attentiveness-80

高分找英文高手和中国历史双重牛人

Brief Introduction。

Body language is a form of non-verbal communication, consisting of body pose, gestures, and eye movements. Humans send and interpret such signals unconsciously.。

It is often said that human communication consists of 93% body language and paralinguistic cues, while only 7% of communication consists of words themselves - however, Albert Mehrabian, the researcher whose 1960s work is the source of these statistics, has stated that this is a misunderstanding of the findings (see Misinterpretation of Mehrabian's rule). Others assert that "Research has suggested that between 60 and 70 percent of all meaning is derived from nonverbal behavior."。

Body language may provide cues as to the attitude or state of mind of a person. For example, it may indicate aggression, attentiveness, boredom, relaxed state, pleasure, amusement, besides many other cues.。

Physical Expression。

Physical expressions like waving, pointing, touching and slouching are all forms of nonverbal communication. The study of body movement and expression is known as kinesics. Humans move their bodies when communicating because, as research has shown[citation needed], it helps "ease the mental effort when communication is difficult." Physical expressions reveal many things about the person using them. For example, gestures can emphasize a point or relay a message, posture can reveal boredom or great interest, and touch can convey encouragement or caution.。

* One of the most basic and powerful body-language signals is when a person crosses his or her arms across the chest. This can indicate that a person is putting up an unconscious barrier between themselves and others. It can also indicate that the person's arms are cold which would be clarified by rubbing the arms or huddling. When the overall situation is amicable, it can mean that a person is thinking deeply about what is being discussed. But in a serious or confrontational situation, it can mean that a person is expressing opposition. This is especially so if the person is leaning away from the speaker. A harsh or blank facial expression often indicates outright hostility.。

* Consistent eye contact can indicate that a person is thinking positively of what the speaker is saying. It can also mean that the other person doesn't trust the speaker enough to "take his eyes off" the speaker. Lack of eye contact can indicate negativity. On the other hand, individuals with anxiety disorders are often unable to make eye contact without discomfort. Eye contact is often a secondary and misleading gesture because we are taught from an early age to make eye contact when speaking. If a person is looking at you but is making the arms-across-chest signal, the eye contact could be indicative that something is bothering the person, and that he wants to talk about it. Or if while making direct eye contact a person is fiddling with something, even while directly looking at you, it could indicate the attention is elsewhere. Also there are three standard areas that a person will look which represent different states of being. If the person looks from one eye to the other than to the forehead it is a sign that they are taking an authoritative position. If they move from one eye to the other than to the nose, that signals that they are engaging in what they consider to be a "level conversation" with neither party holding superiority. The last case is from one eye to the other and then down to the lips. This is a strong indication of romantic feelings.。

* Disbelief is often indicated by averted gaze, or by touching the ear or scratching the chin. When a person is not being convinced by what someone is saying, the attention invariably wanders, and the eyes will stare away for an extended period.。

* Boredom is indicated by the head tilting to one side, or by the eyes looking straight at the speaker but becoming slightly unfocused. A head tilt may also indicate a sore neck or Amblyopia, and unfocused eyes may indicate ocular problems in the listener.。

* Interest can be indicated through posture or extended eye contact, such as standing and listening properly.。

* Deceit or the act of withholding information can sometimes be indicated by touching the face during conversation. Excessive blinking is a well-known indicator of someone who is lying. Recently, evidence has surfaced that the absence of blinking can also represent lying as a more reliable factor than excessive blinking. 。

It should be noted that some people (e.g., people with certain disabilities, or those on the autistic spectrum) use and understand body language differently, or not at all. Interpreting their gestures and facial expressions (or lack thereof) in the context of normal body language usually leads to misunderstandings and misinterpretations (especially if body language is given priority over spoken language). It should also be stated that people from different cultures can interpret body language in different ways.。

How prevalent is non-verbal communication in humans?。

Some researchers put the level of nonverbal communication as high as 80 percent of all communication when it could be at around 50-65 percent. Different studies have found differing amounts, with some studies showing that facial communication is believed 4.3 times more often than verbal meaning, and another finding that verbal communication in a flat tone is 4 times more likely to be understood than a pure facial expression. Albert Mehrabian is noted for finding a 7%-38%-55% rule, supposedly denoting how much communication was conferred by words, tone, and body language. However he was only referring to cases of expressing feelings or attitudes, such as when a person says "I do not have a problem with you!" when people commonly focus on the tone of voice, and body language of the person, rather than the actual words said. It is a common misconception that these percentages apply to all communication.。

Body language and space。

Interpersonal space refers to the psychological "bubble" that we can imagine exists when someone is standing way too close to us. Research has revealed that in North America there are four different zones of interpersonal space. The first zone is called intimate distance and ranges from touching to about eighteen inches apart. Intimate distance is the space around us that we reserve for lovers, children, as well as close family members and friends. The second zone is called personal distance and begins about an arm's length away; starting around eighteen inches from our person and ending about four feet away. We use personal distance in conversations with friends, to chat with associates, and in group discussions. The third zone of interpersonal space is called social distance and is the area that ranges from four to eight feet away from you. Social distance is reserved for strangers, newly formed groups, and new acquaintances. The fourth identified zone of space is public distance and includes anything more than eight feet away from you. This zone is used for speeches, lectures, and theater; essentially, public distance is that range reserved for larger audiences.。

初中英语 简单语法 来个人吧!!

孔子

Confucius

Confucius Chinese philosophy。

Ancient philosophy 。

孔夫子

Full name 孔丘 Kong Qiu 。

Birth September 28, 551 BC。

Qufu, China

Death 479 BC

Qufu, China

School/tradition Founder of Confucianism 。

Main interests Moral philosophy, Social philosophy, Ethics 。

Notable ideas Confucianism 。

Influenced by[show]。

Zhou Era Chinese Thought 。

Influenced[show]。

Many Eastern philosophers, Christian Wolff, Robert Cummings Neville 。

This article contains Chinese text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Chinese characters. 。

Confucius (Chinese: 孔夫子; pinyin: Kǒng Fūzǐ; Wade-Giles: K'ung-fu-tzu), lit. "Master Kong,"[1] (September 28, 551 BC – 479 BC) was a Chinese thinker and social philosopher, whose teachings and philosophy have deeply influenced Chinese, Korean, Japanese, Taiwanese and Vietnamese thought and life.。

His philosophy emphasized personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice and sincerity. These values gained prominence in China over other doctrines, such as Legalism (法家) or Taoism (道家) during the Han Dynasty[2][3][4] (206 BC – 220 AD). Confucius' thoughts have been developed into a system of philosophy known as Confucianism (儒家). It was introduced to Europe by the Jesuit Matteo Ricci, who was the first to Latinise the name as "Confucius."。

His teachings may be found in the Analects of Confucius (论语), a collection of "brief aphoristic fragments", which was compiled many years after his death. Modern historians do not believe that any specific documents can be said to have been written by Confucius,[5][6] but for nearly 2,000 years he was thought to be the editor or author of all the Five Classics[7][8] such as the Classic of Rites (editor), and the Spring and Autumn Annals (春秋) (author).。

Contents [hide]。

1 Personal life and family 。

2 Teachings

3 Names

4 Philosophy

4.1 Ethics

4.2 Politics

5 Disciples and legacy 。

6 Memorial ceremony of Confucius 。

7 Influence in Asia and Europe 。

8 Home town

9 Descendants

10 See also

11 References

12 Further reading 。

13 External links 。

Personal life and family。

According to tradition, Confucius was born in 551 BC, in the Spring and Autumn Period, at the beginning of the Hundred Schools of Thought philosophical movement. Confucius was born in or near the city of Qufu, in the Chinese State of Lu (now part of Shandong Province). Early accounts say that he was born into a poor but noble family that had fallen on hard times.[9]。

The Records of the Grand Historian (史记), compiled some four centuries later, indicate that the marriage of Confucius's parents did not conform to Li (礼) and therefore was a yehe (野合), or "illicit union",[10] for when they got married, his father was a very old man and past proper age for marriage but his mother was only in her late teens. His father died when Confucius was three years old,[11] and he was brought up in poverty by his mother. His social ascendancy linked him to the growing class of shì (士), a class whose status lay between that of the old nobility and the common people, that comprised men who sought social positions on the basis of talents and skills, rather than heredity.。

As a child, Confucius was said to have enjoyed putting ritual vases on the sacrifice table.[10] He married a young girl named Qi Quan (亓官) at 19 and she gave birth to their first child Kong Li (孔鲤) when he was 20. Confucius is reported to have worked as a shepherd, cowherd, clerk and book-keeper.[12] His mother died when Confucius was 23, and he entered three years of mourning.。

Confucius is said to have risen to the position of Justice Minister (大司寇) in Lu at the age of 53.[13] According to the Records of the Grand Historian, the neighboring state of Qi (齐) was worried that Lu was becoming too powerful. Qi decided to sabotage Lu's reforms by sending 100 good horses and 80 beautiful dancing girls to the Duke of Lu. The Duke indulged himself in pleasure and did not attend to official duties for three days. Confucius was deeply disappointed and resolved to leave Lu and seek better opportunities, yet to leave at once would expose the misbehavior of the Duke and therefore bring public humiliation to the ruler Confucius was serving, so Confucius waited for the Duke to make a lesser mistake. Soon after, the Duke neglected to send to Confucius a portion of the sacrificial meat that was his due according to custom, and Confucius seized this pretext to leave both his post and the state of Lu.[10][14]。

According to tradition, after Confucius's resignation, he began a long journey (or set of journeys) around the small kingdoms of northeast and central China, including the states of Wei (衞), Song (宋), Chen (陈) and Cai (蔡).[15] At the courts of these states, he expounded his political beliefs but did not see them implemented.。

According to the Zuo Commentary to the Spring and Autumn Annals, when he was 68[13] Confucius returned home. The Analects pictures him spending his last years teaching disciples and transmitting the old wisdom via a set of texts called the Five Classics.[16][17]。

Burdened by the loss of both his son and his favorite disciples,[18][19] he died at the age of 72 or 73.[20]。

Teachings

In the Analects 论语, Confucius presents himself as a "transmitter who invented nothing".[7] He put the greatest emphasis on the importance of study,[21][22] and it is the Chinese character for study (or learning) that opens the text. In this respect, he is seen by Chinese people as the Greatest Master.[23] Far from trying to build a systematic theory of life and society or establish a formalism of rites, he wanted his disciples to think deeply for themselves and relentlessly study the outside world,[24] mostly through the old scriptures and by relating the moral problems of the present to past political events (like the Annals) or past expressions of feelings by common people and reflective members of the elite (preserved in the poems of the Book of Odes[25]).[26]。

In times of division, chaos, and endless wars between feudal states, he wanted to restore the Mandate of Heaven “天命” that could unify the "world" (i.e. China) and bestow peace and prosperity on the people.[27] Because his vision of personal and social perfections was framed as a revival of the ordered society of earlier times, Confucius is often considered a great proponent of conservatism, but a closer look at what he proposes often shows that he used (and perhaps twisted) past institutions and rites to push a new political agenda of his own: a revival of a unified royal state, whose rulers would succeed to power on the basis of their moral merit, not their parentage;[28][29] these would be rulers devoted to their people, reaching for personal and social perfection.[30] Such a ruler would spread his own virtues to the people instead of imposing proper behavior with laws and rules.[31]。

One of the deepest teachings of Confucius may have been the superiority of personal exemplification over explicit rules of behavior. Because his moral teachings emphasise self-cultivation, emulation of moral exemplars, and the attainment of skilled judgment rather than knowledge of rules, Confucius's ethics may be considered a type of virtue ethics. His teachings rarely rely on reasoned argument, and ethical ideals and methods are conveyed more indirectly, through allusions, innuendo, and even tautology. This is why his teachings need to be examined and put into proper context in order to be understood.[32][33] A good example is found in this famous anecdote:。

厩焚。子退朝，曰：“伤人乎？”不问马。

When the stables were burnt down, on returning from court, Confucius said, "Was anyone hurt?" He did not ask about the horses. 。

Analects X.11, tr. A. Waley 。

The passage conveys the lesson that by not asking about the horses, Confucius demonstrated that a sage values human beings over property; readers of this lesson are led to reflect on whether their response would follow Confucius's, and to pursue ethical self-improvement if it would not. Confucius, an exemplar of human excellence, serves as the ultimate model, rather than a deity or a universally true set of abstract principles. For these reasons, according to many Eastern and Western commentators, Confucius's teaching may be considered a Chinese example of humanism.[34]。

Perhaps his most famous teaching was the Golden Rule stated in the negative form, often called the silver rule:。

子贡问曰、有一言、而可以终身行之者乎。子曰、其恕乎、己所 不欲、勿施於人。

Adept Kung asked: "Is there any one word that could guide a person throughout life?"。

The Master replied: "How about 'shu' [reciprocity]: never impose on others what you would not choose for yourself?"。

Analects XV.24, tr. David Hinton 。

Confucius's teachings were later turned into a very elaborate set of rules and practices by his numerous disciples and followers who organised his teachings into the Analects. In the centuries after his death, Mencius[35] and Xun Zi[36] both composed important teachings elaborating in different ways on the fundamental ideas associated with Confucius. In time, these writings, together with the Analects and other core texts came to constitute the philosophical corpus known in the West as Confucianism. After more than a thousand years, the scholar Zhu Xi created a very different interpretation of Confucianism which is now called Neo-Confucianism, to distinguish it from the ideas expressed in the Analects. Neo-Confucianism held sway in China and Vietnam[37] until the 1800s.。

Names

Confucius (illustration from Myths & Legends of China, 1922, by E.T.C. Werner)Michele Ruggieri, and other Jesuits after him, while translating Chinese books into Western languages, translated 孔夫子 as Confucius. This Latinised form has since been commonly used in Western countries. 。

In systematic Romanisations: 。

Kǒng Fūzǐ (or Kǒng fū zǐ) in pinyin. 。

K'ung fu-tzu in Wade-Giles (or, less accurately, Kung fu-tze). 。

Fūzǐ means teacher. Since it was disrespectful to call the teacher by name according to Chinese culture, he is known as just "Master Kong", or Confucius, even in modern days. 。

The character 'fu' is optional; in modern Chinese he is more often called Kong Zi. 。

His actual name was 孔丘, Kǒng Qiū. Kǒng is a common family name in China. 。

(In Wade-Giles translation by D. C. Lau, this name appears as Kung Ch'iu.)。

His courtesy name was 仲尼, Zhòng Ní. 。

In 9 BC (first year of the Yuanshi period of the Han Dynasty), he was given his first posthumous name: 褒成宣尼公, Lord Bāochéngxūan, which means "Laudably Declarable Lord Ni." 。

His most popular posthumous names are 。

至圣先师, 至圣先师，Zhìshèngxiānshī, meaning "The Former Teacher who Arrived at Sagehood" (comes from 1530, the ninth year of the Jianing period of the Ming Dynasty); 。

至圣,至圣， Zhìshèng, "the Greatest Sage"; 。

先师,先师， Xiānshī, literally meaning "first teacher". It has been suggested that '先师' can be used, however, to express something like, "the Teacher who assists the wise to their attainment".[38] 。

He is also commonly known as 万世师表，Wànshìshībiǎo, "the Model Teacher" in Chinese. 。

Philosophy

Main article: Confucianism。

A portrait of Confucius, by Tang Dynasty artist Wu Daozi (680-740).Although Confucianism is often followed in a religious manner by the Chinese, arguments continue over whether it is a religion. Confucianism lacks an afterlife, its texts express complex and ambivalent views concerning deities, and it is relatively unconcerned with some spiritual matters often considered essential to religious thought, such as the nature of the soul.。

Confucius' principles gained wide acceptance primarily because of their basis in common Chinese tradition and belief. He championed strong familial loyalty, ancestor worship, respect of elders by their children (and, according to later interpreters, of husbands by their wives), and the family as a basis for an ideal government. He expressed the well-known principle, "Do not do to others what you do not want done to yourself" (similar to the Golden Rule). He also looked nostalgically upon earlier days, and urged the Chinese, particularly those with political power, to model themselves on earlier examples.。

Because no texts survive that are demonstrably authored by Confucius, and the ideas associated with him most closely were elaborated in writings that accrued over the period between his death and the foundation of the first Chinese empire in 221 BC, many scholars are very cautious about attributing specific assertions to Confucius himself.。

Ethics

The Confucian theory of ethics as exemplified in Lǐ is based on three important conceptual aspects of life: ceremonies associated with sacrifice to ancestors and deities of various types, social and political institutions, and the etiquette of daily behavior. It was believed by some that lǐ originated from the heavens. Confucius's view was more nuanced. His approach stressed the development of lǐ through the actions of sage leaders in human history, with less emphasis on its connection with heaven. His discussions of lǐ seem to redefine the term to refer to all actions committed by a person to build the ideal society, rather than those simply conforming with canonical standards of ceremony. In the early Confucian tradition, lǐ, though still linked to traditional forms of action, came to point towards the balance between maintaining these norms so as to perpetuate an ethical social fabric, and violating them in order to accomplish ethical good. These concepts are about doing the proper thing at the proper time, and are connected to the belief that training in the lǐ that past sages have devised cultivates in people virtues that include ethical judgment about when lǐ must be adapted in light of situational contexts.。

In early Confucianism, yì (义 [义]) and lǐ are closely linked terms. Yì can be translated as righteousness, though it may simply mean what is ethically best to do in a certain context. The term contrasts with action done out of self-interest. While pursuing one's own self-interest is not necessarily bad, one would be a better, more righteous person if one based one's life upon following a path designed to enhance the greater good, an outcome of yì. This is doing the right thing for the right reason. Yì is based upon reciprocity.。

Just as action according to Lǐ should be adapted to conform to the aspiration of adhering to yì, so yì is linked to the core value of rén (仁). Rén is the virtue of perfectly fulfilling one's responsibilities toward others, most often translated as "benevolence" or "humaneness"; translator Arthur Waley calls it "Goodness" (with a capital G), and other translations that have been put forth include "authoritativeness" and "selflessness." Confucius's moral system was based upon empathy and understanding others, rather than divinely ordained rules. To develop one's spontaneous responses of rén so that these could guide action intuitively was even better than living by the rules of yì. To cultivate one's attentiveness to rén one used another Confucian version of the Golden Rule: one must always treat others just as one would want others to treat oneself. Virtue, in this Confucian view, is based upon harmony with other people, produced through this type of ethical practice by a growing identification of the interests of self and other.。

In this regard, Confucius articulated an early version of the Golden Rule:。

"What one does not wish for oneself, one ought not to do to anyone else; what one recognises as desirable for oneself, one ought to be willing to grant to others." (Confucius and Confucianism, Richard Wilhelm) 。

Politics

Confucius' political thought is based upon his ethical thought. He argues that the best government is one that rules through "rites" (lǐ) and people's natural morality, rather than by using bribery and coercion. He explained that this is one of the most important analects: 1. "If the people be led by laws, and uniformity sought to be given them by punishments, they will try to avoid the punishment, but have no sense of shame. If they be led by virtue, and uniformity sought to be given them by the rules of propriety, they will have the sense of shame, and moreover will become good." (Translated by James Legge) {The Great Learning} This "sense of shame" is an internalisation of duty, where the punishment precedes the evil action, instead of following it in the form of laws as in Legalism.。

While he supported the idea of government by an all-powerful sage, ruling as an Emperor, probably because of the chaotic state of China at his time, his ideas contained a number of elements to limit the power of rulers. He argued for according language with truth; thus honesty was of paramount importance. Even in facial expression, truth must always be represented. In discussing the relationship between a subject and his king (or a son and his father), he underlined the need to give due respect to superiors. This demanded that the inferior must give advice to his superior if the superior was considered to be taking the wrong course of action. This was built upon a century after Confucius's death by his latter day disciple Mencius, who argued that if the king was not acting like a king, he would lose the Mandate of Heaven and be overthrown. Therefore, tyrannicide is justified because a tyrant is more a thief than a king. Other Confucian texts, though celebrating absolute rule by ethical sages, recognise the failings of real rulers in maxims such as, "An oppressive government is more feared than a tiger."。

Some well known Confucian quotes:。

"When you have faults, do not fear to abandon them."。

"What you do not wish for yourself, do not do to others"。

"With coarse rice to eat, with water to drink, and my crooked arm for a pillow - is not joy to be found therein? Riches and honors acquired through unrighteousness are to me as the floating clouds"。

其他打不下来，可以呼我，我给你资料。

for

[fC:; fE]

prep.

(表示目的)为了, 因为, 至于, 对于, 适合于。

conj.

因为

FOR

=Free on Rail铁路[火车上]交货(价格)。

for

for

AHD:[fôr] [f…r] 非重读时 。

D.J.[f%8][f*]非重读时 。

K.K.[f%r][f*]非重读时 。

prep.（介词）

Used to indicate the object, aim, or purpose of an action or activity:。

为了：用来指一个动作或活动的目的、目标或意图：

trained for the ministry; put the house up for sale; plans to run for senator.。

为政府部门培训；把房子拍卖；计划竞选议员。

Used to indicate a destination:。

往，向：用来指目的地：

headed off for town.。

出发去城里

Used to indicate the object of a desire, an intention, or a perception:。

对于：用来指愿望、意图或感觉的目标：

had a nose for news; eager for fame and fortune.。

消息灵通；渴求名利

Used to indicate the recipient or beneficiary of an action:。

为：用来指一个活动的接受者或受益者：

prepared lunch for us.。

为我们准备午餐

On behalf of:

代表：

spoke for all the members.。

代表全体成员发言

In favor of:

对…支持：

Were they for or against the proposal?。

他们支持这项议案还是反对呢?

In place of:

代替…：

a substitute for eggs.。

鸡蛋的替代品

Used to indicate equivalence or equality:。

等值，等量：用于表示等值或相同关系：

paid ten dollars for a ticket; repeated the conversation word for word.。

花十美元买了张票；逐字逐句地重复谈话。

Used to indicate correlation or correspondence:。

用于表示关联或联系：

took two steps back for every step forward.。

每前进一步向后退两步

Used to indicate amount, extent, or duration:。

达：用于表示数量、范围或持续时间：

a bill for five dollars; walked for miles; stood in line for several minutes.。

五美元的钞票；步行了数英里；排了几分钟的队。

Used to indicate a specific time:。

在：用于表示一个具体时间：

had an appointment for two o'clock.。

两点钟有一个约会

As being:

当作：

take for granted; mistook me for the librarian.。

视为当然；把我误认为是图书管理员。

Used to indicate an actual or implied listing or choosing:。

针对…：用于表示实际的或隐含的列举或选择：

For one thing, we can't afford it.。

第一，我们买不起

As a result of; because of:。

由于；因为：

jumped for joy.。

因高兴而跳起来

Used to indicate appropriateness or suitability:。

用于表示适度或适当：

It will be for the judge to decide.。

这要由法官来决定

Notwithstanding; despite:。

虽然；尽管：

For all the problems, it was a valuable experience.。

尽管还存在许多问题，这仍不失为一次宝贵的经验。

As regards; concerning:。

关于；至于：

a stickler for neatness.。

有洁癖的人

Considering the nature or usual character of:。

至于：关于…的性质或一般特征：

was spry for his advanced age.。

就他的高龄来说，他应该算是充满生气的了。

In honor of:

为纪念…：

named for her grandmother.。

为纪念她的祖母起的名字

conj.（连接词）

Because; since.。

因为；既然

Middle English 。

中古英语

from Old English * see per 1。

源自 古英语 *参见 per 1。

FOR

FOR

abbr.（略语）

Free on rail.

火车上交货

for

1/fE(r); fl; strong form 强读式 fC:(r); fCr/。

prep

---------- 1 ---------- 。

(indicating the person intended to receive or benefit from sth 表示接受某事物或从某事物中受益的人): 。

* a letter for you 给你的信。

* Are all these presents for me? 这些礼物都是给我的吗?。

* Save a piece for Mary. 给玛丽留一块吧.。

* Have you made a cup of tea for Mrs Watson? 你给华生太太沏茶了吗? 。

---------- 2 ---------- 。

(indicating purpose or function 表示目的或功能): 。

* go for a walk 去散步。

* It's a machine for slicing bread. 这是切面包片的机器.。

* Are you learning English for pleasure or for your work? 你学英语是出於兴趣还是为了工作?。

* (infml 口) What did you shout at him for? ie Why did you shout at him? 你为什麽朝他大声喊叫?。

* For sales to (ie In order that sales may) increase, we must lower our prices. 我们为了增加销售量, 必须把价格降低. 。

---------- 3 ---------- 。

(indicating destination, aim or reason 表示目的地、 目标或原因): 。

* depart for home 动身回家。

* head for the shore 向岸边行进。

* Is this the train for Glasgow? 这是开往格拉斯哥的火车吗?。

* Passengers for Oxford must change at Didcot. 前往牛津的旅客必须在迪德考特换车.。

* She knew she was destined for a great future. 她知道自己前程远大.。

* It's a book for (ie intended to be read by or to) children. 这是一本儿童读物.。

* a chair for visitors 来宾用的座椅。

* bicycles for sale or for hire 供出售或出租的自行车. 。

---------- 4 ---------- 。

in order to help or benefit (sb/sth) 有助於或有益於（某人[某事物]）: 。

* Would you please translate this letter for me? 你给我翻译这封信行吗?。

* What can I do for you? 您想要什麽?。

* fighting for their country 为其国家而战。

* Take some aspirin for (ie to lessen the pain caused by) your headache. 你头痛吃点阿司匹林吧.。

* The deputy manager ran the firm for (ie instead of) him while he was ill. 在他生病期间, 副经理代他主持公司事务. 。

---------- 5 ---------- 。

as the price, reward or penalty of sth 作为对某事物的代价、 报酬或惩罚:of。

[Cv, Ev, v, f]

prep.

...的, 由...制成的, 离, 关于, 对于。

OF

=Old French 古法语。

of

of

AHD:[¾v, ¼v] […v] 非重读时 。

D.J.[Jv, Kv][*v]非重读时 。

K.K.[Jv, $v][*v]非重读时 。

prep.（介词）

Derived or coming from; originating at or from:。

从…产生或来自…；源于或来自于：

men of the north.。

从北方来的人们

Caused by; resulting from:。

由…引起；由…而致：

a death of tuberculosis.。

死于肺结核

Away from; at a distance from:。

离开的；距…多远的：

a mile east of here.。

从这里向东一英里

So as to be separated or relieved from:。

为了分开或从…中解脱：

robbed of one's dignity; cured of distemper.。

剥夺了尊严；治愈了犬瘟热

From the total or group comprising:。

从总体或组成中离开的：

give of one's time; two of her friends; most of the cases.。

对某人的时间而言；两个她的朋友；大多数的情况。

Composed or made from:。

由…组成或由…制成：

a dress of silk.。

丝制的衣服

Associated with or adhering to:。

与…相联或与…相接：

a man of your religion.。

与你信仰相同宗教的人

Belonging or connected to:。

属于的或与…相连：

the rungs of a ladder.。

梯子的横档

Possessing; having:。

占有的；拥有的：

a person of honor.。

有声望的人

On one's part:

在某人一方：

very nice of you.。

你真好

Containing or carrying:。

包含的或含有的：

a basket of groceries.。

一篮的食品杂货

Specified as; named or called:。

具体为；被称为或叫做：

a depth of ten feet; the Garden of Eden.。

十英尺的深度；伊甸园

Centering on; directed toward:。

以…为中心的；指向…的：

a love of horses.。

对马匹的钟爱

Produced by; issuing from:。

由…产生；生自…：

products of the vine.。

葡萄树结出的果实

Characterized or identified by:。

以…为特征的或指示…：

a year of famine.。

饥荒年

With reference to; about:。

指…的；关于：

think highly of her proposals; will speak of it later.。

对她的提议评价很高；将在后面讲述它。

In respect to:

就…来说：

slow of speech.。

就讲话来说很慢

Set aside for; taken up by:。

为…而设置；由…占据：

a day of rest.

休息日

Before; until:

在…之前；直到：

five minutes of two.。

差五分到两点

During or on a specified time:。

在具体的一段时间内：

of recent years.。

在最近这些年中

By:

被：

beloved of the family.。

被家人所热爱

Used to indicate an appositive:。

用以指同格的事物：

that idiot of a driver.。

那个白痴司机

Archaic On:

【古语】 在…上：

“A plague of all cowards, I say”(Shakespeare)。

“所有懦夫遭天谴，我说”(莎士比亚)。

Middle English 。

中古英语

from Old English * see apo- 。

源自 古英语 *参见 apo- 。

Grammarians have sometimes condemned categorically the so-called double genitive construction,as ina friend of my father's; a book of mine. The construction is well supported by literary precedent,however, and serves a useful purpose.Thus there is no substitute for the double genitive in a sentence such asThat's the only friend of yours that I've ever met, since sentences such asThat's your only friend that I've ever met and That's your only friend, whom I've ever met are obviously impossible. 。

语法学家有时谴责这种范畴上的双重所有格形式，如我父亲的朋友；我的一本书 。 这种结构为许多文学先进所支持，认为它们是很有用的。在一个如那是我曾经遇到的你唯一的朋友 的句子中双重所有格是没有替代式的， 因为句子如那是我曾遇到的你唯一的朋友 和 那是唯一一个我曾遇到的你的朋友 显然是完全不一样的 。

OF

OF

abbr.Baseball （略语）【棒球】

Outfield ,outfielder. 。

Outfield,outfielder.to。

[tu:; tE, tu]

prep.

向, 往, 给...,于...,直到...为止, 在...之前, 比, 对, [表示程度、范围] 到, 达。

[域] Tonga , 汤加

TO

=Technical Observer 技术观察员。

to

.to

abbr.（略语）

Tonga [in Internet addresses] 。

Tonga[in Internet addresses] 。

to

to

AHD:[t›] [t…] 非重读时 。

D.J.[tu8][t*]非重读时 。

K.K.[tu][t*]非重读时 。

prep.（介词）

In a direction toward so as to reach:。

向：为了到达…而朝一个方向：

went to the city.。

进城

Towards:

朝着：

turned to me.

转向我

Reaching as far as:。

直到：

The ocean water was clear all the way to the bottom.。

海水从上面一直到海底都是清澈的。

To the extent or degree of:。

到…的范围或程度：

loved him to distraction.。

如此爱他，以至于心神不宁

With the resultant condition of:。

以…为最后结果：

nursed her back to health.。

精心地照顾她，使她恢复健康

Toward a given state:。

朝向一个特定的状态：

helping minority women to economic equality.。

帮助少数民族妇女取得经济上的平等权利。

In contact with; against:。

与…接触；靠着…：

their faces pressed to the windows.。

他们的脸贴着窗户

In front of:

在…的面前：

stood face to face.。

面对面地站着

Used to indicate appropriation or possession:。

用于表示归属或占有：

looked for the top to the jar.。

寻找这个罐子的盖子

Concerning; regarding:。

关于；至于：

waiting for an answer to my letter.。

等着对我那封信的回复

In a particular relationship with:。

与…有某种特定关系：

The brook runs parallel to the road.。

小河与路平行而流

As an accompaniment or a complement of:。

作为…的伴随或补充：

danced to the tune.。

随着曲子起舞

Composing; constituting:。

组成；构成：

two cups to a pint.。

两杯一品脱

In accord with:。

与…一致：

job responsibilities suited to her abilities.。

与她的能力相一致的工作

As compared with:。

与…相比：

a book superior to his others.。

一本比他其它的书写得好的书

Before:

在…之前：

The time is ten to five.。

现在是五点差十分

Up till; until:。

一直到；直到：

worked from nine to five.。

从九点一直工作到五点

For the purpose of:。

为了…的目的：

went out to lunch.。

出去吃午饭

In honor of:

为了向…表示敬意：

a toast to the queen.。

为女王而干杯

Used before a verb to indicate the infinitive:。

用在动词前表示不定式：

I'd like to go.。

我想去

Used alone when the infinitive is understood:。

当别人已知道不定式部分时单独使用：

Go if you want to.。

如果你想去的话就去吧

Used to indicate the relationship of a verb with its complement:。

用于指明动词和它的补语之间的关系：

refer to a dictionary; refer me to a dictionary.。

查一本字典；叫我去查词典

Used with a reflexive pronoun to indicate exclusivity or separateness:。

与反身代词一起，用来指示独占或分离：

had the plane to ourselves.。

把飞机留给了我们自己

adv.（副词）

In one direction; toward a person or thing:。

朝一个方向地；朝一个人或物地：

owls with feathers wrong end to.。

羽毛方向不对的猫头鹰

Into a shut or closed position:。

处于关上的状态：

pushed the door to.。

把门关上

Into a state of consciousness:。

处于有意识状态：

The patient came to.。

病人醒过来了

Into a state of action or attentiveness:。

处于行动或专注的状态：

sat down for lunch and fell to.。

坐下来开始狼吞虎咽地吃午饭

Nautical Into the wind.。

【航海】 朝风地

Middle English 。

中古英语

from Old English t½} * see de- 。

源自 古英语 t½} *参见 de-。

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