glaciers-80

英语作文80词“Saving Water”

您好：不清楚，但是好听的英文歌好多呢~~~本人学英语的推荐这些吧希望你能喜欢。

1、Bubbly--Colbie Caillat（你听过一遍就会非常喜欢的歌）；

2、Burning--Maria Arredondo；

3、Happy--丽安娜 刘易斯；

4、Cry On My Shoulder--出自德国选秀节目（很早的一首，非常好听）；

5、Apologize--Timbaland；

6、The Climb--Miley Cyrus（个人最喜欢的歌手之一）；

7、You Belong With Me--泰勒.斯威夫特（绝棒的）；

8、I Stay In Love--玛利亚.凯莉；

9、I Didn't Know My Own Strength--Whitney Houston（是非常棒的一首慢歌，也是我非常喜欢的黑人歌手之一。）；

10、A Little Bit Longer--Jonas Brothers（嗓音非常棒的组合，几乎每首都很好听，尤其是这首！强力推荐）；

11、The Little Things--Colbie Caillat；

12、Mad--尼欧；

13、My All--玛丽亚.凯莉（据说非常适合作手机铃声的歌）；

14、My Love--WestLife（西域成名金曲，经典老歌，诠释了所有经典的定义。）；

15、Need You Now--Lady Antebellum（时下排行榜热门歌曲）；

16、The Saltwater Room--Owl City（最爱的歌手之一，曲风相当特别）；

17、Take A Bow--Rihanna（听2秒就会爱上的歌手和歌~）；

18、The Technicolor Phase--Owl City（《爱丽丝梦游仙境》的主题曲之一）；

19、This Is It--迈克尔.杰克逊（不知到底是翻唱还是遗作，都能再现天王的独特魅力）；

20、Who Says--John Mayer（类似乡村风.以吉他为伴奏，这首非常棒！）；

21、Just One Last Dance--Sarah Connor（这个经典的不用说吧，）；

22、Angle--Sarah Mclachlan（天籁之音~~）；23、Living To Love You--Sarah Connor（歌词催人泪下，我最喜欢的慢歌之一）；

24、Nothings Gonna Change My Love For You--Glenn Mediros（被方大同翻唱过，那肯定好听拉）；

25、I Look To You--Whitney Houston；

26、I Got You--丽安娜.刘易斯；

27、Love To Be Loved By You--马克.特伦茨（歌词和曲调非常感人！）；

28、Butterfly Fly Away--Miley Cyrus（《乖乖女是大明星》的插曲，讲的父亲对女儿的爱的故事，曲风清新）；

29、Eversleeping--Xandria（不会让你失望的慢歌）；

30、Wonderful Tonight--Baby Face（也是被方大同翻唱的歌）；

31、Still Crazy In Love--Sarah Connor；

32、We Can Work It Out --Sweetbox；

33、Sexy Love--Ne Yo；

34、Happily Never After--Pussycat Dolls；

35、A Fine Frenzy--Almost Lover（后面的才是歌名，曲调有点小特别~）；

36、Craigie hill----Cara Dillon（首推这首，温馨极了，好听极了。有点像m2m的声音。） ；

37、Down by the Sally Gardens（歌手不明，但是爱尔兰的风笛爆好听娓娓的旋律，背景音乐也很好听） ；

38、Beautiful Boy--Celine Dion（歌手不用介绍.....）；

39、A Place Nearby与Unforgivable Sinner--Lene Marlin（挪威创作才女，） ；

40、Scarborough Fair(毕业生)：（《Scarborough Fair》是美国六十年代最受大学生欢迎的电影、1968年奥斯卡获奖片《毕业生》（达斯汀·霍夫曼主演，其成名作）中的主题曲。本人还是喜欢布莱曼她唱的。 ）；

41、classicriver：（第一次听这曲子的时候是在初秋的深夜,偶然听到了它,刹时间时间和空间好象都凝固了一样!听着它,感觉深藏心底的那份无尽地孤独被慢慢地勾起, 曾经的回忆, 失去的快乐，刻骨的伤心，和短暂拥有，都在那一刻漂浮了起来,占据了身边的所有的空间. 它让我感觉到了这世间最珍贵的是亲情，爱情．金钱算得了什么呢）． ＜classicriver＞很多人都听过的旋律．这样的经典歌曲是无价之宝．相信当你知道这歌曲之后，如果突然失去它，你会觉得好孤独，无助．．． 这样的音乐是无价之宝～）；

42、If I Were A Boy--Beyonce（可以做铃声！开头就已经把气氛带起来了~）；

43、Love You Lately--Daniel Powter；

44、I Hate Love--Claude Kelly；

45、Amarantine--Enya（节奏非常棒的一首天籁，经典慢歌～）；

46、Better In Time--Leona Lewis；

47、Crush--David Archuleta；

48、You Raise Me Up--Westlife；

49、Realize--Colbie Caillat（科比.凯拉，几乎她的每一首歌都是那么的特别和好听。非常喜欢的歌手之一）；

50、I See You--Leona Lewis（就是《阿凡达》的主题曲，看过电影再听这个歌，我们能听到的，就不止是幻想与憧憬了，还有爱和感动..）；

51、Day Too Soon--Sia（也是个所有歌几乎都不错的歌手。）；

52、Doesn't Mean Anything--Alicia Keys（个人钟爱的一首歌！非常非常好听！）；

53、It's Amazing--Jem（节奏非常好！><，不会后悔的歌哦~）；

54、Lovebug--Jonas Brothers（高潮非常明快，清新，非常舒服的一首小情歌~喜欢啊～）；

55、When You're Mad--Ne-Yo（尼欧的歌总是那么那么好听，不管是RAP风还是R&B，都非常棒！）；

56、One Fine Wire--Colbie Caillat（高潮曲调的设计有点小俏皮。）；

57、Vidas Paralelas--Ximena Sarinana（一首法语歌，节奏明快。个人觉得偶尔听听法语歌也是满有趣的。笑~）；

58、Wait Til You Here From You--Sarah Connor（开头的独白，那种声音令人放松，接着的曲调非常的好听！推荐！）；

59、Sitting Down Here--琳恩玛莲（开头就足以让你喜欢的调调～高潮适合作铃声。）；

60、A Place Nearby--琳恩玛莲（全曲以纯明的钢琴和鼓点贯穿。曲调单纯，听了叫人放松。）；

61、When You Believe--Mariah Carey＆Whitney Houston（两个天后的合音，完美中的完美啊！巨好听！）；

62、Dilemma--Kelly Rowland（非常非常好听！高潮部分非常非常适合做铃声！女生手机必备！）；

63、No Air--约尔丁斯巴克斯（开头足以定风格，可以作铃声）；

64、The Best Day--Taylar Swift；

65、Viva La Vida--Coldplay；

66、Wait For You--Elliott Yamin（非常非常非常好听的！曾经就听过，昨天才终于被我找到~）；

67、Time For Miracles--Harald Kloser；

68、When I'm With You--西城男孩（又一首经典旧歌。真的是，开场就征服了我，）；

69、A Todo Color--魏如萱（西班牙语，有点甜美的意味。）；

70、I Ain't Tryin'--KeAnthong；

71、Buttons--Sia（曲调小特别～）

72、Little Bit Better--玛丽亚.亚瑞唐多（听这首歌的开头，心里就留下一句话：这歌怎么这么好听啊，笑~）；

73、Trip Around The World--Alexz Johnson（可作铃声，女生版清新说唱风，带给你不一样的感觉。）；

74、Gonna Get It--Alexz Johnson（开头的尖叫够震撼，够特别，可作铃声）；

75、Can Anybody Hear Me--Meredith Andrews（嗓音听起来很舒服，比较喜欢高潮以外的部分。）；

76、Eh Eh(Nothing Eale I Can Say--Lady GaGa（GaGa的新歌，开头很特别，可作铃声。感觉风格有点像玛利亚.凯莉～）；

77、Before The Down--Jennifer Rush（有点怀旧的感觉。）；

78、As Long As It Takes--Meredith Andrews（很纯的嗓音）；

79、Stupid In Love--Rihanna（开头的鼓点不错，R的嗓音特别吸引人，但个人还是更喜欢她的快歌）；

80、Give You Hell--The All-American Rejects（可爱的背景音乐，很欢快的节奏，不过歌手是男的哟~）；

81、Welcome To My Life--Simple Plan（这首要个人慢慢去体味，可能第一遍会觉得一般般，但其实后来会觉得蛮有味道的。）我几乎不听中文歌，所以有很多英文歌都很好听啊。

望采纳~~祝好~~~~

珠穆朗玛峰的英文资料

The world is not only hungry,but also thirsty for water. This may seem strange to you, since nearly 75 % of the earth's surface is covered with water. But about 97% of this huge amount is sea water, or salt water. Man can only drink and use the other 3% -- the fresh water that comes from rivers, lakes,underground, and other sources. And we cannot even use all of that, because some of it is in the form of icebergs and glaciers. Even worse, some of it has been polluted.。

However, as things stand today, this small amount of fresh water, which is constantly being replaced by rainfall, is still enough for us. But our need for water is increasing rapidly-- almost day by day. Only if we take steps to deal with this problem now can we avoid a severe worldwide water shortage later on. A limited water supply would have a bad effect on agriculture and industry. Let me give you just one small exampie of how necessary water is to industry. Did you know that to produce a single ton of steel, it takes about 91, 000 liters of water?。

We all have to learn how to stop wasting our precious water. One of the first steps we should take is to develop ways of reusing it. Experiments have already been done in this field, but only on a small scale. For us, the systems are as important as the spacecraft.。

节约用水

我们的世界不仅饥饿，而且因为缺水而干渴。对你来说这可能似乎奇怪：因为我们的地球表面75％由水覆盖着。但是，这巨大的数量中97％是海水、或咸水。只有剩下3％。

的来自河流、湖泊、地下，和其他来源的淡水供人们饮用、使用。即使如此，这3％的水源我们也不能够完全使用，因为有些淡水是以冰山或冰河的形式存在。更糟糕的是，一些水源已遭受了污染。

然而，尽管按现状看来，这些少量的淡水即使时常转化成雨水的形式，对我们来说，也仍然够用。可是我们对水的需求却日益迅速增长。我们只有现在采取措施解决这一问。

题才能避免未来世界范围内的严重水资源缺乏。限量供水会对农业和工业产生不良的影响。我们举个小小的事例就能证明水对工业的必要性。每生产一吨钢材就要消耗91，000升水，你知道吗?。

我们必须杜绝对宝贵水资源的浪费。我们应该采取的第一步就是要发展水再利用的方法。该领域的实验已在进行，但是仅是小规模地进行。水资源再利用系统的重要性。

对我们而言，与空间站不相上下。

冰岛 英文简介

Mount Everest, mountain peak in the Himalayas of southern Asia, considered the highest mountain in the world. Mount Everest is situated at the edge of the Tibetan Plateau (Qing Zang Gaoyuan), on the border of Nepal and the Tibet Autonomous Region of China.。

Mount Everest was known as Peak XV until 1856, when it was named for Sir George Everest, the surveyor general of India from 1830 to 1843. The naming coincided with an official announcement of the mountain's height, taken as the average of six separate measurements made by the Great Trigonometrical Survey in 1850. Most Nepali people refer to the mountain as Sagarmatha, meaning “Forehead in the Sky.” Speakers of Tibetan languages, including the Sherpa people of northern Nepal, refer to the mountain as Chomolungma, Tibetan for “Goddess Mother of the World.”

The height of Mount Everest has been determined to be 8,850 m (29,035 ft). The mountain’s actual height, and the claim that Everest is the highest mountain in the world, have long been disputed. But scientific surveys completed in the early 1990s continued to support evidence that Everest is the highest mountain in the world. In fact, the mountain is rising a few millimeters each year due to geological forces. Global Positioning System (GPS) has been installed on Mount Everest for the purpose of detecting slight rates of geological uplift.。

Mount Everest, like the rest of the Himalayas, rose from the floor of the ancient Tethys Sea. The range was created when the Eurasian continental plate collided with the Indian subcontinental plate about 30 to 50 million years ago. Eventually the marine limestone was forced upward to become the characteristic yellow band on the top of Mount Everest. Beneath the shallow marine rock lies the highly metamorphosed black gneiss (foliated, or layered, rock) of Precambrian time, a remnant of the original continental plates that collided and forced up the Himalayas. 。

Mount Everest is covered with huge glaciers that descend from the main peak and its nearby satellite peaks. The mountain itself is a pyramid-shaped horn, sculpted by the erosive power of the glacial ice into three massive faces and three major ridges, which soar to the summit from the north, south, and west and separate the glaciers. From the south side of the mountain, in a clockwise direction, the main glaciers are the Khumbu glacier, which flows northeast before turning southwest; the West Rongbuk glacier in the northwest; the Rongbuk glacier in the north; the East Rongbuk glacier in the northeast; and the Kangshung glacier in the east. 。

The climate of Mount Everest is naturally extreme. In January, the coldest month, the summit temperature averages -36° C (-33° F) and can drop as low as -60° C (-76° F). In July, the warmest month, the average summit temperature is -19° C (-2° F). At no time of the year does the temperature on the summit rise above freezing. In winter and spring the prevailing westerly wind blows against the peak and around the summit. Moisture-laden air rises from the south slopes of the Himalayas and condenses into a white, pennant-shaped cloud pointing east; this “flag cloud” sometimes enables climbers to predict storms. When the wind reaches 80 km/h (50 mph), the flag cloud is at a right angle to the peak. When the wind is weaker, the cloud tilts up; when it is stronger, the flag tilts down. 。

From June through September the mountain is in the grip of the Indian monsoon, during which wind and precipitation blow in from the Indian Ocean. Masses of clouds and violent snowstorms are common during this time. From November to February, in the dead of winter, the global southwest-flowing jet stream moves in from the north, beating the summit with winds of hurricane force that may reach more than 285 km/h (177 mph). Even during the pre- and post-monsoon climbing seasons, strong winds may arise suddenly. When such storms develop, sand and small stones carried aloft, as well as beating snow and ice, pose problems for climbers. 。

Precipitation falls mostly during the monsoon season, while winter storms between December and March account for the rest. Unexpected storms, however, can drop up to 3 m (10 ft) of snow on unsuspecting climbers and mountain hikers.。

Base Camp, which serves as a resting area and base of operations for climbers organizing their attempts for the summit, is located on the Khumbu glacier at an elevation of 5,400 m (17,600 ft); it receives an average of 450 mm (18 in) of precipitation a year. 。

Traditionally, the people who live near Mount Everest have revered the mountains of the Himalayas and imagined them as the homes of the gods. Because the peaks were considered sacred, no local people scaled them before the early 1900s. However, when foreign expeditions brought tourist dollars and Western ideas to the area, people of the Sherpa ethnic group began to serve as high-altitude porters for them. Because Nepal had been closed to foreigners since the early 1800s, all pre-World War II (1939-1945) Everest expeditions were forced to recruit Sherpa porters from Dārjiling (Darjeeling), India, then circle through Tibet and approach Everest from the north.。

In 1913 British explorer John Noel sneaked into Tibet, which was also closed at the time, and made a preliminary survey of the mountain’s northern approaches, where the topography is less varied than on the southern side. In 1921 the British began a major exploration of the north side of the mountain, led by George Leigh Mallory. Mallory’s expedition, and another that took place soon afterward, were unable to overcome strong winds, avalanches, and other hazards to reach the summit. In 1924 a third British expedition resulted in the disappearance of Mallory and a climbing companion only 240 m (800 ft) from the summit. More attempts were made throughout the 1930s and into the 1940s. Then, with the conquest of Tibet by China in the early 1950s, the region was closed to foreigners again and the northern approaches to the mountain were sealed off.。

In 1950, the year after Nepal opened to foreigners, W. H. Tilman and C. Houston made the first ascent from the south and became the first people to see into the Khumbu cirque (a steep basin at the head of a mountain valley). A number of attempts to reach the mountain’s summit followed in the early 1950s. In 1952 the Swiss almost succeeded in climbing the mountain from the South Col, which is a major pass between the Everest and Lhotse peaks and is now the most popular climbing route to the summit. On May 29, 1953, under the tenth British expedition flag and the leadership of John Hunt, Edmund Hillary of New Zealand and Sherpa Tenzing Norgay of Nepal successfully completed the first ascent of Mount Everest via the South Col. Several expeditions have since followed. In 1975 Junko Tabei of Japan became the first woman to summit Mount Everest. Later, in 1978, Austrians Reinhold Messner and Peter Habeler established a new and rigorous standard by climbing to the summit without the use of supplemental oxygen, which, because of the thin air at Everest’s high altitude, is important for the energy, health, and thinking skills of the climbers. In 1991 Sherpas, who had carried the supplies for so many foreigners up Mount Everest, completed their own successful expedition to the summit. By the mid-1990s, 4,000 people had attempted to climb Everest—660 of them successfully reached the summit and more than 140 of them died trying. 。

The difficulties of climbing Mount Everest are legendary. Massive snow and ice avalanches are a constant threat to all expeditions. The avalanches thunder off the peaks repeatedly, sometimes burying valleys, glaciers, and climbing routes. Camps are chosen to avoid known avalanche paths, and climbers who make ascents through avalanche terrain try to cross at times when the weather is most appropriate. Hurricane-force winds are a well-known hazard on Everest, and many people have been endangered or killed when their tents collapsed or were ripped to shreds by the gales. Hypothermia, the dramatic loss of body heat, is also a major and debilitating problem in this region of high winds and low temperatures. 。

Tenzing Norgay on the Summit of Everest 。

Tenzing Norgay on the Summit of Everest 。

This photograph, taken by Edmund Hillary, shows Tenzing Norgay on the summit of Mount Everest. The two men became the first people to scale the summit of the mountain, the highest in the world, on May 29, 1953. 。

Encarta Encyclopedia 。

Archive Photos 。

Full Size

Another hazard facing Everest climbers is the famous Khumbu icefall, which is located not far above Base Camp and is caused by the rapid movement of the Khumbu glacier over the steep rock underneath. The movement breaks the ice into sérac (large, pointed masses of ice) cliffs and columns separated by huge crevasses, and causes repeated icefalls across the route between Base Camp and Camp I. Many people have died in this area. Exposed crevasses may be easy to avoid, but those buried under snow can form treacherous snow bridges through which unwary climbers can fall. 。

The standard climb of Mount Everest from the south side ascends the Khumbu glacier to Base Camp at 5,400 m (17,600 ft). Typical expeditions use four camps above Base Camp; these camps give the climbers an opportunity to rest and acclimate (adapt) to the high altitude. The route from Base Camp through the great Khumbu icefall up to Camp I at 5,900 m (19,500 ft) is difficult and dangerous; it usually takes one to three weeks to establish because supplies must be carried up the mountain in several separate trips. Once Camp II, at 6,500 m (21,300 ft), has been supplied in the same manner using both Base Camp and Camp I as bases, climbers typically break down Base Camp and make the trek from there to Camp II in one continuous effort. Once acclimatized, the climbers can make the move to Camp II in five to six hours. Camp III is then established near the cirque of the Khumbu glacier at 7,300 m (24,000 ft). The route up the cirque headwall from Camp III to the South Col and Camp IV at 7,900 m (26,000 ft) is highly strenuous and takes about four to eight hours. The South Col is a cold, windy, and desolate place of rocks, snow slabs, littered empty oxygen bottles, and other trash. 。

Deadly Day on Mount Everest 。

Deadly Day on Mount Everest 。

In May 1996 a chain of amateur climbers and professional guides wait their turn to ascend the Hillary Step, a rock face, 12-m (40-ft) tall, (center) just 30 m (100 ft) below the summit of Mount Everest. This photograph was taken by guide Scott Fischer on what became one of the deadliest days ever on Mount Everest. Fischer and several other climbers perished just hours later when a sudden, severe storm trapped several climbing parties high on the mountain. In all, 12 climbers died. Some survivors and other observers believe that the tragedy was due in part to crowded summit conditions—there were simply too many climbers, especially less-experienced climbers, trying to summit Mount Everest at the same time. 。

Encarta Encyclopedia 。

Scott Fischer/Woodfin Camp and Associates, Inc. 。

Full Size

From the South Col to the summit is a climb of only 900 vertical m (3,000 vertical ft), although its fierce exposure to adverse weather and steep drop-offs poses many challenges. The section between 8,530 m (28,000 ft) and the South Summit at 8,750 m (28,700 ft) is particularly treacherous because of the steepness and unstable snow. From the South Summit there remains another 90 vertical m (300 vertical ft) along a terrifying knife-edged ridge. The exposure is extreme, with the possibility of huge vertical drops into Tibet on the right and down the southwest face on the left. A little more than 30 vertical m (100 vertical ft) from the summit is a 12-m (40-ft) chimney across a rock cliff known as the Hillary Step; this is one of the greatest technical challenges of the climb. 。

As the popularity of climbing Everest has increased in recent years, so have safety problems. To pay the high climbing permit fee charged by the Nepalese government, many experienced climbers have recruited wealthy, amateur climbers as teammates. The combination of inexperience, crowded summit conditions (more than 30 have been known to summit the peak on the same day), and extreme weather conditions has led to a number of tragedies in which clients and competent guides alike have died attempting the climb. 。

The large number of trekkers and climbers who visit Nepal and the Everest region contribute to the local economy but also cause serious environmental impact. Such impact includes the burning of wood for fuel, pollution in the form of human waste and trash, and abandoned climbing gear. Although some climbing gear is recycled by local residents either for their own use or for resale, it is estimated that more than 50 tons of plastic, glass, and metal were dumped between 1953 and the mid-1990s in what has been called “the world’s highest junkyard.” Up on the ice, where few local people go, the norm is to throw trash into the many crevasses, where it is ground up and consumed by the action of the ice. A few bits and pieces show up on the lower part of the glacier many years later as they are churned back to the surface, although organic matter is generally consumed or scavenged by local wildlife. At the high-elevation camps, used oxygen bottles are strewn everywhere. 。

Efforts have been made to reduce the negative environmental impact on Mount Everest. The Nepalese government has been using a portion of climbing fees to clean up the area. In 1976, with aid from Sir Edmund Hillary’s Himalayan Trust and the Nepalese government, the Sagarmatha National Park was established to preserve the remaining soil and forest around Mount Everest. By the mid-1990s the park comprised 1,240 sq km (480 sq mi). Trekking and climbing groups must bring their own fuel to the park (usually butane and kerosene), and the cutting of wood is now prohibited. Because the freedoms of Sherpas have been restricted by the park rules, they have not been sympathetic to the existence of the park. Additionally, the Sagarmatha Pollution Control, funded by the World Wildlife Fund and the Himalayan Trust, was established in 1991 to help preserve Everest’s environment. Climbing activity continues to increase, however, and the environmental future of the Mount Everest area remains uncertain.。

急需一篇中学生怎样低碳生活的英语作文，80词左右！！！！

Iceland (Icelandic, Ísland), island republic, in the North Atlantic Ocean, about 300 km (about 185 mi) east of Greenland and about 1,000 km (about 620 mi) west of Norway. The country’s extreme dimensions are about 305 km (about 190 mi) from north to south and about 485 km (about 300 mi) from east to west. Iceland has an area of 103,000 sq km (39,800 sq mi). 。

II LAND AND RESOURCES 。

In shape Iceland is generally elliptic, and the coastline, with a total length of 4,990 km (3,100 mi), is deeply indented, especially in the west and north. Important embayments on the West Coast are Faxaflói (bay) and Breiðafjörður (fjord). Projecting northwest between the latter and Húnaflói (bay), one of the major indentations on the northern coast, is an irregularly formed peninsula fringed by precipitous cliffs. The peninsular coastline makes up about 30 percent of the total for the island. Volcanic in origin, Iceland consists predominantly of uninhabitable lava tablelands with mountainous outcroppings; the lowlands, situated mainly along the southwestern coast, occupy about 25 percent of the total area. The bulk of the Icelandic population lives along the coast, particularly in the southwest. 。

Elevations in the uplands average between about 610 and 915 m (about 2,000 and 3,000 ft). Hvannadalshnúkur (2,119 m/6,952 ft), in the southeast, is the highest summit. Nearly 15 percent of the surface of the island is covered by snowfields and glaciers. Vatnajökull, a glacier in the southeast, has an area of 8,456 sq km (3,265 sq mi). The island has more than 120 glaciers and numerous small lakes and swift-flowing rivers. 。

Iceland is remarkable for the number of its volcanoes, craters, and thermal springs and for the frequency of its earthquakes. More than 100 volcanoes, including at least 25 that have erupted in historic times, are situated on the island. Noteworthy among the volcanoes are Hekla (1,491 m/4,892 ft), which has erupted many times, including in 1766, 1947, and 1980, and nearby Laki, with about 100 separate craters. Vast lava fields have been created by volcanoes, and many eruptions have caused widespread devastation. In 1783, when the only known eruption of Laki occurred, molten lava, volcanic ashes and gases, and torrential floods resulting from melting ice and snow led to the deaths of more than 9,000 people, ruined large tracts of arable land, and destroyed about 80 percent of the livestock on the island. In 1963 an ocean-floor volcano erupted off the southwestern coast of Iceland, creating Surtsey Island. In 1973 a volcano on Heimaey Island became active, forcing the evacuation of the island’s main town, Vestmannaeyjar. 。

Thermal springs are common in Iceland. Particularly numerous in the volcanic areas, the springs occur as geysers, as boiling mud lakes, and in various other forms. Geysir, generally regarded as the most spectacular, erupts at irregular intervals (usually from 5 to 36 hr), ejecting a column of boiling water up to about 60 m (about 200 ft) in height. Most homes and industrial establishments in the Reykjavík area are heated by water piped from nearby hot springs. 。

A Climate

Iceland has a relatively mild and equable climate, despite its high altitude and its proximity to the Arctic. Because of oceanic influences, notably the North Atlantic Drift (a continuation of the Gulf Stream), climatic conditions are moderate in all sections of the island. The mean annual temperature at Reykjavík is about 5° C (about 41° F), with a range from -1° C (31° F) in January to 11° C (52° F) in July. In the northwestern, northern, and eastern coastal regions, subject to the effects of polar currents and drifting ice, temperatures are generally lower. Windstorms of considerable violence are characteristic during much of the winter season. Annual precipitation ranges between about 1,270 and 2,030 mm (about 50 and 80 in) along the southern coast, and is only about 510 mm (about 20 in) along the northern coast. The southern slopes of some of Iceland’s interior mountains receive up to about 4,570 mm (about 180 in) of moisture per year. 。

B Plants and Animals 。

The vegetation of Iceland is of the arctic European type. Grass and heather are abundant along the southern coast and afford pasturage for sheep and other livestock. Extensive forests probably existed on the island in prehistoric times, but present-day trees, such as birch and spruce, are relatively scarce. Bilberries and crowberries are the only kinds of fruit that grow on the island. The arctic fox was probably living in Iceland at the time of the first human settlement. Reindeer were introduced about 1770; rodents were brought in on ships. Neither reptiles nor frogs and toads are found. About 100 species of birds inhabit the island; many of these species are aquatic, among them the whistling swan and several kinds of duck. The eider duck is valued for its down. Whales and seals live along the coast, as do cod, haddock, halibut, and herring. Many salmon and trout inhabit Iceland’s freshwater rivers and lakes. 。

III POPULATION 。

The population of Iceland is extremely homogeneous, being almost entirely of Scandinavian and Celtic origin. Beginning in the 1940s a large-scale movement to the coastal towns and villages has occurred. Some 92 percent of the people now live in cities and towns. The population of Iceland (2002 estimate) is 279,384. The overall population density is 2.7 persons per sq km (7 per sq mi). 。

A Political Divisions and Principal Cities 。

Iceland is divided into eight regions, each with its own administrative center. Reykjavík (population, 1998 estimate, 108,351) is the capital and chief port. Other towns are Akureyri (15,102), on the northern coast; Kópavogur (21,370), Hafnarfjörður (18,600), and Keflavík (7,637), on the western coast near Reykjavík; and Vestmannaeyjar (4,640), on the tiny island of Heimaey off the southern coast. 。

B Religion and Language 。

The state church of Iceland is the Evangelical Lutheran church, with which about 90 percent of the people are affiliated. Complete religious freedom exists, however. Free Lutherans and Roman Catholics make up a small minority. The language is Icelandic, which has remained closer to the Old Norse of Iceland’s original Viking settlers than to the other Scandinavian languages. See Icelandic Language; Icelandic Literature. 。

C Education

Literacy in Iceland approaches 100 percent of the adult population. Education is free through the university level and is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 16. In the 1998-1999 school year 30,355 pupils were enrolled in primary schools, 30,253 students attended secondary and vocational schools, and 7386 were enrolled in higher institutions. The leading institution of higher education is the University of Iceland (1911), in Reykjavík. The country also has a technical college and colleges of agriculture and music as well as teacher-training schools. 。

The principal libraries of Iceland are the University Library, the National Library, and the City Library, all located in Reykjavík. The capital is also the site of the Museum of Natural History; the National Museum, containing a major collection of Icelandic antiquities; and an art gallery housing the work of the Icelandic sculptor Einar Jónsson. 。

IV ECONOMY

Private enterprise forms the basis of the economy of Iceland, but the government exercises a considerable degree of control and supervision over key sectors. Until the close of the 19th century, agriculture was the chief occupation, with fishing as a supplementary source of income. By the middle of the 20th century, however, fishing and fish processing had become the major industries. Hydroelectric power potential is abundant and is being developed to further industrialization. In 1970 Iceland became a member of the European Free Trade Association. The national budget in 1998 included revenue of $2.4 billion and expenditure of $2.4 billion. Iceland suffered from a high rate of inflation in the late 1970s and the 1980s, but the rate decreased substantially in the early 1990s. In 2000 Iceland’s gross domestic product was $8.5 billion. 。

A Agriculture

Only 9 percent of Iceland’s labor force is engaged in agriculture and fishing. Only 0.07 percent of the land area is under cultivation. The principal crops are turnips and potatoes. Livestock raising is a major occupation, and considerable quantities of dairy products, wool, mutton and lamb, and chicken eggs are produced. In 2001 the country had 465,000 sheep, 72,100 cattle, and 77,330 horses. 。

B Fishing

Fishing and fish processing are the most important Icelandic industries, and the total catch in 1997 was 2.2 million metric tons. Food products, including fresh and processed fish, account for 70 percent of Iceland’s exports. Iceland is a leading producer of cod, and other major components of the catch include capelin, haddock, crustaceans, herring, redfish, and saithe. Coastal towns have extensive facilities for fish processing. In response to international pressure, Iceland suspended all whaling operations in 1989. However, in June 1992 Iceland withdrew from the International Whaling Commission, disputing the designation of some species of whales as endangered and claiming that certain species threatened Iceland’s commercial fish population. 。

C Mining

Iceland has few proven mineral resources, and profitable development has been difficult. Minerals of commercial value include pumice and diatomite. 。

D Manufacturing 。

Aside from fish processing, manufacturing is primarily for domestic consumption needs. Principal products are clothing, shoes, soaps, and chemicals. Book production is also a large trade in Iceland. Some electrical appliances are made. In addition, major plants producing aluminum (from imported bauxite) and ferrosilicon have been established to take advantage of Iceland’s energy resources. 。

E Energy

Hydroelectric installations produce 85 percent of Iceland’s electricity, with geothermal sources supplying the rest. Output in 1999 was 7.1 billion kilowatt hours. Hot water from springs is used for heating and in some manufacturing operations. 。

F Currency and Banking 。

The monetary unit of Iceland is the króna, consisting of 100 aurar (78.62 krónur equal U.S. $1; 2000). In 1981 the government introduced a new króna, equivalent to 100 old krónur. Currency is issued by the state-owned Central Bank (1961). Iceland has several private commercial banks. 。

G Foreign Trade 。

The yearly value of Iceland’s imports is often greater than that of its exports, although the country’s foreign trade balances occasionally. In 2000 imports cost $2.6 billion, and exports earned $1.9 billion. Major imports include refined petroleum, machinery, transportation equipment, textiles and clothing, chemicals, basic manufactures, and foodstuffs. Exports of metal and ores, including a significant amount of aluminum, account for 16 percent of total exports. The country’s main trade partners are the United Kingdom, the United States, Germany, Denmark, the Netherlands, Sweden, France, Norway, and Japan. 。

H Transportation and Communications 。

Iceland has 12,962 km (8,054 mi) of roads, which are mainly located in coastal areas. In 1999 Iceland had 546 passenger cars for every 1,000 residents. The island has no railroads or navigable rivers. The country has several seaports, including Arkanes, Keflavík, Reykjavík, and Siglufjörður. Icelandair provides domestic and international air service. 。

There are 3 daily newspapers published in Iceland, with a combined circulation of 145,000. Telephone and telegraph services are owned and administered by the government; the state monopoly on radio and television broadcasting ended in 1986. In 1997 the country had 950 radio receivers and 358 television sets for every 1,000 inhabitants. 。

V GOVERNMENT

Iceland is governed under a constitution that became effective when the country achieved full independence in 1944. Iceland has no armed forces of its own except for 120 coast guard personnel, but is a member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization. In 1997 some 1,520 United States military personnel were stationed at Keflavík air base. 。

A Executive

The head of state of Iceland is a president, who is elected by universal suffrage by persons aged 18 and older to a four-year term. The president has little power, and the country’s chief executive is a prime minister, who is responsible to Parliament. The prime minister is assisted by a cabinet, which holds real executive power. 。

B Legislature

The legislature of Iceland is the Althing, which has met almost continually since its establishment in ad 930, and which was converted from a bicameral to a unicameral system in 1991. It has 63 members, 54 elected to four-year terms under a system of proportional representation and 9 allotted to the political parties based on their relative vote totals in the elections. 。

C Political Parties 。

The leading political organizations of Iceland are the Independence Party, a conservative group; the leftist Alliance coalition, which includes the People’s Alliance, the People’s Party, and the Alliance of Women’s List; the liberal Progressive Party; and the Left-Green Alliance. Governments in Iceland are generally formed by coalitions, including the current government of the Independence Party and the Progressive Party.。

急需关于青藏高原的2篇英语作文，字数80~150，明天十点前

作文;

Today's society is a highly developed technological society. However, the shortcomings in the development process are obvious, such as: carbon dioxide, and environmental pollution. But the most serious should be the carbon dioxide problem. 。

Now the problem of global warming because of excess emissions of greenhouse gases. Excessive amount of carbon dioxide emissions, creating a diversified economy and La Nina phenomena lag disorder. Two levels of glaciers melting, polar animals lose their chance of survival at the same time, will lead to rising sea levels, many coastal cities into the water did not result in a few years later. Therefore, we must take the necessary measures to reduce the environmental impact of carbon dioxide. 。

For example: tree-planting activities, reduce fossil fuel use, we can from our own, to promote low-carbon living. 。

翻译：

今天的社会是一个高度发达的技术的社会。然而,在发展过程中缺陷是很明显的,如:二氧化碳气体,污染环境。但是最严重的应该是二氧化碳的问题。

现在全球变暖问题,因为过量的排放温室气体的含量。过多的二氧化碳排放量,创造多种经营,拉尼娜现象出现滞后现象失调。两个层次的冰川融化,极地动物失去了生存的机会同时,将导致海平面上升,许多沿海城市都在水不导致数年之后。因此,我们必须采取必要的措施,以减少环境影响的二氧化碳排放。

例如:植树活动,减少化石燃料的使用,我们可以从我们自己的国家,促进低碳生活。

（若满意请及时采纳，谢谢）

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