parliamentary-50

卢武铉死亡英文报道

意大利的河流不多，最大的水系是波河水系。Italy not in the river, the largest river systems are fluctuated stream. 最长的河是波河，长652公里。Eutrophication is the longest river, 652 km long. 其他较大的河流，北部有阿迪杰河和皮牙伟河，中部有阿尔诺河(流经佛罗伦萨）和台伯河（流经罗马）。Other major rivers in the north ADIGE Weihe teeth and skin. central Arno (channeling Florence) and the Tiber (flows through Rome). 意大利的河流由于流量有限，很少用于航运。Due to the river flow will be limited in Italy, seldom used shipping. 。

再下来就是亚平宁山脉，南北纵贯于意大利，它把意大利导向地中海。Further down is Appenine Hills, ran through the South and the North in Italy, the Italian Mediterranean orientation. 。

由于处于欧亚大陆、非洲大陆板块挤压带上，使意大利多山、多丘陵，约占其境的80%,而且多活火山，著名的火山有维苏威火山、埃特纳火山。As in Europe and Asia, the African continent onto the plates, Italy mountainous terrain, more hills, about 80% of its territory. and most active volcanoes, a famous volcanic basalt volcano, the consequent cost of the encryption software key. 意大利境内有数千个大大小小的湖泊，其中最著名有北部的马焦雷湖、科莫湖、卡尔达湖。Italy there are thousands of large and small lakes, the most famous of which is the northern Maggiore, Komodo Lake Calda Lake. 。

意大利境内还有两个主权袖珍国：梵帝冈教皇国和圣马利诺。Italy, there are two sovereign countries Pocket Pope : Vatican City and San Marino.。

关于新西兰的介绍,要英语的,谢谢

Roh Moo-hyun (born September 1, 1946 in Gimhae, South Gyeongsang) has been the President of South Korea since February 25, 2003. Before entering politics, Roh was a noted human rights lawyer.。

His political career was marked by several dramatic events, including attempts to overcome regionalism in South Korean politics, culminating in his election to the presidency. The emergence of a liberal reformist and anti-American political movement in the country was another factor in his victory.。

Roh's presidency has been marked by controversies, with his opponents staging a failed impeachment attempt. Although he was reinstated with a stronger mandate than he had when he entered office, continued controversies and accusations of incompetence resulted in a drop in popularity.。

Roh's policy highlights include an unpopular decision to send Korean troops to Iraq, a failed attempt to relocate the capital from Seoul to the Chungcheong region, and a bid for a grand coalition with the conservative Grand National Party that was widely criticized.。

Personal background。

With First Lady Kwon Yang-sook , Roh has a daughter (Roh Jeong-yeon, , born 1975), an embassy worker; and a son (Roh Geon-ho, , born 1973), a former LG Electronics employee and a current MBA student at Stanford University. Roh is a Roman Catholic, like his predecessor, Kim Dae-Jung.。

Roh was born in 1946 to a poor farming family in Gimhae, near Busan, in southeastern South Korea. In 1960, he led a protest at his school against mandatory essays extolling his country's first autocrat. A high school graduate who never went to college, he worked at odd jobs after serving in the Korean army.。

He studied on his own to pass the bar exam in 1975. In 1977, he became regional judge in Daejeon, and began privately practising tax law in 1978. In 1981, he defended students who had been tortured for possession of contraband literature. In early 2003, he was quoted as saying, "When I saw their horrified eyes and their missing toenails, my comfortable life as a lawyer came to an end." He opposed the autocracy in place at the time in South Korea, and participated in the pro-democracy June Struggle in 1987 against the authoritarian president Chun Doo-hwan.。

Early political career。

In 1988, Roh entered politics and grilled the government over corruption allegations and the 1980 Gwangju Massacre. In the same year, he was elected to the National Assembly of South Korea, representing the Unification Democratic Party - Tongilminjudang). Shortly thereafter, he gained popularity in the first nationally broadcast parliament hearing.。

Roh's defeat in the April 2000 election in Busan was a "blessing in disguise." The news of his defeat prompted his supporters nationwide to form Nosamo, the first political fan club in Korea. His supporters were inspired by the courage and commitment shown in his struggle against regionalism.。

Roh was appointed as the Minister of Maritime Affairs and Fisheries in August 2000. He was elected the presidential candidate of the ruling Millennium Democratic Party in a land slide victory, eventually winning the presidency on December 19, 2002, defeating Lee Hoi-chang of the Grand National Party by a narrow margin. His victory was a dramatic surprise, made possible by a last-minute betrayal by a political ally that backfired.。

Presidency

The first year

Roh entered office with an ambitious agenda—establishing Korea as the hub of northeast Asia, continuing the engagement policy or Sunshine Policy towards North Korea started by his predecessor Kim Dae-Jung, redefining the security relationship with the United States, reform of contentious politics through compromise, decentralization of government, continuing pressure on chaebol and enhancing corporate transparency, reforming education and tax systems, improvement of labor-management relations. This ambitious program has stalled due to continuing controversy that has plagued Roh’s government, leading to intense criticism both from his supporters, who feel he has not held to his principles, and from those who have opposed his policies from the outset. His administration has been touched by allegations of corruption serious enough for him to propose a referendum on his performance. That proposal having constitutional problems, Roh then offered to step down from office if an investigation showed that his campaign team had illicitly collected as much as one-tenth of the million found to have been illegally raised by the campaign for the opposition Grand National Party. The investigation suggested a figure close to one-eighth, but Roh refused to back down, disputing that figure as a matter of subjective calculation by a hostile media.。

Uri Party and impeachment。

Roh and his supporters left the Millennium Democratic Party in 2003 and a new party, the Uri Party , lit. （"Our Open Party") was formed. They left a lot of the dept at the Millennium Democratic Party and ran out. So thay have been called the betrayers.。

Roh's popularity was declining at that period: his conciliatory North Korea policy is controversial with his opponents, and his decision to send troops to Iraq was controversial with his supporters. The country has become polarized over the United States military presence in South Korea, with those wanting more autonomy from the US tending to be younger (who are also antagonized by incidents involving US troops stationed in Korea), while those more supportive of the US military presence tending to be older, and viewing North Koreans as enemies. Controversy within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade led to the replacement of the minister, and a contentious free trade treaty with Chile brought farmers to the streets.。

On March 12, 2004, the South Korean National Assembly voted to impeach Roh Moo-hyun for illegal electioneering and incompetence charges. The vote was 193-2, with Roh's supporters abstaining from the vote. Pro-Roh Uri Party members had blocked the speaker's podium for 3 days to prevent a vote before being hauled out by opposition lawmakers and security guards. Roh's executive power was suspended until final decision is made by the Constitutional Court, and Prime Minister Goh Kun ran the country as the Acting President.。

The National Assembly's attempt to impeach Roh met with strong opposition. Although Roh's popularity hovered around the 30% mark due to social unrest, disclosure of illegal fund-raising in the 2002 Presidential election, creation of a new party, and often-made improper remarks, many Koreans thought the impeachment was too harsh and heavy-handed, and Roh's popularity went up dramatically to 50% soon after the assembly's vote to impeach Roh. The results of the April 2004 parliamentary election showed public support for him, with the Uri Party winning a majority of seats.。

On May 14, 2004, the Constitutional Court overturned the impeachment decision, restoring Roh as President, and Roh enjoyed increased support for some while after he was restored to power.。

After the reinstatement。

However, after he came back to the political arena, many incidents happened that severely hurt the President. After Roh Uri Party's campaign promise to make all construction companies open the prime cost of constructing apartment buildings to the public—a very popular campaign promise—was broken, the people's trust in Roh and his party slipped. There was also public distress about the President's willingness to nominate Kim Hyuk-kyu, who defected to the opposition Grand National Party just three months before the general election as new prime minister. Lee Hae Chan was instead nominated and confirmed as the new Prime Minister. Also the cabinet shake-up was unpopular because the people saw no reason to make the shake-up. There was talk that the shake-up was made for the future likely Uri Party presidential nominee in 2007 and this fact angered people.。

Also, worsening economic conditions made people angry at Roh, especially when he and his party repeatedly stated that economy was in good shape while people were having hard time finding work. The national pension fund crisis also hurt living standards and such events made Roh again very unpopular; his ratings at the polls stood in the lower 30%'s.。

His plan to deploy ground forces in Iraq also made him very unpopular, particularly among left-wing forces who were the main supporters of Roh. Their call to end the deployment plan continued throughout Roh's term and became even louder after a South Korean named Kim Sun-il was kidnapped in Iraq by a terrorist group and was beheaded. Roh's government was not only criticized for not halting the deployment plan for Kim's sake, but also further condemned by the public when it was disclosed that an Associated Press reporter asked whether there were kidnapped Korean personnel in Iraq long before Al Jazeera showed video of Kim kidnapped. The government stated that they first learned of the incident when Al Jazeera showed the tape, but it is alleged that they knew it much earlier but sealed the incident to the public to make the public support the deployment plan. Roh's popularity dropped to the 20% level after this incident.。

He was also criticized for pushing ahead the capital relocation plan from Seoul to the Chungcheong region, without giving attention to much public distress and criticism of the plan. He has repeatedly said that the criticism on the plan is being formed by major newspapers as Dong-a Ilbo and Chosun Ilbo, which are major conservative news media of the nation, and he has attacked those newspapers many times in public. On October 21, 2004, the Constitutional Court, the same institution that saved Roh from the impeachment, ruled that the special law for the relocation of the capital is unconstitutional, thus inflicting a huge blow to Roh's policy. Roh's plan was mended, with the word "capital" replaced with "administrative central", and legislated afterwards, this time gaining an approval from the Constitutional Court on November 24, 2005.。

The grand coalition controversy。

The ruling Uri Party had lost in every by-election under Roh's leadership, and there was no exception in the by-elections held on April 30, 2005, when the party was defeated in every of the 23 electoral districts. Facing the outcome of his unpopularity, Roh took a rather strange measure to save his presidency when he proposed a grand coalition with the opposition Grand National Party. Roh's rationale was that since it was impossible to continue his presidency with an approval rate of around 20 percent, a grand coalition comprising the Uri Party and the Grand National Party was desirable, and that the difference between both parties in terms of political agendas was actually minute. Roh promised he would yield much of his power and might even resign from office if a grand coalition was successfully launched.。

Roh's proposal for the grand coalition stirred yet another national controversy. Many called his plan reckless and completely ignorant of the sentiments of people still ailing from repeated political controversies and economic hardships. Many of the Uri Party's supporters who confess as liberals were enraged at Roh holding that his party was not really different from the conservative opposition. The Grand National Party, enjoying relatively strong approval rate but still bent on revenge for the party's defeat in major elections, repeatedly declined to initiate a negotiation for the coalition. While the Uri Party grudgingly supported the President's proposal, a lawmaker defected from the party in protest of Roh's plan, and the loss of popularity was felt when the party suffered another complete defeat in the by-election on October 26, 2005, this time including one of the party's stronghold electoral districts. Roh's plan was scrapped, having failed to garner support from either political faction. However, Roh has announced that another proposal is on the way, scheduled to be issued in early 2006, to resolve "national problems" which includes plans for "his course."。

Foreign relations。

United States

Roh was perceived as an anti-American before the presidential race, which was not a handicap during the campaign. Public antipathy with the United States was prevalent in 2002, which was evoked by an insufficient response by the U.S. Army in a maneuver accident that cost the lives of two Korean schoolgirls, and President Bush's hard-line policy towards North Korea. Roh once remarked "is going anti-American a big deal?" before he won the presidency, which worked in Roh's favor and led many to believe he will lead an independent line in terms of relation with the U.S.。

Roh's remark, however, has become a liability after he started out as the President. Conservatives in Korea and the U.S. regarded Roh with suspicion, and opposition Grand National Party routinely criticized Roh as a left-winger. Roh clumsily attempted to make up for this negative image, when he made his first visit to the U.S. and said he would have been in a (communist) concentration camp had there not been support from the United States. Roh's comment was ill-received by many Koreans, who felt the comment was too self-deprecating and insulting to national pride. Roh's revelation was all the more alarming because his obedient attitude seemed to be in discord with a comment he had made during the presidential campaign stating that he would not visit the United States only to do some photo-ops.。

Many Koreans felt betrayed when Roh decided to deploy troops to Iraq in support of the U.S.-led military campaign. Although Roh excused the deployment as only a peacekeeping mission and claimed that such commitment was required to bring favor from the U.S. in resolving the North Korean nuclear crisis, opponents criticized Roh of being a puppet driven by the United States.。

The relationship with the U.S. has been made more complicated during the ongoing negotiations with North Korea over its nuclear program. South Korea's moderate line didn't stand well with that of United States, and the U.S. repeatedly opposed South Korea's economic aid to the North, saying economic aid only strengthens North Korea's stubborness and hurts the combined effort for negotiation.。

In March 2006, South Korea announced it will initiate a talk with the U.S. for a free trade agreement. Many, including Roh's former economic advisor, expressed concern that the government is acting too hastily, and the effect of the agreement will be detrimental to the nation's economy. Despite such opposition, Roh repeatedly supported the idea, saying that he's got a good feeling about it.。

有没有英美两国的资料?

New Zealand is a country in the south-western Pacific Ocean consisting of two large islands (North Island and South Island) and many much smaller islands, most notably Stewart Island and the Chatham Islands. New Zealand is also known in Māori as Aotearoa, which is usually paraphrased in English as Land of the Long White Cloud.。

The Realm of New Zealand also includes the Cook Islands and Niue, which are self-governing, but in free association; Tokelau; and the Ross Dependency (New Zealand's territorial claim in Antarctica).。

It is notable for its geographic isolation, being separated from Australia to the northwest by the Tasman Sea, some 2000 kilometres (1250 miles) across. Its closest neighbours to the north are New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga.。

The population is mostly of European descent, with the indigenous Māori being the largest minority. Non-Māori Polynesian and Asian peoples are also significant minorities, especially in the cities.。

Elizabeth II, as the Queen of New Zealand, is the nominal Head of State and is represented, in her absence, by a non-partisan Governor-General; the Queen 'reigns but does not rule', so she has no real political influence. Political power is held by the democratically-elected Parliament of New Zealand under the leadership of the Prime Minister who is the Head of Government.。

History

New Zealand is one of the most recently settled major land masses. Polynesian settlers arrived in their waka some time between the 13th century and the 15th century to establish the indigenous Māori culture. New Zealand's Māori name, Aotearoa, is usually translated as "Land of the long white cloud", reputedly referring to the cloud the explorers saw on the horizon as they approached. Settlement of the Chatham Islands to the east of the mainland produced the Moriori people, but it is disputed whether they moved there from New Zealand or elsewhere in Polynesia. Most of New Zealand was divided into tribal territories called rohe, resources within which were controlled by an iwi ('nation' or 'tribe'). Māori adapted to eating the local marine resources, flora and fauna for food, hunting the giant flightless moa (which soon became extinct), and ate the Polynesian Rat and kumara (sweet potato), which they introduced to the country.。

The first Europeans known to have reached New Zealand were led by Abel Janszoon Tasman, who sailed up the west coasts of the South and North Islands in 1642. He named it Staten Landt, believing it to be part of the land Jacob Le Maire had seen in 1616 off the coast of Chile. Staten Landt appeared on Tasman's first maps of New Zealand, but this was changed by Dutch cartographers to Nova Zeelandia, after the Dutch province of Zeeland, some time after Hendrik Brouwer proved the supposedly South American land to be an island in 1643. The Latin Nova Zeelandia became Nieuw Zeeland in Dutch. Captain James Cook subsequently called the archipelago New Zealand (a slight corruption, as Zealand is not an alternative spelling of Zeeland, a province in the Netherlands, but of Sjælland, the island in Denmark that includes Copenhagen), although the Māori names he recorded for the North and South Islands (as Aehei No Mouwe and Tovy Poenammu respectively[1]) were rejected, and the main three islands became known as North, Middle and South, with the Middle Island being later called the South Island, and the earlier South Island becoming Stewart Island. Cook began extensive surveys of the islands in 1769, leading to European whaling expeditions and eventually significant European colonisation. From as early as the 1780s, Māori had encounters with European sealers and whalers. Acquisition of muskets by those iwi in close contact with European visitors destabilised the existing balance of power between Māori tribes and there was a temporary but intense period of bloody inter-tribal warfare, known as the Musket Wars, which ceased only when all iwi were so armed.。

Signing of the Treaty of Waitangi。

Concerned about the exploitation of Māori by Europeans, the British Colonial Office appointed James Busby as British Resident to New Zealand in 1832. In 1834, Busby convened the United Tribes of New Zealand to select a flag and declare their independence, which led to the Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand. This declaration did not allay the fears of the Church Missionary Society, who continued lobbying for British annexation. Increasing French interest in the region led the British to annex New Zealand by Royal Proclamation in January 1840. To legitimise the British annexation, Lieutenant Governor William Hobson had been dispatched in 1839; he hurriedly negotiated the Treaty of Waitangi with northern iwi on his arrival. The Treaty was signed in February, and in recent years it has come to be seen as the founding document of New Zealand. The Māori translation of the treaty promised the Māori tribes "tino rangatiratanga" would be preserved in return for ceding kawanatanga, which the English version translates as "chieftainship" and "sovereignty"; the real meanings are now disputed. Disputes over land sales and sovereignty caused the New Zealand land wars, which took place between 1845 and 1872. In 1975 the Treaty of Waitangi Act established the Waitangi Tribunal, charged with hearing claims of Crown violations of the Treaty of Waitangi. Some Māori tribes and the Moriori never signed the treaty.。

New Zealand was initially administered as a part of the colony of New South Wales, and it became a separate colony in November 1840. The first capital was Okiato or old Russell in the Bay of Islands but it soon moved to Auckland. European settlement progressed more rapidly than anyone anticipated, and settlers soon outnumbered Māori. Self-government was granted to the settler population in 1852. There were political concerns following the discovery of gold in Central Otago in 1861 that the South Island would form a separate colony, so in 1865 the capital was moved to the more central city of Wellington. New Zealand was involved in a Constitutional Convention in March 1891 in Sydney, New South Wales, along with the Australian colonies. This was to consider a potential constitution for the proposed federation between all the Australasian colonies. New Zealand lost interest in joining Australia in a federation following this convention.。

In 1893 New Zealand became the first nation to grant women the right to vote on the same basis as men; however, women were not eligible to stand for parliament until 1919.。

New Zealand became an independent dominion on 26 September 1907, by Royal Proclamation. Full independence was granted by the United Kingdom Parliament with the Statute of Westminster in 1931; it was taken up upon the Statute's adoption by the New Zealand Parliament in 1947. Since then New Zealand has been a sovereign constitutional monarchy within the Commonwealth of Nations.。

In 1951, Australia, New Zealand and the United States formally became allies with the signing of the ANZUS Treaty. In 1985, New Zealand declared itself a nuclear-free zone. As a result, US warships could no longer enter New Zealand ports without declaring themselves to be free of nuclear weapons or power. As such a declaration would be against US Government policy, effectively the ships were banned from New Zealand. The United States suspended its obligations to New Zealand under the ANZUS Treaty.。

Government

New Zealand is a constitutional monarchy with a parliamentary democracy. Under the New Zealand Royal Titles Act (1953), Queen Elizabeth II is Queen of New Zealand and is represented as head of state by the Governor-General, Anand Satyanand.。

New Zealand is the only country in the world in which all the highest offices in the land have been occupied simultaneously by women, between March 2005 and August 2006 - The Sovereign Queen Elizabeth II, Governor-General Dame Silvia Cartwright, Prime Minister Helen Clark, Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives Margaret Wilson and Chief Justice Dame Sian Elias.。

The New Zealand Parliament has only one chamber, the House of Representatives, which usually seats 120 Members of Parliament. Parliamentary general elections are held every three years under a form of proportional representation called Mixed Member Proportional. The 2005 General Election created an 'overhang' of one extra seat (occupied by the Māori Party), due to that party winning more seats in constituencies than the number of seats its proportion of the party vote would have given it.。

There is no written constitution: the Constitution Act 1986 is the principal formal statement of New Zealand's constitutional structure. The Governor-General has the power to appoint and dismiss Prime Ministers and to dissolve Parliament. The Governor-General also chairs the Executive Council, which is a formal committee consisting of all ministers of the Crown. Members of the Executive Council are required to be Members of Parliament, and most are also in Cabinet. Cabinet is the most senior policy-making body and is led by the Prime Minister, who is also, by convention, the Parliamentary leader of the governing party or coalition.。

The current Prime Minister is Helen Clark, leader of the Labour Party. She is serving her third term as Prime Minister. On 17 October 2005 she announced that she had come to a complex arrangement that guaranteed the support of enough parties for her Labour-led coalition to govern. The formal coalition consists of the Labour Party and Jim Anderton, the Progressive Party's only MP. In addition to the parties in formal coalition, New Zealand First and United Future provide confidence and supply in return for their leaders being ministers outside cabinet. A further arrangement has been made with the Green Party, which has given a commitment not to vote against the government on confidence and supply. This commitment assures the government of a majority of seven MPs on confidence.。

The Leader of the Opposition is National Party leader Don Brash, formerly Governor of the Reserve Bank. The ACT party and the Māori Party are both also in opposition. The Greens, New Zealand First and United Future all vote against the government on some legislation.。

Major political parties:。

Labour Party (50 seats)。

National Party (48 seats)。

Minor political parties (in Parliament):。

ACT New Zealand (2 seats)。

Green Party (6 seats)。

Jim Anderton's Progressive Party (1 seat)。

Māori Party (4 seats)。

New Zealand First (7 seats)。

United Future (3 seats)。

The highest court in New Zealand is the Supreme Court of New Zealand, which was established in 2004 following the passage of the Supreme Court Act 2003. The Act abolished the option to appeal Court of Appeal rulings to the Privy Council in London. The current Chief Justice is Dame Sian Elias. New Zealand's judiciary also includes the High Court, which deals with serious criminal offences and civil matters, and the Court of Appeal, as well as subordinate courts.。

Foreign relations and the military。

Main articles: Foreign relations of New Zealand, Military of New Zealand, and Military history of New Zealand。

New Zealand maintains a strong profile on environmental protection, human rights and free trade, particularly in agriculture.。

New Zealand is a member of the following geo-political organisations: APEC, East Asia Summit, Commonwealth of Nations, OECD and the United Nations. It has signed up to a number of free trade agreements, of which the most important is Closer Economic Relations with Australia.。

For its first hundred years, New Zealand followed the United Kingdom's lead on foreign policy. "Where she goes, we go; where she stands, we stand", said Prime Minister Michael Savage, in declaring war on Germany on 3 September 1939. However New Zealand came under the influence of the United States of America for the generation following the war (although New Zealand does still have a good working relationship with the UK).。

New Zealand has traditionally worked closely with Australia, whose foreign policy followed a similar historical trend. In turn, many Pacific Islands such as Western Samoa have looked to New Zealand's lead. The American influence on New Zealand was weakened by the disappointment with the Vietnam War, the sinking of the Rainbow Warrior by France, and by disagreements over environmental and agricultural trade issues and New Zealand's nuclear-free policy.。

New Zealand is a party to the ANZUS security treaty between Australia, New Zealand and the United States. In February 1985 New Zealand refused nuclear-powered or nuclear-armed ships access to its ports. In 1986 the United States announced that it was suspending its treaty security obligations to New Zealand pending the restoration of port access. The New Zealand Nuclear Free Zone, Disarmament and Arms Control Act 1987 prohibits the stationing of nuclear weapons on the territory of New Zealand and the entry into New Zealand waters of nuclear armed or propelled ships. This legislation remains a source of contention and the basis for the United States' continued suspension of treaty obligations to New Zealand.。

In addition to the various wars between iwi, and between the British settlers and iwi, New Zealand has fought in the Second Boer War, World War I, World War II, the Korean War, the Malayan Emergency (and committed troops, fighters and bombers to the subsequent confrontation with Indonesia), the Vietnam War, the Gulf War and the Afghanistan War, and briefly sent a unit of army engineers to help with rebuilding Iraqi infrastructure.。

The New Zealand military has three branches: the New Zealand Army, the Royal New Zealand Navy, and the Royal New Zealand Air Force. New Zealand considers its own national defence needs to be modest; it dismantled its air combat capability in 2001. New Zealand has contributed forces to recent regional and global peacekeeping missions, including those in Cyprus, Somalia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Sinai, Angola, Cambodia, the Iran/Iraq border, Bougainville and East Timor.。

Local government and external territories。

The early European settlers divided New Zealand into provinces. These were abolished in 1876 so that government could be centralised, for financial reasons. As a result, New Zealand has no separately represented subnational entities such as provinces, states or territories, apart from its local government. The spirit of the provinces however still lives on, and there is fierce rivalry exhibited in sporting and cultural events. Since 1876, local government has administered the various regions of New Zealand. In 1989, the government completely reorganised local government, implementing the current two-tier structure of regional councils and territorial authorities.。

Today New Zealand has 12 regional councils for the administration of environmental and transport matters and 74 territorial authorities that administer roading, sewerage, building consents, and other local matters. The territorial authorities are 16 city councils, 57 district councils, and the Chatham Islands County Council. Four of the territorial councils (one city and three districts) and the Chatham Islands County Council also perform the functions of a regional council and thus are known as unitary authorities. Territorial authority districts are not subdivisions of regional council districts, and a few of them straddle regional council boundaries.。

Regions are (asterisks denote unitary authorities): Northland, Auckland, Waikato, Bay of Plenty, Gisborne*, Hawke's Bay, Taranaki, Manawatu-Wanganui, Wellington, Marlborough*, Nelson*, Tasman*, West Coast, Canterbury, Otago, Southland, Chatham Islands*.。

As a major South Pacific nation, New Zealand has a close working relationship with many Pacific Island nations, and continues a political association with the Cook Islands, Niue, and Tokelau. New Zealand operates Scott Base in its Antarctic territory, the Ross Dependency. Other countries also use Christchurch to support their Antarctic bases and the city is sometimes known as the "Gateway to Antarctica".。

Geography

New Zealand comprises two main islands (called the North and South Islands in English, Te-Ika-a-Maui and Te Wai Pounamu in Māori) and a number of smaller islands. The total land area, 268,680 square kilometres (103,738 sq miles), is a little less than that of Italy and Japan, and a little more than the United Kingdom. The country extends more than 1600 kilometres (1000 miles) along its main, north-north-east axis, with approximately 15,134 km of coastline. The most significant of the smaller inhabited islands include Stewart Island/Rakiura; Waiheke Island, in Auckland's Hauraki Gulf; Great Barrier Island, east of the Hauraki Gulf; and the Chatham Islands, named Rēkohu by Moriori. The country has extensive marine resources, with the fifth-largest Exclusive Economic Zone in the world, covering over four million square kilometres (1.5 million sq mi), more than 15 times its land area.[2]。

The South Island is the largest land mass, and is divided along its length by the Southern Alps, the highest peak of which is Aoraki/Mount Cook at 3754 metres (12,316 ft). There are 18 peaks of more than 3000 metres (9800 ft) in the South Island. The North Island is less mountainous than the South, but is marked by volcanism. The tallest North Island mountain, Mount Ruapehu (2797 m / 9176 ft), is an active cone volcano. The dramatic and varied landscape of New Zealand has made it a popular location for the production of television programmes and films, including the Lord of the Rings trilogy.。

The climate throughout the country is mild, mostly cool temperate to warm temperate, with temperatures rarely falling below 0°C (32°F) or rising above 30°C (86°F). Conditions vary from wet and cold on the West Coast of the South Island to dry and continental in the Mackenzie Basin of inland Canterbury and almost subtropical in Northland. Of the main cities, Christchurch is the driest, receiving only some 640 mm (25 in) of rain per year. Auckland, the wettest, receives almost twice that amount.。

Flora and fauna。

Because of its long isolation from the rest of the world and its island biogeography, New Zealand has extraordinary flora and fauna. About 80% of the New Zealand flora occurs only in New Zealand, including more than 40 endemic genera.[3] The two main types of forest have been dominated by podocarps including the giant kauri and southern beech. The remaining vegetation types in New Zealand are grasslands of tussock and other grasses, usually in sub-alpine areas, and the low shrublands between grasslands and forests.。

Until the arrival of humans, 80% of the land was forested and, barring three species of bat (one now extinct), there were no non-marine mammals. Instead, New Zealand's forests were inhabited by a diverse range of birds including the flightless moa (now extinct), and the kiwi, kakapo, and takahē, all endangered due to human actions. Unique birds capable of flight include the Haast's eagle, which was the world's largest bird of prey (now extinct), and the large kākā and kea parrots. Reptiles present in New Zealand include skinks, geckos and tuatara. There are four endemic species of primitive frogs. There are no snakes and only one venomous spider, the katipo, which is rare and restricted to coastal regions. However, there are many species of insects, including the weta, one species of which may grow as large as a house mouse and is the heaviest insect in the world.。

New Zealand has led the world in clearing offshore islands of introduced mammalian pests and reintroducing rare native species to ensure their survival. A more recent development is the mainland ecological island.。

字数太多，无法尽录。

楼下好像也是和我的回答相同，可是没有标明引用出处 :)。

德国政府体制简介（英文……）

http://baike.baidu.com/view/2398.htm。

http://baike.baidu.com/view/3565.htm。

英国国名

大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国（英语：The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland）。简称联合王国（The United Kingdom）或英国（Britain）。

国旗

英国国旗呈横长方形，长与宽之比为2:1。为“米”字旗，由深蓝底色和红、白色“米”字组成。旗中带白边的红色正十字代表英格兰守护神圣乔治，白色交叉十字代表苏格兰守护神圣安德鲁，红色交叉十字代表爱尔兰守护神圣帕特里克。此旗产生于1801年，是由原英格兰的白地红色正十旗、苏格兰的蓝地白色交叉十字旗和爱尔兰的白地红色交叉十字旗重叠而成。

国徽

英国国徽即英王徽。中心图案为一枚盾徽，盾面上左上角和右下角为红地上三只金狮，象征英格兰；右上角为金地上半站立的红狮，象征苏格兰；左下角为蓝地上金黄色竖琴，象征北爱尔兰。盾徽两侧各由一只头戴王冠、代表英格兰的狮子和一只代表苏格兰的独角兽支扶着。盾徽周围用法文写着一句格言，意为“恶有恶报”；下端悬挂着嘉德勋章，饰带上写着“天有上帝，我有权利”。盾徽上端为镶有珠宝的金银色头盔、帝国王冠和头戴王冠的狮子。

格言

Dieu et mon droit（法语：天有上帝，我有权利）

国歌

《天佑女王》（ "God Save the Queen"）。如在位的是男性君主，国歌改为"God Save the King"。《天佑女王》是英联邦国家的国歌和皇室颂歌。

首都

伦敦（London）。英国第一大城市及第一大港，欧洲最大的都会区之一兼世界三大金融中心之一。人口751.24万，面积1,577.3平方公里。

语言

官方语言为英语（English）（非法定）。此外，还有威尔士语（Welsh）、爱尔兰语（Irish）、阿尔斯特苏格兰语（Ulster Scots）、苏格兰语（Scots）、苏格兰盖尔语（Scottish Gaelic）、凯尔特语（Cornish）为英国各地区的官方语言。

面积

244,820平方公里（世界国家和地区第79名）。其中水域面积占1.34%。

人口

60,943,912（2008年统计），人口密度246人/平方公里（世界国家和地区第48名）。男女比例为0.98：1。

种族

英国人口中有85.67%为英国白人，6.47%为其他地区白人，4.00%为南亚人，2.00%为黑人，1.20%为混血人，0.80%为东亚人及其他种族（2001年）。

政治体制

议会民主制（Parliamentary democracy）、君主立宪制（Constitutional monarchy）

国家政要

国家元首伊丽莎白二世（HM Queen Elizabeth II）。1952年2月6日即位，1953年6月2日加冕；首相戈登·布朗（Gordon Brown）（英国工党）。2007年6月27日正式出任。

历史

1707年5月1日，英格兰与苏格兰合并；

1801年1月1日，与爱尔兰合并；

1922年4月12日，《英爱条约》生效，爱尔兰南部脱离其统治，成立独立国家；

1973年1月1日，加入欧洲共同体。

行政区划

英国分英格兰、威尔士、苏格兰和北爱尔兰四部分。英格兰划分为43个郡，苏格兰下设29个区和3个特别管辖区，北爱尔兰下设26个区，威尔士下设22个区。苏格兰、威尔士议会及其行政机构全面负责地方事务，外交、国防、总体经济和货币政策、就业政策以及社会保障等仍由中央政府控制。此外，英国还有12个海外属地。

国内生产总值（购买力平价）

2.270万亿美元（2007年，世界国家和地区第6名）。人均GDP 37,328美元（世界国家和地区第13名）。

国内生产总值（名义）

2.772万亿美元（2007年，世界国家和地区第5名）。人均GDP 45,845美元（世界国家和地区第9名）。

美国

美国位于北美洲，经纬度: 38°N, 97°W，和北太平洋，及北大西洋交接，在加拿大和墨哥之间。现在一共有 50 个州，另外有一个类似殖民地的波多黎各，及其他海外属地关岛等。领土总面积世界第三大，（少于俄国和加拿大）；实际土地面积第四大（小于中国）。人口第三大，（少于印度和中国）。

国名

美利坚合众国 The United States of America。United: 联合，States: 州的复数， America: 美洲；缩写：USA (或US)。

美国英文也称 America。事实上，America 代表美洲。美国人却将它用来称呼整个美国。美国人常说："God bless America"。就是上帝保佑美国的意思。American 本意是美洲人，包括加拿大人，墨西哥人及美国人。现在基本上只代表美国人。日常用语中，也用 "United states"，或者"The States" 来称呼美国。喊口号，或者喝彩的时候，则用 USA。

国旗

美国国旗为星条旗。呈横长方形，长与宽之比为19:10。主体由13道红、白相间的宽条组成，7道红条，6道白条；旗面左上角为蓝色长方形，其中分9排横列着50颗白色五角星。红色象征强大和勇气，白色代表纯洁和清白，蓝色象征警惕、坚韧不拔和正义。13道宽条代表最早发动独立战争并取得胜利的13个州，50颗五角星代表美利坚合众国的州数。1818年美国国会通过法案，国旗上的红白宽条固定为13道，五角星数目应与合众国州数一致。每增加一个州，国旗上就增加一颗星，一般在新州加入后的第二年7月4日执行。至今国旗上已增至50颗星，代表美国的50州。每年6月14日为"美国国旗制定纪念日"。

国徽

美国国徽主体为一只胸前带有盾形图案的白头海雕（秃鹰），美国的国鸟，它是力量、勇气、自由和不朽的象征。盾面上半部为蓝色横长方形，下半部为红、白相间的竖条，其寓意同国旗。鹰之上的顶冠象征在世界的主权国家中又诞生一个新的独立国家——美利坚合众国；顶冠内有13颗白色五角星，代表美国最初的13个州。鹰的两爪分别抓着橄榄枝和箭，象征和平和武力。鹰嘴叼着的黄色绶带上用拉丁文写着"合众为一"，意为美利坚合众国由很多州组成，是一个完整的国家。

国歌

《星条旗永不落》（"The Star-Spangled Banner"）。曾译《星条旗之歌》，歌词是一位名叫弗朗西斯·斯科特·基的美国律师在英美战争时，透过战场上的硝烟看到星条旗经过英军炮轰后仍在要塞上空高高飘扬时感慨万分而即景写下的。曲谱是"进行曲之王"苏萨的著名代表作。1931年被美国国会正式定为国歌。

国花

玫瑰花。象征着美丽、芬芳、热忱和爱情。1985年经参议院通过定为国花。

国石

蓝宝石

国鸟

白头海雕（秃鹰）。美国是世界上最先确定国鸟的国家。白头雕最早出现于美国的旗帜上是在独立战争期间。1776年7月4日第二次大陆会议发表了《独立宣言》并决定新生的美国必须有一个特殊的国徽。1782年6月20日，美国国会通过决议，把北美洲特有的白头海雕作为美国的国鸟，并把这种鸟作为国徽图案的主体。白头雕外观美丽、性情凶猛，头上有丰满的羽毛，它的最大特点是两头白，即白头白尾。它代表着勇猛、力量和胜利。

格言

In God We Trust （英语：我们信仰上帝，1956年—今）（官方格言）

E Pluribus Unum （拉丁语：合众为一，1776年—今）（传统格言）

独立日

1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城正式通过《独立宣言》，美国独立。1783年9月3日，英国承认美国正式独立。美国法定节假日之一。也只有在那一个星期，各地才有销售烟花的地方。过新年的时候，却没有地方可以买到烟花。

宪法

1787年9月17日产生，1789年3月4日生效。

国土

根据美国中央情报局，2008年7月15日的最新资料，美国总面积有 9,826,630 平方公里，土地: 9,161,923 平方公里，水域: 664,707 平方公里,不包括海外领地及波多黎各。海岸线长：19,924 公里。本土东西长4500公里，南北宽2700公里。

最低点: 死亡谷 （Death Valley） -86 米。

最高点: McKinley 山， 6,198 米。

大小之争：美国中央情报局的网站认为，美国总面积相当于俄国的一半，非洲的3/10,南美洲的一半，稍微大于中国，超过欧洲联盟的二倍之多。美国国家地理网站和美国微软公司生产的电子百科全书均称，美国国土大于中国。而中国政府认为中国面积世界第三大。事实是中国领土总面积为 9,596,960 平方公里，土地面积 9,326,410 平方公里，水域面积：270,550 平方公里。所以说，如果只比较土地面积，那么中国大于美国，是世界第三大。如果加入水域面积，中国领土小于美国，成为世界第四大。

首都

华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（Washington D.C.）。人口58.83万（2007年），面积177.0平方公里。

国家政要

第43任（第55届）美国总统 - 乔治·沃克·布什（George Walker Bush）；副总统迪克·切尼（Dick Cheney）；国务卿康多莉扎·赖斯（Condoleezza Rice）；首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨（John G. Roberts Jr）。

政治体制

联邦共和制、自由民主制

人口

城市化水平高，城市人口大约占75%；分布均匀；东部稠密，西部稀疏；50%的人口分布在沿海的五大湖区；人口向南部、

西部迁移。

303,824,646（2008年7月，世界第3）。人口成长率：0.883%。

什么是all-asian制的辩论赛

《基本法》第62条规定：“联邦政府(Bundesregierung)由联邦总理和联邦各部部长组成。(Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)”联邦政府设总理和副总理各一人，联邦部长14至20人。联邦总理候选人由联邦总统同联邦议院中各议会党团协商后提出，交联邦议院全会投票表决。凡得法定半数以上票者当选。一般情况下，联邦总统总是推荐联邦议院中实力最强的多数党主席为总理候选人，以便确保他在联邦议院表决时能顺利通过。

新总理第一个任务是组织联邦政府，即内阁，挑选各部部长和政府主要官员，并提出对联邦总统有约束力的任免名单。经联邦总统批准和任命后，内阁全体人员在联邦议院宣誓就职。政府的第一项活动是发布联邦总理的施政纲领。联邦部长的任命和施政纲领不必经联邦议院批准。

联邦政府是联邦德国最高行政机构，它的主要任务是执行联邦议院和联邦参议院通过的各项决议和法令。联邦总理的权力相当广泛，他有对政府主要官员的任免权，还有立法倡议权和立法最后审核权。联邦议院通过的任何决议和法律，以及联邦总统颁布的一切公告和法令，都必须经联邦总理和有关部长的附署方能生效。

1968年6月，联邦议院通过“紧急状态法”，进一步扩大了政府的权限，这项法令规定，在国家处于紧急状态时，联邦政府可以独揽一切大权，可以无需通过议会自行颁布具有法律效力的布告和命令。此外，政府还拥有限制人民自由往来，实行强制性检查及窃听电话和私拆邮件等权力。

联邦总理是联邦德国国家机构中影响最大的实权人物。《基本法》第65条规定；“联邦总理确定政治总纲并对此承担责任。(Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und trägt dafür die Verantwortung.)”在联邦德国，不是政府而是联邦总理—人向联邦议院负责，联邦各部部长只对联邦总理负责。因此，也只有联邦总理有权向联邦议院提出对他本人的信任案。如果联邦议院没有通过对他的信任案，联邦总理有权援引《基本法》第68条，要求联邦总统解散对他不利的联邦议院，重新举行大选，以便使新组成的联邦议院有利他的政府。1972年9月22日，联邦总理勃兰特提出的信任案被联邦议院否决。为避免被赶下台，勃兰特要求联邦总统解散第6届联邦议院，提前一年举行第7届联邦议院大选。大选结果使当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党取得了稳定的多数，渡过了政府危机。

鉴于联邦总理拥有的特殊地位，有人把联邦德国的议会民主制称为“总理民主制”。为确保联邦总理的权力和政府的稳定，《基本法》第67条还就联邦总理不信任案作出具体规定。联邦议院有权对联邦总理表示不信任，并把他赶下台。但联邦议院不能以传统的半数以上议员的不信任迫使联邦总理下台，它必须在表示对联邦总理不信任的同时提出一名新的联邦总理候选人。因此，这种不信任案称为“建设性不信任案”(Konstruktives Mißtrauensvotum)。在魏玛共和国时期则不然，当时德国议会中的各反对党联合起来很容易以传统的半数以上票推翻政府，但在组织新政府时党派纷争很难产生一名新总理。这样使国家几周甚至几个月处于无政府无首脑状态。这种不信任案只具有破坏性质。

联邦德国建国以来，联邦议院一共提出过两次“建设性不信任案”。1982年9月，当时联合执政的社会民主党和自由民主党在经济政策等问题上发生严重意见分歧，9月17日，包括副总理兼外长根舍在内的4名自由民主党部长集体辞职。联合政府垮台后，联邦总理施密特拒绝辞职，并试图援引《基本法》第68条，借联邦总统之手解散议会，达到提前举行大选重掌政权的目的。但反对党基督教民主联盟和基督教社会联盟早有另谋，它们与退出政府的自由民主党首脑达成协议，推选基督教民主联盟主席科尔为新总理，并向联邦议院提交“建设性不信任案”。10月1日联邦议院举行投票表决，提案以256票赞成、4票弃权、235票反对获得通过。这是联邦德国建国以来唯一的一次由联邦议院罢免了一位在职总理的职务。

一股情况下，每届联邦政府的任期为4年，它随每届联邦议院的诞生而产生，并在下一届联邦议院召开之时而终止。但在联邦议院任期内，也可以改选总理和改组内阁。如果联邦总理被推翻，原联邦政府各部部长也必须同时下台。由于实行“建设性不信任案”，联邦德国的政府比较稳定。建国50多年来，前后担任过联邦总理职务的仅有7人，现任联邦总理为基督教民主联盟主席默克尔。

"Basic Law" Article 62 provides that: "The federal government (Bundesregierung) by the Federal Chancellor and Federal Ministers of State. (Die Bundesregierung besteht aus dem Bundeskanzler und aus den Bundesministern.)" The federal government set up the Prime Minister and Deputy Prime Minister of a person, the Federal Minister 14 to 20 people. Federal candidate for prime minister by the Federal President of the Bundestag with the consultation of each parliamentary group and filed with the Federal Parliament plenary vote. Where votes were more than half of those who elected official. Under normal circumstances, the Federal President of the Bundestag is always recommended in the strongest of the majority party is chaired by the candidate for prime minister in order to ensure that he can vote in the Bundestag passed smoothly.。

New Prime Minister, the first task is to organize the federal government, that is, the cabinet, the selection of ministers and senior government officials, and made binding on the Federal President of the appointments and dismissals. The approval and appointment by the Federal President, the Cabinet, all personnel in the federal parliament sworn into office. The Government's first activity is to publish the policy agenda of the Federal Chancellor. Federal Minister of the appointment and the policy agenda without the approval by the Bundestag.。

Federal Republic of Germany the federal government is the highest executive body, and its main task is the implementation of the Bundestag and the Federal Senate to pass the resolutions and decrees. A wide range of federal prime minister's powers, he had the appointment and removal of principal officials of government power, as well as the right of legislative initiative and legislative right of final review. Any resolution adopted by the Bundestag and the law and all the bulletins issued by the Federal President and decrees must be approved by the federal Prime Minister and the Minister attached to the Department before taking effect.。

In June 1968, the Bundestag passed the "emergency law" to further expand the government's authority, the Act provides that a state of emergency in the country, the federal government can arrogate all power, can be enacted without the need for boards to have legal effect notices and orders. In addition, the Government also has restrictions on free movement of people and implement a mandatory inspection and the interception of telephone and private e-mail and other powers of demolition.。

German Federal Chancellor is the most influential national institutions powerful figure. "Basic Law" Article 65 provides; "Federal Chancellor to determine their political master, and to take responsibility. (Der Bundeskanzler bestimmt die Richtlinien der Politik und trägt dafür die Verantwortung.)" In the Federal Republic of Germany, not the government but the federal prime minister - to the Federal House is responsible for, the federal ministers responsible only to the Federal Chancellor. Therefore, only the Bundestag, Federal Chancellor is entitled to raise the confidence vote on his own. If the Bundestag does not pass a confidence vote against him, the Federal Prime Minister of the right to invoke "the Basic Law," Article 68 to require the Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag against him re-election in order to benefit the newly formed federal parliament that his government . September 22, 1972, Federal Chancellor Willy Brandt confidence motion was proposed by the Bundestag rejected. In order to avoid being forced to step down, Brandt asked the 6th Federal President to dissolve the Bundestag, held its 7 th year early Bundestag election. The election result, then the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democrats to achieve a stable majority, through a government crisis.。

Given that the Federal Prime Minister has a special status, it was the Federal Republic of Germany's parliamentary democracy known as the "Prime Minister of democratic system." To ensure that the federal prime minister's powers and the government's stability, "the Basic Law," Article 67 of the Federal Prime Minister of no-confidence vote also made specific provisions. Bundestag the right to express no confidence in the Federal Chancellery, and to oust him. However, the Bundestag can not be more than half of the traditional distrust of members to force the federal prime minister to step down, it must be said that the Federal Prime Minister did not trust the same time, to propose a new federal prime minister candidate. Thus, the no-confidence vote as "constructive no-confidence vote" (Konstruktives Mißtrauensvotum). Is not the case during the Weimar Republic, when the German Parliament in the opposition parties together easily more than half of the traditional ticket to overthrow the government, but in forming a new government in partisan strife rather difficult to have a new prime minister. This will enable the country a few weeks or even months at a non-government non-heads of state. This no-confidence vote is only destructive in nature.。

Federal Republic of Germany since the founding of the Federal Parliament raised a total of two "constructive no-confidence motion." In September 1982, when the ruling coalition of Social Democrats and the Liberal Democratic Party on issues such as economic policy, serious differences of opinion, September 17, including the Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Genscher, the Liberal Democratic Party, including four ministers to resign. After the collapse of the coalition government, the Federal Chancellor Schmidt refused to resign and tried to invoke the "Basic Law" Article 68, by the hands of the Federal President to dissolve parliament and hold early elections to regain power purposes. But the opposition Christian Democratic Union and Christian Social Union has long been to find another, they withdraw from the government of the Liberal Democratic Party leaders to reach an agreement, elected President of Kohl's Christian Democratic Union, the new prime minister, presented to the Bundestag "constructive no-confidence motion." October 1 the Bundestag, held a vote, the proposal by 256 votes in favor and four abstentions, 235 votes against it, was adopted. This is the Federal Republic of Germany and only time since the founding of the Federal Parliament by a serving prime minister removed from office.。

Yi Gu cases, each for a term of four years, the federal government, which the Bundestag with the birth of each generation and the next meeting of the Bundestag from time to time to terminate. However, in the Bundestag term, you can also elect the Prime Minister and cabinet reshuffle. If the Federal Prime Minister was overthrown, former federal ministers must also step down. As a result of "constructive no-confidence vote," Federal Republic of Germany the government more stable. The past 50 years, served as the federal prime minister before and after the only 7, the current Federal Chancellor Merkel, President of the Christian Democratic Union.。

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