 但 仍 有 部 分 有 待 完 善 。 结 论 ： 新 修 订 中 药 质 量 控 制 指 标 将 更 趋 合 理 化 、 标 准 化 ， 更 接 近 国 际 天 然 药 物 质 量 标 准 。

关键词:《 中 国 药 典 》 ； 中 药 材 ； 修 订 ； 动 向 。

Revising Tropesis of Partial Chinese Traditional Medicine in Edition 2005 Pharmacopoeia of PRC（ Draft Showed in Public）

英文摘要:To get to know the revising tropesis of partial Chinese traditional medicine in Edition 2005 Pharmacopoeia of PPC so as to provide suggestions for the revising work� METHODS： Revising tropesis about partial new kinds and new items in Edition 2005 Pharmacopoeia of PRC（ Draft showed in public） were analyzed in detail� RESULTS： Edition 2005 Pharmacopoeia of PRC adopted some new and mature skills besides the traditional method of identifying just from experience， i� e� from the appearances and quality of medicine� CONCLUSIONS： The standard of quality criteria in new edition pharmacopoeia is tend to be more rationalizing and standardizing， thus more close to the international quality criteria of natural medicinal herbs 。

英文关键词:Pharmacopoeia of PRC； Chinese traditional medicine； Revising； Tropesis 。

药品标准是药品生产、检测、监督管理的法定依据。而《中国药典》作为我国药品标准的最高法典，其水平高低及修订动向直接影响着我国当前医药工业和临床医学的发展。自建国以来，《中国药典》已成功出版过7次，从1963年版起分为一、二部，其中一部收载药材和中药成方制剂；二部收载化学药品、生化药品、抗生素、生物制品和其它各类制剂。此外，自1985年起，《中国药典》每5年修订再版1次，目的是为了能将一些新的、成熟的技术纳入其中。

以往除《中国药典》和《部颁药品标准》外，各省、市、自治区还制订有药品地方标准。为统一并加强药品质量管理，于2001年10月起开始实施的新修订的《药品管理法》取消了各地习用的地方标准。目前，我国的药品标准结构基本上形成了以《中国药典》为主体的格局。

12005年版《中国药典》总体修订动向[1] 。

2005年，我国将对《中国药典》进行第8次修订，增订内容已在官方网站公布，目前已确定有6个方面的修订内容。

1�1《中国药典》将分为3部（增设生物制剂为三部），扩大和调整收载中药及其常用制剂品种，使之基本涵盖中医临床各科用药范围，另增加茶剂等剂型。

1�2规范试验方法和条件。

1�3增加和完善中药质量标准安全性指标，主要针对两类有害因素：一类是外源性的，如农药残留、重金属、黄曲霉毒素、微生物、杂质等；另一类是内源性的，即部分毒性中药。并加强对中药注射剂的质量管理，如增加内毒素检验项目。

1�4加强中药检验方法的专属性，提高中药质量标准的可控性。

1�5采用现代科学分析技术，增强分析手段的先进性和可操作性。在不脱离我国国情的情况下，加大仪器分析的比重，逐渐取代一些以前落后的定性分析手段。

1�6建立符合中医、药特色的质量标准体系，逐渐由指标性成分测定向活性成分测定过渡，由单一成分测定向多个成分测定和指纹图谱整体控制模式转化。

22005年版《中国药典》中药材部分的修订动向 。

中药材品种及质量是整个中药产业链的首要一环，要确保中药饮片和中成药质量，首先必须抓好中药材这个最根本的源头。在以往版本的《中国药典》中，中药材部分问题众多：一药多基原现象极为普遍；中药材的质量标准低下，与国际天然药物质量标准有较大差距，等等[2]。鉴于此，2005年版《中国药典》以大量的调查研究为基础，对收载的中药材品种进行一系列修订和增订。笔者拟重点就2005年版《中国药典》“中药材部分新增品种、增订项目”的一些变化作详细分析，以便医药工作者及时掌握相关信息。

2�1力争对多来源品种实行一物一名 。

通过对中药商品调查和中药资源普查，结合本草考证，明确正品和主流品种。2005年版《中国药典》力争对多来源品种实行一物一名，以逐步解决中药材长期存在的同品、名多现象。

2�1�1黄柏：以往版本的《中国药典》不仅对“黄柏”未作区分，且无含量测定指标。但事实上，川黄柏与关黄柏无论其来源、产地、药材性状、组织构造、化学成分还是药材价格都存在很大差异，故2005年版《中国药典》将分开作为两种药材收载。

川黄柏为芸香科植物黄皮树（PhellodendronchinenseSc_ 。

hneid�）或秃叶黄皮树（PhellodendronchinenseSchneid�var� 。

glabrius－culumSchneid�）的干燥树皮。其质量控制指标为稀乙醇浸出物含量不得低于12�0％；高效液相色谱法测定小檗碱含量以盐酸小檗碱（C20H17NO4·HCl）计，不得低于3�0％。

关黄柏为芸香科植物黄檗（PhellodendronamurenseRupr�）

的干燥树皮。其质量控制指标为无浸出物含量指标；高效液相色谱法测定小檗碱含量以盐酸小檗碱（C20H17NO4·HCl）计，不得低于0�6％。

2�1�2石斛：为我国著名的传统道地药材及出口商品，一直是药材市场最混乱的品种之一。以往版本的《中国药典》“石斛”项下收载了环草石斛、马鞭石斛、黄草石斛、铁皮石斛、金钗石斛5个品种，且无质量控制指标。2005年版《中国药典》将进行修订，把石斛分为金钗石斛、枫斗和黄草石斛3个品种。

金钗石斛（石斛）为兰科植物石斛（DendrobiumnobileLindl�）的新鲜或干燥茎，呈扁圆柱形，无质量控制指标。

枫斗（耳环石斛）为兰科植物霍山石斛（DendrobiumhuoshanenseC�Z�TangetS�J�Cheng）、铁皮石斛（DendrobiumofficinaleKimuraetMigo）及细茎石斛（Dendrobiummoniliforme（L�）Sw�）的干燥茎加工品。新鲜药材经采收后，剪成6cm～10cm的小段，烘软，扭成弹簧状或耳环形，故统称为耳环石斛。大多数耳环石斛直径较小，约0�1cm～0�3cm。其质量控制指标为水溶性浸出物含量不得低于35�0％。

黄草石斛为兰科植物叠鞘石斛（DendrobiumaurantiacumRchb�f�var�denneanum（kerr）Z�H�Tsi）、球花石斛（Dendrob_ 。

iumthyrsiflorumRchb�f�）、短棒石斛（DendrobiumcapillipesRchb�f�）、鼓槌石斛（DendrobiumchrysotoxumLindl�）、马鞭石斛（DendrobiumfimbriatumHook�var�oculatumHook�）及束花石斛（DendrobiumchrysanthumWall�）的新鲜或干燥茎、根。大多数黄草石斛茎呈圆柱形，直径较大，多在1cm以上，甚或2cm～5cm（如鼓槌石斛）。其质量控制指标为50％乙醇浸出物含量不得低于10�0％。

2�1�3冰片：以往版本的《中国药典》仅收载了冰片（合成龙脑）。其为樟脑、松节油等经化学方法合成而得，是目前市场上商品冰片的主流品种。合成龙脑为白色、半透明、薄片状结晶，表面有如冰的裂纹，含有异龙脑，点燃后发出带光的火焰。其质量控制指标为气相色谱法测定左旋龙脑（L－borneol，C10H18O）含量不得低于55�0％。还有一种天然冰片（天然右旋龙脑），为樟科植物樟（Cinnamomumcamphora（L�）Sieb�）的新鲜枝、叶经水蒸气蒸馏提取升华而得的结晶。因不含异龙脑，故点燃后火焰不带光闪。其质量控制指标为气相色谱法测定右旋龙脑（R－borneol，C10H18O）含量不得低于97�0％。2005年版《中国药典》将分开表述。

2�1�4牛黄：以往版本的《中国药典》仅收载了牛黄。其为牛科动物牛（BostaurusdomesticusGmelin）干燥的胆结石系天然生成。其质量控制指标为胆酸（C24H40O5）含量不得低于4�0％；胆红素（C32H26N4O6）含量不得低于28�0％（2005年版《中国药典》修订）。因天然牛黄的形成具偶然性，导致货源紧缺，故2005年版《中国药典》增加了人工牛黄和体外培植牛黄2个品种。

人工牛黄为牛或猪等动物的胆汁提取物，参照天然牛黄的已知成分——贝斯素、胆酸、猪去氧胆酸、胆红素、胆固醇、无机盐配制而成，多呈黄色疏松粉末。其质量控制指标为胆酸（C24H40O5）含量不得低于13�0％；胆红素（C32H26N4O6）含量不得低于0�63％。

体外培植牛黄则以牛科动物牛的新鲜胆汁作母液，加入去氧胆酸、胆酸、复合胆红素钙等，用人工物理化学方法，模拟天然牛黄的形成方式，在体外配制成的牛胆红素钙结石。体外培植牛黄的化学结构、成分和气味均与天然牛黄基本一致。其质量控制指标为胆酸（C24H40O5）含量不得低于6�0％；胆红素（C32H26N4O6）含量不得低于35�0％。

2�2新增现今中药材市场的常用品种 。

2�2�1母丁香：为桃金娘科植物丁香（EugeniacaryophyllataThunb�）的近成熟果实。其质量控制指标为乙醇浸出物含量不得低于12�0％；丁香酚（C10H12O2）含量不得低于0�65％。母丁香以往仅作为丁香的代用品，果实呈卵圆形，表面呈黄棕色，顶端有4个宿存萼片向内弯曲成勾状，种仁由2片肥厚的子叶合抱而成，因子叶形似鸡舌，故又名“鸡舌香”。

2�2�2绿衣枳壳：为芸香科植物枸桔（Poncirustrifoliata（L�）

Raf）的干燥未成熟果实。其质量控制指标为柚皮苷（C27H32O14）含量不得低于1�0％。绿衣枳壳以往仅作为枳壳的地方习用品使用，因主产于福建，产量大，故又名“建枳壳”。绿衣枳壳药材较小，直径多在2�5cm～5cm，外皮呈灰绿色，多有细细的柔毛。

2�2�3蜂胶：为蜜蜂采集杨树等植物的新生枝芽和愈伤组织的分泌物，并与其上腭腺和蜡腺分泌物混合形成的一种粘性物质。其质量控制指标为乙醇浸出物含量不得低于50％；白杨素（C15H10O4）含量不得低于2％；高良姜素（C15H10O5）含量不得低于1％。蜂胶以往仅作为采集蜂蜜时的副产品使用，有软化及溶解角质、促进伤口愈合、杀菌及提高免疫力等作用，因而一度成为开发热点，如各种类型的保健品、日用品及化妆护肤品，市场用量极大。

2�2�4杜仲叶：为杜仲科植物杜仲（EucommiaulmoidesOliv�）

的干燥叶。其质量控制指标为50％乙醇浸出物含量不得低于20�0％；绿原酸（C16H18O9）含量不得低于0�10％。杜仲叶以往仅作为补充杜仲（皮）资源不足时的代用品。但近年来，由于杜仲皮资源紧缺，价格昂贵，且研究发现二者所含化学成分基本相同，药理、药效（调节骨代谢、“双向调节"血压、增强免役等）也基本相近，故以叶代皮供药用，已取得国、内外医学界共识。目前，国内约有杜仲林2000km2，每年可产叶数百万吨。因此，杜仲叶在药物、保健品（茶/饮料）、化妆美容品及工业用胶等综合应用方面前景广阔。

2�3新增国际研究热点品种

近10年的统计资料表明，目前国际上开发的热点药物多集中在类心血管类疾病、肝炎、恶性肿瘤、免疫及精神调节类药物方面。部分相关资料详见表1、表2[3～5]。

2005年版《中国药典》（一部）（公示稿）“中药材部分新增品种”共计60种。笔者仅对部分国际研究热点品种作简要介绍。

2�3�1水飞蓟：为菊科植物水飞蓟（Silybummarianum（L�）Gaertn�）的成熟果实。其质量控制指标为乙醇浸出物含量不得低于18�0％；水飞蓟宾（C25H22O10H2O）含量不得低于0�6％。水飞蓟具有清热解毒、保肝利胆、改善肝功能、稳定肝细胞膜的功效，可用于慢性肝炎与迁延性肝炎、肝硬变及中毒性肝损伤等的治疗。现已被收入《德国药典》。我国用于生产“益肝灵”、水飞蓟素葡甲胺片、水飞蓟素苯二甲酸单脂钠注射液。

2�3�2贯叶金丝桃（贯叶连翘）：为藤黄科植物贯叶金丝桃（HypericumperforatumL）的干燥地上部分。其质量控制指标为金丝桃素（C30H16O8）含量不得低于0�002％；金丝桃苷（C21H20O12）含量不得低于0�10％。贯叶连翘在欧洲很早就被用于治疗中枢神经系统疾病，尤其在德国用于治疗抑郁症已有数百年历史。目前，贯叶连翘提取物因其疗效显著、副作用小、使用安全，已成为欧、美地区治疗抑郁症的首选药，并已被德国、美国、俄罗斯等国药典收录。我国贯叶连翘资源丰富，维吾尔族最早用于寒性肿痛、小便不通、肺炎、关节炎、烧伤等的治疗，维吾尔药名为“吾怕坤"，已被收载于《药品标准》维吾尔药分册[6]。

2�3�3云芝：为多孔菌科真菌彩绒革盖菌（Coriolusversicolor（L�exFr�）Quel）的干燥子实体。其质量控制指标为水溶性浸出物含量不得低于18�0％；云芝多糖含量以无水葡萄糖（C6H12O6）计，不得低于3�2％。云芝已被作为免役调节剂，主要用于慢性肝炎、活动性肝炎的治疗。

2�3�4树舌：为灵芝科植物树舌灵芝（Ganodermaapplanatum（pers�exGray）�Pat�）的干燥子实体。其质量控制指标为水溶性浸出物含量不得低于6�0％；树舌多糖含量以无水葡萄糖计，不得低于3�0％。树舌具有消除疲劳、增进食欲、抗癌及免疫调节、促进乙肝表面抗原转阴的功效。可用于神经衰弱、乙肝及食道癌的治疗。

2�4提高出口药材质量标准

2005年版《中国药典》（一部）（公示稿）“中药材部分增修订品种”共计164种，主要增修订内容包括：大量增加杂质、水分、灰分等检查项目，提高质量控制分析手段，制订指标性成分限量标准等，尤其针对出口药材的质量标准有较大提高。笔者仅对其中几个出口大宗品种进行举例说明。

2�4�1刺五加：为五加科植物刺五加（Acanthopanaxsenticosus（Rupr�etMaxim�）Harms）的干燥根及根茎。其检查项下增加了杂质、水分、灰分及酸不溶性灰分的测定。其质量控制指标为甲醇浸出物含量不得低于3�0％；紫丁香苷（C17H24O9）含量不得低于0�05％。20世纪60年代，前苏联科学家研究发现，刺五加和人参有相似的强壮补益和“适应原样"疗效。20世纪80年代，欧洲医学期刊提及中国、前苏联运动员服用刺五加以提高耐久力及免除紧张后，在国外运动医学界引起了轩然大波，始获国际体坛重视。在运动生理学方面，刺五加已确实被证明具有减缓心跳次数、降低需氧量、增加人体细胞氧气交换率的功效，和对体力、耐力及持久力具有明显的增强作用。此外，刺五加尚含有超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）复合物，具有抗氧化、延缓衰老等作用。因此，刺五加制剂已被确认为良好的强壮补益制剂，除大量用于药用外，还被开发成为各类保健品[7]。

2�4�2芦荟：为百合科植物库拉索芦荟（AloebarbadensisMiller）、好望角芦荟（AloeferoxMiller）或其它同属近缘植物叶的液汁浓缩干燥物。其检查项下增加了酸不溶性灰分的测定。其质量控制指标为醇溶性浸出物含量不得低于60�0％；芦荟苷（C21H22O9）含量不得低于18�0％；好望角芦荟的芦荟苷含量不得低于4�0％。近年来，在世界范围内出现了芦荟研究热潮。芦荟被称为“万能良药"、“天然美容师"、“神奇植物"和“全科大夫"，已广泛应用于化妆品、食品、纺织品、药品、日用化工品等领域，联合国粮食与农业组织（FAO）已将其确认为21世纪的最佳保健品之一。芦荟主要具有免疫调节、美容、促进伤口愈合、抗菌、抗过敏等药理作用。近年还发现，芦荟在解毒、镇痛、保护胃粘膜、降血脂、抗动脉粥样硬化及促进造血功能的恢复等方面均具有特异疗效。目前，国外的芦荟产业发展十分迅速。美国、日本、韩国及欧洲一些国家早在20世纪70年代就相继掀起了“芦荟热"——研究和开发系列芦荟产品，如化妆品、日用化工产品、营养保健品、医药产品及芦荟原料等。1997年，全世界芦荟原料及制品的年销售额已突破3650亿元。在未来几年内，有专家预计世界范围内芦荟产业的产值将超过千亿美元。我国的芦荟资源丰富，有着庞大的芦荟消费市场，发展芦荟产业有着广阔的前景[8]。

2�4�3麻黄：为麻黄科植物草麻黄（EphedrasinicaStapf）、中麻黄（EphedraintermediaSchrenketC�A�Mey�）或木贼麻黄（EphedraequisetinaBge�）的干燥草质茎。其检查项下增加了杂质、水分、灰分及酸不溶性灰分的测定。其质量控制指标为麻黄碱含量与伪麻黄碱以盐酸麻黄碱（C10H15NO·HCl）计，不得低于1�0％。在我国，麻黄已有5千多年的药用历史，大量用于风寒感冒、胸闷咳喘等症的治疗。其主成分麻黄碱（麻黄素）是西医临床常用于预防支气管哮喘发作和缓解轻度哮喘的药物。盐酸麻黄素滴鼻可缓解感冒时鼻粘膜充血肿胀、鼻塞等症状。另外，麻黄素可加速新陈代谢、减轻体重、增强耐力，有利于提高运动员的运动成绩。还被用于减肥，在减去脂肪的同时仍保持肌肉，不影响蛋白质吸收和利用，故为不少肥胖者采用。但其不良反应也非常明显，特别是对心脏的损害，如可引起心悸、心律不齐、心肌梗死、血压升高、中风及脑损害等症状，严重时可导致死亡。因此，临床上麻黄或麻黄素用药，均须在医师指导下严格按剂量规范服用[9]。

2�5新增疗效确切的民族药

近年来，国、内外相继兴起了对我国民族医药的研究热潮，开发出了不少质量稳定、疗效确切的优良品种，故2005年版《中国药典》将其中一些基础研究成熟可靠、疗效显著、使用量大的民族药材纳入国家药品标准。

2�5�1菊苣根：为菊科植物毛菊苣（CichoriumglandulosumBoiss�etHout）及菊苣（CichoriumintybusL�）的干燥根。其为维吾尔族习用药材，具有清肝利胆、健胃消食、利尿消肿等功能，以及用于湿热黄疸、胃痛食少、水肿尿少的治疗。现代药理研究表明，菊苣根还具有改善消化器官活动机能、心脏功能、保肝降脂、降血糖和抗菌等功效。

2�5�2雪莲：为菊科植物雪莲（Saussureainvolucrata（Kar�etKir�）Sch�－Bip�Linnaea）的干燥地上部分。其检查项下增加了包括水分、灰分及酸不溶性灰分的测定。其质量控制指标为70％乙醇浸出物含量不得低于15�0％；含芦丁（C27H30O16）含量不得低于0�15％；绿原酸（C16H18O9）含量不得低于0�15％。雪莲为维吾尔族习用药材，在维吾尔医和中医中常用于风湿性及类风湿性关节炎、小腹冷痛、月经不调等的治疗。现代研究表明，雪莲花具有抗缺氧、抗疲劳、清除自由基、抗炎镇痛、改善血液循环、扩张血管、降血压及抗癌等功效。

2�5�3灯盏细辛：为菊科植物短葶飞蓬（Erigeronbreviscapus（vant�）Hand�－Mazz�）的干燥全草。其质量控制指标为醇溶性浸出物含量不得低于7�0％，野黄黄芩苷（C21H18O12）含量不得少于0�30％。灯盏细辛为云南民间草药，常用于跌打损伤、风湿疼痛、牙痛、胃痛、感冒等的治疗。临床验证表明，其对风湿病、冠心病、高血压、脑溢血、脑栓塞多发性神经炎、慢性珠网膜炎及其后遗症等均具有较好疗效。

2�5�4红景天：为景天科植物大花红景天（Rhodiolacrenulata（HooK�f�etThoms�）H�Ohba）的干燥根及根茎。其质量控制指标为70％乙醇浸出物含量不得低于22�0％；红景天苷（C14H20O7）含量不得低于0�5％。红景天为藏族民间草药，我国是其主产区之一，种类多、野生资源丰富。20世纪50年代，经研究发现，红景天具有与人参、刺五加类似的“适应原样"作用，而且不会出现人参的过度兴奋和刺五加致便秘的作用，具有抗缺氧、抗寒冷、抗疲劳、抗微波辐射、延缓机体衰老、滋补强壮、扶正固本等功效，可用于高山反应、恶心呕吐、嘴唇和手心等发紫、全身无力、胸闷、身体虚弱的治疗，因而深受人们重视。我国已有红景天保健茶、口服液、饮料产品进入市场，另外在军事医学、航天医学、运动医学等方面均有良好的开发前景[10]。

2�6加强力度控制中药材的纯度及安全性 。

2�6�1增加检查项目：大量药材检查项下增加了杂质、水分、灰分及酸不溶性灰分的限量指标。

2�6�2采用更先进、稳定的方法测定重金属含量：在附录中增加“附录ⅨB铅、镉、砷、汞、铜测定法”，并采用原子吸收分光光度法或电感耦合等离子体质谱法测定，且方法成熟、可靠。以往版本的《中国药典》仅有“重金属检查法”，采用的是标准铅溶液斑点颜色比较法和砷盐检查法，均较粗糙、落后。

2�6�3部分中药材增加重金属和砷盐的检查：对一些中药材增加了重金属和砷盐的检查，如西瓜霜的重金属和砷含量均不得高于百万分之十；树舌的重金属含量不得高于百万分之二十；红景天的重金属含量不得高于百万分之十；龟甲胶重金属含量不得高于百万分之三十。

2�6�4增加农药残留检查项目：“附录ⅨQ农药残留量测定法”，在以前“附录ⅨQ有机氯农药残留测定法”的基础上，增加了“有机磷和除虫菊脂类农药”的检查项，包括测定中药材和制剂中3项农药残留的检查[11]，详见表3。

随着人们保健意识及环保意识的增强，农药对中药的污染日益引起多方关注。2000年版《中国药典》（一部）附录收入了部分有机氯农药的检测方法及9种有机氯农药限量标准（包括DDT、BHC各4个异构体及PCNB的农药残留限量），同时对黄芪、甘草、黄连上清丸等品种的有机氯农药含量规定了限量指标。但目前，我国在农作物（包括中药材）上仍广泛使用有机磷农药及拟除虫菊酯类农药，而《中国药典》对此类农药残留无限量规定，既不符合国情，也不利于中药材的出口。因此，2005年版《中国药典》将增加“有机磷和除虫菊脂类农药”的检查。

32005年版《中国药典》修订的不足之处 。

从网上公布的新版药典的增订内容来看，就具体鉴定对象而言，中药材质量标准部分仍存在不够完善的地方。

现行标准中有些品种检验项目单一，仅有性状描述，而无其它鉴别项目；或鉴别项目过于简单，达不到种级鉴别目的。如金钱白花蛇、冬虫夏草等伪品复杂的品种。

多数毒性中药无毒性成分限度检查项目，不利于安全、合理用药。药典及部颁中药材标准记述有小毒、有毒和有大毒的中药材及其制品共85种，仅制川乌、制草乌规定有酯型生物碱限度检查及含量测定；附子规定有乌头碱限量检查项目。而木鳖子、商陆、甘遂、两头尖、闹羊花等均无毒性成分限度检查项目。

同一中药材品种的野生品和栽培品二者同时入药时，其药用部位、形态结构和化学成分基本相同，但栽培品因受生态环境因素的影响，性状变异较大，药典对这些变异多无描述，检验时缺乏科学依据。

药典及部颁中药材标准共收载中药材及其制剂630种，列有浸出物和含量测定项目的仅218种，整体上还达不到控制内在质量优劣的目的。

大部分中药材的标准和检测方法仅限于性状、气味、浸出物含量或其中某一种主要成分的含量，而对种质、生产基地、产地环境、栽培管理、采收季节、加工炮制、农药残留量及重金属限量、药效等方面缺乏严格的规定及量化指标。

4结论

总的来说，2005年版《中国药典》历经修订，在继承传统经验鉴别——辨状论质的基础上，广泛吸收了现代植物分类学、形态学、解剖学和植物化学等方面的研究成果，并大量增加了色谱和光谱等现代分析技术，且以英、日、美3国现行药典为参考，为进一步向亚洲地区乃至国际上有影响力的药典标准靠近打下了坚实的基础。 23992希望对你有帮助！

帮忙翻译英语文章

说实话我是COPY的.你看看能不能用把.。

A religion is a system of human thought which usually includes a set of narratives, symbols, beliefs and practices that give meaning to the practitioner's experiences of life through reference to a higher power, deity or deities, or ultimate truth.[1] Religion is commonly identified by the practitioner's prayer, ritual, meditation, music and art, among other things, and is often interwoven with society and politics. It may focus on specific supernatural, metaphysical, and moral claims about reality (the cosmos and human nature) which may yield a set of religious laws, ethics, and a particular lifestyle. Religion also encompasses ancestral or cultural traditions, writings, history, and mythology, as well as personal faith and religious experience.。

The term "religion" refers to both the personal practices related to communal faith and to group rituals and communication stemming from shared conviction. "Religion" is sometimes used interchangeably with "faith" or "belief system,"[2] but it is more socially defined than personal convictions, and it entails specific behaviors, respectively.。

In the frame of western religious thought,[3] religions present a common quality, the "hallmark of patriarchal religious thought": the division of the world in two comprehensive domains, one sacred, the other profane.[4] According to the futurist Raymond Kurzweil, "The primary role of traditional religion is deathist rationalization—that is, rationalizing the tragedy of death as a good thing."[5] Religion is often described as a communal system for the coherence of belief focusing on a system of thought, unseen being, person, or object, that is considered to be supernatural, sacred, divine, or of the highest truth. Moral codes, practices, values, institutions, tradition, rituals, and scriptures are often traditionally associated with the core belief, and these may have some overlap with concepts in secular philosophy. Religion is also often described as a "way of life" or a life stance 。

Religion and the body politic。

A good understanding of the meaning of Christianity before the word "religion" came into common usage can be found in St. Augustine's writing. For Augustine, Christianity was a disciplina, a "rule" just like that of the Roman Empire. Christianity was therefore a power structure opposing and superseding human institutions, a literal Kingdom of Heaven. Rather than calling one to self-discipline through symbols, it was itself the discipline taught by one's family, school, church, and city authorities.[11] However at this point the root of the English word "religion", the Latin religio, was in use only to mean "reverence for God or the gods, careful pondering of divine things, piety" (which Cicero further derived to mean "diligence"[12]); in other words, there was no sense of a "system" nor even of the Christian power structure but only of spirituality.[13] Max Müller characterized many other cultures around the world, including Egypt, Persia, and India, as having a similar power structure at this point in history. What we would call religion today, they would only call "law".[14]。

As Christianity became commonplace, the charismatic authority identified by Augustine, a quality we might today call "religiousness", had a commanding influence at the local level. This system persisted in the Byzantine Empire following the East-West Schism, while Western Europe regulated unpredictable expressions of charisma through the Roman Catholic Church. However, as the Church lost its dominance during the Protestant Reformation and Christianity became closely tied to political structures, religion was recast as the basis of national sovereignty, and religious identity gradually became a less universal sense of spirituality and more divisive, locally defined, and tied to nationality.[15] It was at this point that "religion" was dissociated with universal beliefs and moved closer to dogma in both meaning and practice. However there was not yet the idea of dogma as personal choice, only of established churches.。

Religious freedom。

In the Age of Enlightenment, the idea of Christianity as the purest expression of spirituality was supplanted by the concept of "religion" as a worldwide practice.[16] This caused such ideas as religious freedom, a reexamination of classical philosophy as an alternative to Christian thought, and more radically Deism among intellectuals such as Voltaire. Much like Christianity, the idea of "religious freedom" was exported around the world as a civilizing technique, even to regions like India that had never treated spirituality as a matter of political identity.[17] In Japan, where Buddhism was still seen as a philosophy of natural law,[18] the concept of "religion" and "religious freedom" as separate from other power structures was unnecessary until Christian missionaries demanded free access to conversion, and when Japanese Christians refused to engage in patriotic events.[19]。

With the Enlightenment religion lost its attachment to nationality, but rather than being a universal social attitude, it was now a personal feeling, or emotion.[20] Friedrich Schleiermacher in the late 18th century defined religion as das schlechthinnige Abhängigkeitsgefühl, commonly translated as "a feeling of absolute dependence".[21] His contemporary Hegel disagreed thoroughly, defining religion as "the Divine Spirit becoming conscious of Himself through the finite spirit."[22] William James is an especially notable 19th century subscriber to the theory of religion as feeling.。

Confucianism, Taoism, and Buddhism are one, a painting in the litang style portraying three men laughing by a river stream, 12th century, Song DynastyModern currents in religion。

Religious studies。

With the recognition of religion as a category separate from culture and society came the rise of religious studies. Clifford Geertz's definition of religion as a "cultural system" was dominant for most of the 20th century and continues to be widely accepted today.。

Sociologists and anthropologists tend to see religion as an abstract set of ideas, values, or experiences developed as part of a cultural matrix. For example, in Lindbeck's Nature of Doctrine, religion does not refer to belief in "God" or a transcendent Absolute. Instead, Lindbeck defines religion as, "a kind of cultural and/or linguistic framework or medium that shapes the entirety of life and thought… it is similar to an idiom that makes possible the description of realities, the formulation of beliefs, and the experiencing of inner attitudes, feelings, and sentiments.”[23] According to this definition, religion refers to one's primary worldview and how this dictates one's thoughts and actions. Thus religion is considered by some sources to extend to causes, principles, or activities believed in with zeal or conscientious devotion concerning points or matters of ethics or conscience, and not necessarily including belief in the supernatural.[24]。

Although evolutionists had previously sought to understand and explain religion in terms of a cultural attribute which might conceivably confer biological advantages to its adherents, Richard Dawkins called for a re-analysis of religion in terms of the evolution of self-replicating ideas apart from any resulting biological advantages they might bestow. He argued that the role of key replicator in cultural evolution belongs not to genes, but to memes replicating thought from person to person by means of imitation. These replicators respond to selective pressures that may or may not affect biological reproduction or survival.[25] Susan Blackmore regards religions as particularly tenacious memes.[26] Chris Hedges, however, regards meme theory as a misleading imposition of genetics onto psychology.。

Interfaith cooperation。

Because religion continues to be recognized in Western thought as a universal impulse, many religious practitioners have aimed to band together in interfaith dialogue and cooperation. The first major dialogue was the Parliament of the World's Religions at the 1893 Chicago World's Fair, which remains notable even today both in affirming "universal values" and recognition of the diversity of practices among different cultures. The 20th century has been especially fruitful in use of interfaith dialogue as a means of solving ethnic, political, or even religious conflict, with Christian-Jewish reconciliation representing a complete reverse in the attitudes of many Christian communities towards Jews.。

Secularism and criticism of religion。

Main articles: Criticism of religion, Antireligion, Secularism, Agnosticism, and Atheism。

As religion became a more personal matter, discussions of society found a new focus on political and scientific meaning, and religious attitudes were increasingly seen as irrelevant for the needs of the European world. On the political side, Ludwig Feuerbach recast Christian beliefs in light of humanism, paving the way for Karl Marx's famous characterization of religion as "the opiate of the masses". Meanwhile, in the scientific community, T.H. Huxley in 1869 coined the term "agnostic," a term subsequently adopted by such figures as Robert Ingersoll. Later, Bertrand Russell told the world Why I Am Not a Christian.。

Atheists have developed a critique of religious systems as well as personal faith. Modern-day critics focus on religion's lack of utility in human society, faulting religion as being irrational.[27] Some assert that dogmatic religions are in effect morally deficient, elevating to moral status ancient, arbitrary, and ill-informed rules—taboos on eating pork, for example, as well as dress codes and sexual practices[28]—possibly designed for reasons of hygiene or even mere politics in a bygone era.。

In North America and Western Europe the social fallout of the 9/11 attacks contributed in part to the appearance of numerous pro-secularist books, such as The God Delusion by Richard Dawkins, The End of Faith by Sam Harris, and God is not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything by Christopher Hitchens. This criticism is largely, but not entirely, focused on the monotheistic Abrahamic traditions.。

Religious belief。

Central Asian (Tocharian) and East-Asian Buddhist monks, Bezeklik, Eastern Tarim Basin, 9th-10th centuryMain article: Religious belief。

Religious belief usually relates to the existence, nature and worship of a deity or deities and divine involvement in the universe and human life. Alternately, it may also relate to values and practices transmitted by a spiritual leader. Unlike other belief systems, which may be passed on orally, religious belief tends to be codified in literate societies (religion in non-literate societies is still largely passed on orally[29]). In some religions, like the Abrahamic religions, it is held that most of the core beliefs have been divinely revealed.。

Religious belief can also involve causes, principles or activities believed in with zeal or conscientious devotion concerning points or matters of ethics or conscience, not necessarily limited to organized religions。

有关信仰的英文演讲稿

“美好时光”是ABC广播电台的一个节目。吉姆格林是这个节目的主持人。大多数男孩和女孩喜欢这个节目。他们同样喜欢吉姆格林。他们中的一些人经常给他打电话并对他的工作表示感谢。每天他也收到许多来信。

吉姆格林每天早晨6点起床。他早餐吃面包和一杯牛奶。他6：30离开家，并且在7：15的时候到达他的办公室。

这个节目在7：30开始。他为他的听众播放流行歌曲和现代音乐的新唱片。

吉姆在10：30的完成工作。他开他的车回家。他每晚都读报纸听音乐。

加油哦~~！

求大学英语范文，题目RISKS

We Must Have Faith To Finish Fourth(我们必须有信仰)。

The England international defender thinks that the Toffees have a real chance of beating the Reds for fourth spot as long as they continue to have faith in themselves.。

As Liverpool drew with Middlesbrough on Saturday, Everton pulled level on points after beating Manchester City and Lescott is in buoyant mood.。

"We need to believe that it is possible we can break in," he explained.。

"At the start of the season, we thought it might be a bit hard, but now that we are in there, in contention after Christmas, you have got to believe you can push for fourth place."。

Finishing ahead of Liverpool would be a huge accomplishment for the blue and white half of the city, but Lescott wants his side to take things one step at a time.。

"We can't look too far ahead and get carried away. We know that we need to win next week and then move on to the Chelsea game, which is going to be massive for us," he continued.。

"If we could overtake Liverpool it would be a major achievement for us, but we are just focused on the next game and if we get the right result, who knows?。

"Last season we got some great results and frustrated teams. This season we are getting results and playing some nice football at the same time."。

帮忙翻译英语文章~~~

这个

我倒是以前碰到过

也没什么东西，把自己以前搜到的东西给你看看吧~~觉得蛮有趣的。是自己博客上的。

Risk Taking is Free。

To laugh is to risk appearing the fool,。

To weep is to risk appearing sentimental,。

To reach out for another is to risk involvement,。

To expose feelings is to risk exposing true self,。

To place your ideas, your dreams before the crowd is to risk their loss,。

To love is to risk not being loved in return,。

To live is to risk dying,。

To hope is to risk despair,。

To try is to risk failure,。

But risk must be taken, because the greatest hazard in life is to risk nothing.。

The person who risks nothing, does nothing, has nothing, and is nothing.。

He may avoid suffering and sorrow, but he simply cannot learn, feel, change, grow, love, live.。

Chained by his certitudes, he is a slave, he has forfeited freedom.。

Only a person who risks - is free.。

Author unknown

Risk taking is:。

Opening yourself to change. It is the accepting of the need for change and it is taking the behavioral steps that will result in that change.。

Honest appraisal of a situation in life requiring your action.。

Understanding the risks involved in taking such action.。

Weighing the pros and cons of taking the action.。

Making a choice to take the required action.。

Performing the action with full consciousness of the risks, pros and cons, and potential outcome.。

Accepting the consequences of such action.。

The ability to ignore your need for other's approval in order to take the most appropriate action for you.。

The behavioral process involving the gamble that you may experience rejection from others for the actions you have chosen to take.。

Pursuing the required actions despite the fear that it will affect others negatively, resulting in their efforts to make you feel guilty about taking such action.。

Deciding to make a personal sacrifice of time, energy, ability, and knowledge as an investment to better your circumstances.。

Hoping your circumstances will improve as a result of your personal sacrifice, but making it anyway.。

The effort to be honest with yourself about your part in interpersonal problems, admitting that you have certain personal barriers that prevent the resolution of the problem.。

Admitting to the other(s) involved what the barriers are and seeking assistance to address those barriers and resolve the problems.。

Committing to become objective in pursuing a rational approach to a problem.。

The willingness to identify irrational blocking beliefs, which hinder resolutions.。

Opening yourself to be identified as being too subjective, too emotional, too obstructing, and too hindering in the resolution of your problem.。

The willingness to accept honest, objective feedback about the need for you to change your own behavior.。

The effort to be less subjective, less defensive, and more open in your search for truth, honesty, and sanity in resolving your problem.。

The willingness to take a healing, forgiving, and forgetting attitude in pursuing the resolution of a conflict.。

Opening yourself to be vulnerable, to being taken advantage of by the other in the conflict situation.。

Demonstrating your trust in the other person's willingness to accept an honest, open, and upfront approach to resolving the conflict.。

``Now''-oriented action.。

Direct confrontation of a problem. It is the absence of procrastination and denial in dealing with a problem.。

Responsible action taken to pursue the resolution of a problem.。

What are some blocks to risk taking?。

Road blocks to becoming a risk taker include:。

Fear of rejection。

Need for approval。

Need to avoid guilt。

Need to always be right。

Need to know all the "in's and out's'' of a situation。

Need for certainty。

Lack of belief in yourself and others。

Fear of being incompetent。

Desire to avoid conflict。

Unresolved anger。

Poor role modeling in family of origin。

Fear of failure。

Unwillingness to face problems honestly。

Lack of assertiveness in protection of your own rights。

Inability to take the responsibility for your own life。

Unwillingness to accept possible negative consequences。

Preferring to be unhappy, mired in your problem。

Playing it safe。

A need for security。

Fear of hurting others。

Rationalizing the lack of need for direct action。

Denial that a problem exists, and action needs to be taken。

Projecting the need for action onto others。

Intellectualizing about a problem to avoid action。

Exempting yourself of responsibility to resolve a problem。

Relying on others to resolve your problems。

Alcohol or drug abuse ``clouding'' thinking。

Over emotional response to a problem。

Humoring yourself and others to ignore the problem。

Over concern for everybody but yourself。

Fear of pain (no pain, no gain)。

Absence of desire to change。

Irrational belief that it is impossible to change the situation。

A disregard for the rights of yourself and others。

Confusion about your role in handling the problem。

Lack of ownership of the problem。

Over-sentimentality for the needs of others。

Enjoying the sympathy you receive from others for the problem you face。

Inability to let go of an old belief in a person or institution。

A belief that life should always be fair。

Not being a risk taker results in:。

The problem or complaint going unresolved。

Change being avoided。

Maintenance of the status quo, even if it is negative。

Others turning off to your complaints and pleas for help。

No gains in life C stagnation。

Over-dependence on others to take care of you。

Unhappiness concerning your current status in life。

Depression over your problems。

Feelings of being stuck C immobilized。

A chronic ``yes, Y but'' attitude。

Lack of creativity in problem solving。

The problems becoming exacerbated。

Your rights and the rights of others being ignored。

Experiencing ``burnout'' in facing your problems。

Loss of support from others who have been assisting you in working on your problems。

Loss of physical health。

Loss of emotional health。

Being isolated and ignored by others as you wallow in self-pity。

Your blaming others for not helping to solve your problems。

Your self-destructive, self-defeating behavior。

Some steps to becoming an effective risk taker。

Step 1: If you find that you are stuck in solving a problem, answer the following questions in your journal:。

a. What is keeping me from solving this problem?。

b. What is keeping me from taking any of the possible actions available to me to solve this problem?。

c. How do I feel about choosing an action with an outcome of which I am uncertain?。

d. What is it about which I am uncertain?。

e. What is the worst possible thing that could happen if:。

I take the action needed?。

I do not take the action needed?。

f. What are the blocks and barriers in me, keeping me from taking this ``uncertain'' action about which I am unsure?。

g. What are the possible consequences of ignoring this problem?。

h. What are the possible consequences of not taking the risks necessary?。

i. What do I need right now to take the risks necessary?。

j. What do I need in order to live with myself in case the action I take results in an even more negative situation than I currently have?。

Step 2: If you find that in answering the questions in Step 1 you are still unable to take a risk to solve your problem, use the ``Productive Problem Solving'' model, Section 3, of Tools for Relationships. In your journal, list the results of brainstorming:。

a. Alternative, more appealing solutions to the ones you have already identified。

b. Alternative consequences to not solving the problem。

c. Reasons for not taking a risk over this issue。

d. What your life would be like if you refused to take a risk on this issue。

Step 3: If answering the questions in Step 1 and brainstorming your four lists in Step 2 do not encourage you to take the necessary risks, proceed with the following steps:。

a. Visualize a successful solution to the problem in which you not only took a risk but were also a winner.。

b. Keep this visualization active in your mind for a 20 minute meditation period while you rest in a relaxed state. Do this three times a day until you feel strong enough to take the risk.。

c. At the end of each 20 minute visualization/meditation, reward yourself for being a successful risk taker and use these affirmations repeatedly:。

I am a successful risk taker.。

I can take risks in which everyone wins.。

I will take the risks necessary to solve this problem: (list the current problems).。

d. Continue with the visualizations and affirmations until you can take the necessary risks to resolve your problem.。

e. As the changes begin to occur, remind yourself that this is only happening because of your risk-taking behavior.。

Step 4: If you are unable to take the risks after completing Steps 1, 2 and 3, identify the irrational beliefs and fears blocking your risk taking. Refute them using the ``Handling Irrational Beliefs'' model, in Tools for Personal Growth.。

Step 5: If you are still unable to take a risk after completing Steps 1 through 4, return to Step 1 and begin again.。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/rationalizing-20.html