Multiphasic-170

问题描述:明尼苏达多相个性测验1725是什么意思 大家好,小编来为大家解答以下问题,一个有趣的事情,一个有趣的事情,现在让我们一起来看看吧!

HR 常用的人才测评工具有哪些?各有什么优缺点

Multiphasic-170的相关图片

(一)关于明尼苏达多相人格测验。

明尼苏达多相人格测验( Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory,MMPI)问世于1943年,由明尼苏达大学教授哈特卫(S.R.Hathaway)和麦金利(J.C.Mckinley)合作编制而成。该测验的问世是自陈法人格测验发展史上的一个重要里程碑,对人格测验的研究进程产生了巨大影响。到目前为止,它已被翻译成各种文字版本达100余种,广泛应用于人类学、心理学和医学领域,是世界上最常引证的人格自陈量表。我国宋维真等已修订成适合中国情况的量表。 MMPI是根据经验性原则建立起来的自陈量表。在选择调查表的每个问题时,哈特卫和麦金利二人进行了深入细致的工作。首先从大量病史、早期出版的人格量表及医生笔记中搜集了一千多个题目,然后就这些题目施测于正常人与病人受测者,并比较两组人对题目的反应。如两组对题目的反映确有差别,则该题保留,反之则予以淘汰。按此原则,共选取了550个题目,每一题目都是通过两组受测者的实际反应确定的,因而在以后测量其他人群时自然有辨别作用。 在MMPI之前的人格测验,只能测量很少的人格特征。哈特卫和麦金利二人希望编制一个能同时对人格作出"多相"评价的工具。为此,他们在编制此测验时不只采用一个异常组,而是根据当时流行的精神疾病分类,每种疾病确定为一个异常组,通过重复测验、交叉测验,最后确定出八个临床量表。后来增加的"男子气一女子气"量表的题目,是根据男女受测者的反应选择的;而"社会内向"量表的题目是根据大学生内向和外向两组的反应选择出来的。为了克服受测者的态度和反应定势的影响,在测验中还设定了三个效度量表。 临床量表如下:

1.Hs(Hypochondriasis)疑病量表 。

2.D (Depression)抑郁量表 。

3.Hy (Hysteria)癔病量表。

4.Pd (Psychopathic deviate)社会病态量表。

5.Mf(Masculinity - femininity)男子气一女子气量表。

6.Pa (Paranoia)偏执狂量表。

7.Pt (Psychasthenia)精神衰弱量表。

8.Sc(Schizophrenia)精神分裂症量表。

9.Ma (Hypomania)轻躁狂量表。

10. Si(Social introversion)社会内向量表效度量表如下:

1.Q( Question)不能回答的问题,或用"?"代表 2.L( Lie)说谎分数。

3.F( Validity)诈病量表。

4.K( Correction)校正分量表。

1966年编制者对MMPI作了修订,称FormR,即现在的通用本。FormR的内容无改变,只是对题目的顺序作了重新排列,把与临床有关的题目集中在前399题,后面的题目主要用于研究。如果只是为了精神病的临床诊断,仅做前399题便可以了。1989年,MMPI出版者对MMPI作了重大修改,推出了MMPI -2。目前,我国也有MMPI及MMPI -2的修订版本,但后者不及前者应用广泛。

(二)MMPI的量表及其意义 MMPI共有14个量表(研究量表未算在内),其中临床量表10个,效度量表4个,均集中在l~ 399题。

1.临床量表 (1)疑病(Hs):共33个题目,它反映受测者对身体功能的不正常关心。得分高者即使身体无病,也总是觉得身体欠佳,表现疑病倾向。量表Hs得分高的精神障碍患者,往往有躯体化障碍、疑病症、神经衰弱等临床。

(2)抑郁(D):共60个题目,它与忧郁、淡漠、悲观、思想与行动缓慢有关,分数太高可能会自杀。得分高者常被诊断为抑郁性神经症或抑郁症。

(3)癔症(Hy):共60个题目,评估用转换反应来对待压力或解决矛盾的倾向。得分高者多表现为依赖、天真、外露、幼稚及自我陶醉,并缺乏自知力,往往被诊断为癔症(转换性癔症)。

(4)社会病态(Pd):共50个题目,可反映受测者性格的偏离。高分数的人为脱离一般的社会道德规范,蔑视社会习俗,常有复仇攻击观念,并不能从惩罚中吸取教训。在精神障碍患者中,多诊断为人格异常,包括反社会人格和被动攻击性人格。

(5)男子气一女子气(Mf):共60个题目,主要反映性别色彩。高分数的男人表现敏感、爱美、被动、女性化,他们缺乏对异性的追求。高得分的妇女被看作男性化、粗鲁、好攻击、自信、缺乏情感、不敏感,在极端的高分情况下,则应考虑有同性恋倾向和同性恋行为。

(6)偏执(Pa):共40个题目,高分提示具有多疑、孤独、烦恼及过分敏感等性格特征。如T超过70分则可能存在偏执妄想,尤其是合并F、Sc量表分数升高者,极端的高分者被诊断为精神分裂症偏执型或偏执性精神病。

(7)精神衰弱(Pt):共48个题目,高分数者表现紧张、焦虑、反复思考、强迫思维、恐怖以及内疚感,他们经常自责、自罪,感到不如人和不安。Pt量表与D和Hs量表同时升高则是一个神经症测图。 (8)精神分裂症(Sc):共78个题目,高分者常表现异乎寻常的或分裂的生活方式,如不恰当的情感反应、少语、特殊姿势、怪异行为、行为退缩与情感脆弱。极高的分数(T>80)者可表现妄想、幻觉、人格解体等精神症状及行为异常。几乎所有的精神分裂症患者都有80—90T得分,如只有Sc量表高分,而无F量表T分升高常提示为类分裂性人格。

(9)轻躁狂(Ma):共46个题目,高得分者常为联想过多过快、活动过多、观念飘忽、夸大而情绪高昂、情感多变。极高的分数者,可能表现情绪紊乱、反复无常、行为冲动,也可能有妄想。量表Ma得分极高(T>90)可考虑为躁狂症或双相障碍的躁狂症。

(10)社会内向(Si):共70个题目。高分数者表现内向、胆小、退缩、不善交际、屈服、过分自我控制、紧张、固执及自罪。低分数者表现外向、爱交际、富于表情、好攻击、健谈、冲动、不受拘束、任性、做作、在社会关系中不真诚。

2.效度量表

(1)疑问(Q):对问题毫无反应及对"是"和"否"都进行反应的项目总数,或称"无回答"的得分。高得分者表示逃避现实,若在前399题中原始分超过22分,则提示临床量表不可信。

(2)说谎(L):共15个题目,是追求过分的尽善尽美的回答。高得分者总想让别人把他看得要比实际情况更好,他们连每个人都具有的细小短处也不承认。L量表原始分超过10分时,就不能信任MMPI的结果。

(3)诈病(F):共64个题目,多为一些比较古怪或荒唐的内容。分数高表示受测者不认真、理解错误,表现出一组互相无关的症状,或在伪装疾病。如果测验有效,F量表是精神病程度的良好指标,其得分越高暗示着精神病程度越重。

(4)校正(K):共30个题目,是对测验态度的一种衡量,其目的有两个:一是为了判别受测者接受测者验的态度是不是隐瞒,或是防卫的;二是根据这个量表修正临床量表的得分,即在几个临床量表上分别加上一定比例的K分。

三)对MMPI的评价 MMPI是目前国际上应用最广的人格测验,范围之大已远远超过了传统的罗夏测验。它适用于多种不同的情况,对于临床工作和理论研究均不失为一项杰出的工具。MMP1的各个分量表都是根据经验法编制的,而且对于分数的解释也是以经验为基础,较为客观,不像其他人格测验那样随意性大,故用此量表鉴别各种精神病患者,与临床诊断的符合率较高。因为MMPI在编制过程中采用正常与异常两组受测者为样本,所以不但可提供医疗上的诊断,而且也可用于正常人的个性评定。其次,MMPI首次将效度量表纳入人格测验,并成为解释过程中的一个组成部分,提高了测验的诊断价值。 MMPI是一个极好的人格测验,但因项目较多,测试需要的时间很长,故临床上许多病人在测查时不能坚持做完,或勉强完成而影响结果。简化MMPI是心理学家十分关心的问题之一,但一直存在争论。如MMPl编制者本人就反对使用简式量表。然而有一件重要工作值得注意,范森及其同事(1984)经过几十年的努力,编制成MMPI - 168。他们发现MMPI - 168与原量表相比具备其各种特点和诊断价值,而其他人所做的分析中,似乎表明MMPI - 168更优于标准版本。 从1980年开始,宋维真等人对MMPI进行了修订,并在全国范围内试用。经过近十多年的研究,一致认为该量表在我国使用有一定的信度与效度。但因我国与西方国家的文化背景不同,对某些题目的理解也有所不同。如我国正常人的D、Sc量表T分明显高于西方国家,这~结果与东方国家,尤其是日本的结果极为一致,即都表现为D、Sc量表分明显升高。因此,在使用MMPI时,必须考虑到受测者所处的文化背景,并根据本民族的常模作出结论。

MLA学术论文规范也可以应用于中文学术论文吗?的相关图片

MLA学术论文规范也可以应用于中文学术论文吗?

HR的朋友们因为工作需要,一定听说过大大小小的各种人才测评,多少也会接触一些。小编帮大家整理了15个在职场流行的测评工具,做下简单的介绍。

1,DISC

4个字母分别代表4个类型:D:Dominance(支配性)、I:Influence(影响性)、S:Steadiness(稳定性)、C:Compliance(服从性)。它是一个性格测评,理论起源为马斯顿的“正常人的情绪”,由Inscape Publishing拥有。

应用:DISC,代表着一种可观察的人类行为与情绪,将会使你对自己和他人有更深入、具体、完整而客观的了解。目前在国内除了被广泛运用于组织人才测评,招聘、职位调整、领导力提升、建立培训需求,都可基于此开展工作。

局限:DISC的结果描述具有时间上的稳定性,但是缺乏空间上(跨情境)的一致性,不同情境下可能导致与结果描述不一样的行为。

2,MBTI

全称为:Myers-Briggs Type Indicator,也是一个性格测评,由Briggs母女经过研究荣格的“心理类型”理论而制定的,CPP拥有它的版权。

应用:MBTI是当今世界上应用最广泛的性格测试工具。它已经被翻译成近20种世界主要语言,每年的使用者多达200多万,其中不乏世界500强之内的大型企业。MBTI主要用于了解受测者的处事风格、特点、职业适应性、潜质等,从而提供合理的工作及人际决策建议。在国内主要应用在管理咨询与培训、职业规划以及婚姻、学校教育辅导等领域。鉴于其理论深度,作为研究正常人群地性格特征,并预测行为,进行职业规划,有其独到之处。

局限:因为太出名了,所以也会有许多不认同的声音,小编认为此测评对于客观认识自我、完善自己会起很大帮助,美中不足的是有时用于职场测评,会显得过于主观。

3,CPI

全称为California Psychological Inventory,加利福尼亚心理调查表。

CPI是高氏(Gough,1957)所发展的一个为正常人所用的人格测量工具。CPI是MMPI的姐妹量表,也可说是“无疾病的MMPI”。

应用:它的历史比MMPI的短,但应用范围正在扩大,应用的国家也在增多。CPI的应用范围亦十分广泛,在教育心理方面,可用于对学业成就,创造性潜能的预测,并可为专业选择提供指导;在管理心理方面,可用于对应聘者的管理潜能,工作绩效的预测提供参考,还可以应用于招聘员工、规划职业、储备领导、建设高效的组织及建设等。在国外被认为是一项在人员选拔方面有较大潜力的测验。

这里小编也给大家提及一下MMPI(MinnesotaMultiphasicPersonality Inventory),明尼苏达多相人格测验。它是迄今应用极广、颇富权威的一种纸-笔式人格测验,该问卷的制定方法是分别对正常人和精神病人进行预测,以确定在哪些条目上不同人有显著不同的反应模式,因此该测验最常用于鉴别精神疾病。CPI则是由MMPI最早的研究成员之一美国心理学家高夫鉴于MMPI用于正常人群的局限性而酝酿出来的。

4,OPQ

全称为:Occupational Personality Questionnaire, SHL(现已被CEB收购)的“当家花旦”。

应用:在招聘领域用的非常广的一个职业性格测评,相信许多人在刚进入企业时就是做的这个测评。它以多个理论模型为基础,获得了N多企业包括500强企业的青睐。

SHL作为专业提供测评服务的公司,有近百种的测评工具,它在从招聘与聘用、员工发展到继任者规划的人才雇用周期中,通过卓越的人才智能与决策帮助客户提升企业绩效。除了OPQ,还有MQ、Verify、SJTs、DAP等众多主流测评。

5,DPA

全称为Dynamics Personality Assessment.。

DPA研究中心的代表产品DPA(三维性格动态管理系统),该系统也是基于气质理论结合荣格的人格分析理论的基础开发的,它将人的性格分为5大类别:黑桃的军事家,红桃的梦想家,梅花的和平家,方块的建筑家,整合的外交家。

应用:DPA由工作、家庭、个人三个系统组成,多维度的分析能够让人们更好的认识和了解自己,塑造幸福和谐的家庭关系,可以帮助企业老板和高级管理人员提升性格领导力,知人善任的组合与激励不同类型和动力的员工,打造优势动力企业团队,有效降低员工流失率,提升员工忠诚度,激发员工行动力,提升企业绩效。作为运用性格知识优化个人状态,启动人性动力的人才驱动系统,在选拔、招聘、绩效提升、建设团队等方面都有较多的运用。

6,Learning Agility。

思维敏锐度,它被定义为“从经验当中学习并应用到新的情景的能力”,是光辉国际(Korn Ferry)的一个主打系列产品。

应用:Learning Agility作为一个有效衡量潜力的工具往往被运用在人才高潜力发展中,Learning Agility Architect就将思维敏锐度分为5个维度:人际、变革、结果、心智和自我意识,通过3种测评viaEDGE、Choices、Learning from ExperienceInterview Guide涵盖了多方面的应用。

光辉国际另外也有一些比较出名的测评,比如用来测评自我情感认知、控制能力及人际关系处理能力的Decision Dynamics、分析职业动机和职业价值观的Career Value等。

7,HA

全称为Harrison Assessment,哈里森测评。版权归属Harrison Assessment International.。

HA方法结合了行为理论(Enjoyment-Performance Theory),矛盾论("Psychologicalopposites" Theories),它被设计的初衷就是为了帮助企业对人力资本进行最优化。

应用:HA衡量4个方面的78个适合性因素:个性特征、任务喜好、兴趣和工作环境喜好,现在成为了选择,招聘和发展领导人/经理的一个极好的工具。

8,PDP

全称为:Professional Dyna-Metric Programs,一个行为风格测评,起源于多个经典的诸如“智力理论”“特质理论”等理论和研究。

应用:被一些媒体夸誉为现今全球涵盖范围最广、精确度最高的人力资源诊断系统。它通过问卷测试的形式把人的性格大致分成了老虎型、孔雀型、无尾熊型、猫头鹰型、变色龙型5种。跟前两个测评一样,PDP也在企业的很多方面中被应用,而应用相对较广的是在中高层的招聘、团队建设和激励中。

9,FIROB

FIROB是基本(Fundamental)、人际(Interpersonal)、关系(Relations)、定位(Orientation)、行为(Behavior)首字母的组合,它“探究你与他人互动的典型方式”。FIROB与包含、控制、情感等三个定位相关。每一个定位是人们相对于他人所采取的行为方式的方面。

应用:这个行为风格测评从分析人际需求出发,有效地帮助提升人在组织环境内的表现和成长,因此在提升领导力、团队建设、冲突管理、教练辅导方面有着非常好的效果。

作为CPP的一个测评工具,同时也可以与其提供的MBTI、CPI等工具一起使用。

10,Caliper Profile。

它是Caliper的核心测评系统,理论起源来自于一句话:技能能被教授,但是态度和动机却不能。

应用:针对企业,涉及招聘甄选、员工发展、团队建设以及组织发展,涵盖面较广。Caliper注重产品的研发,探讨能力、个性对工作绩效的影响,测评结果会对个人的自然力量,动机,作为特定角色成功需要的潜力进行研究,它在招聘、人才发展、企业文化方面有着最多的应用。

Caliper First Step作为一个销售和服务潜力的测评也有着不错的口碑。

11,HoganLead

霍根测评是一套专业的专注于性能相关行为的个性评定工具,由Robert Hogan博士在20世纪70年代所发表著名的「Hogan人格测评」所发展出的,该测评工具被誉为第一个专门针对商业组织应用的人格测量工具。直至今天仍在为众多企业和组织提供针对人格的测评服务,尤其是在领导力方面的测评。

Hogan Lead是霍根测评系列产品中专注于领导力的一个测评,另外还有Hogan Select、Hogan Develop等系列测评。

应用:作为目前市场上主流的领导力测评,霍根领导力通过分析潜力、挑战、价值观等信息,让领导者清楚地理解他们的工作表现和核心驱动因素,并为他们提供战略层面的自我认识,令良好的领导变成伟大的领导。

12,LEA

全称为LeadershipEffectivenessAnalysis.。

MRG(ManagementResearch Group)的领导力测评工具,是MRG创始人Mahoney博士在结合心理学和观察企业情景中的领导行为中发现的一个效能实现路径。通过诊断评估可以提供一个清晰的洞察力:指出需要的改变,并且指明改变的方向。

应用:该测评专门测量在组织关系中个体行为方式的复杂性和丰富性。通过定义领导者角色的6项功能:建立愿景、发展追随力、实施愿景、达成结果、贯彻执行、团队合作,量身定制个人发展计划,真正发挥领导效能。

MRG的SPA(Sales Performance Assessment)作为销售评估工具在不同行业也有广泛的使用,它分析了销售人员的外在因素,建立了一个6项驱动+18项实践的模型,同样提供给个体销售和团队销售一个清晰的洞察力。

13,GMI

全称为Global Mindset Inventory,全球思维量表。

应用:灰常高大上的一个测评,由Thunderbird下的Najafi Global Mindset Institute推出,此测评衡量智力、心理、社交3方面的9种能力,旨在帮助培养企业中全球领导者影响个人、团队和组织的能力,摆脱本土化思维,融入到全球化环境中。

14,SPM

全称为Raven's Standard Progress Matrice,瑞文标准推理测验。

它属于非文字智力测验,用以测验一个人的观察力及清晰思维的能力,该测验的理论假设源于斯皮尔曼的能力二因素理论(C.Spearman)。该理论认为能力主要由一般因素(G)和特殊因素(S)组成。前者体现在所有的智力活动中,人人都有,水平各异,决定了人的聪明程度;后者则对应于各种特定的活动。

应用:该测验具有较高的信度和效度,施测时间短,结果解释直观、简单,标准测验经常被用于智能诊断和人才的选拔与培养的辅助测评。此外也有适合低年龄儿童和智力落后者的彩色推理测验(CPM)以及适用于高智力水平者的高级推理测验(APM)。

15,HBDI

全称为Herrmann Brain Dominance Instrument,全脑优势测评,由美国的奈德·赫曼博士于1976年在一系列生理学、医学研究的基础上创立,用于测评人的大脑思维偏好。并且很快的发展出全球至今仍沿用的全脑模型(Whole Brain Thinking),一个很不错的智力测试。

应用:全脑模型的4种方式为逻辑型、组织型、交流型和空想型。人们有差别明显的方法来认知吸收信息,做出决定和解决问题。一旦一个人了解了他自己的思维风格方式,那么用来提高交流,领导能力,组织能力,处理问题能力,决策能力和其他个人和人与人之间的发展的方面的大门就敞开了。因此它在个人成长、了解自我、管理、销售、沟通、研发、辅导、教学、设计、教练等多方面都有广泛的应用。

来源:《人力资源杂志》

关于动物的英语文章.的相关图片

关于动物的英语文章.

可以参考下面这个 不知道是否都你有用。

<<欧美教育理论与实验>>致中国投稿作者。

欧美教育理论与实验(European & American Educational Theory and Experiment, 简称EAEE)由美国学术联盟协会出版、(登记注册号:3142311),面向全球公开发行的学术理论刊物,国际标准ISSN:21630925,为核心期刊国际认证协会收录期刊,并通过www.usicij.org平台在线出版。投稿作者无需交纳论文审稿费和版面费,一经录用,酌致稿酬。

前言:

作者应保证英文投稿属首发,中文稿未被翻译成英文公开出版。为保护作者权益,本刊与作者签订出版合同。作者投稿必须遵守学术规范,请勿一稿多投、抄袭。作者投稿时应提交文稿的Word 文件,文章的中文题目、中文摘要和中文关键词,并提供准确的联系方式。

1投稿要求

1.1文稿

应具有实用性、科学性、创新性,设计合理。文字通畅简练。重点突出,数据准确,统计处理合理,结论可信。文稿一般不低于6000个单词。文稿应分为如下内容:标题,作者,单位,通讯作者姓名,地址,电话,传真, E-mail摘要,正文(包括引言,资料方法,结果,讨论),致谢,参考义献,图注,图表。

1.2文题

简明醒日,确切反映文章主要内容,通常不超过25个单词。

1.3作者署名和单位

作者姓名列于文题下。列入作者应是:①参与选题和设计,并是工作的主要实施或指导者;②论文的起草、修改者或提出关键性观点及主要内容的修改者;③能对编辑部的意见进行修改,并在学术界进行答辩者。单位:系指第1作者所在的工作单位,应注明地址及邮政编码;若是多单位多作者,应注明每位作者单位名称、地址及邮政编码。

1.4摘要

稿件的正文前面需附摘要。要求写成结构式摘要,其内容包括:目的,方法,结果,结论4部分。摘要般在300个单词以内。

1.5关键词

在摘要下面标引3-5个关键词,论文关键词的选取要简明扼要,切忌罗列过多。

1.6正文

正文文稿一般可按引言,材(资)料和方法,结果,讨论的格式撰写。

1.7表格和插图

图与表应少而精,并具有自明性。图应有图序、图题及图注(图题、图注用黑白体区分)。照片图要清晰,对比度适中,并适当编排(半栏不超过7cm,通栏不超过16,5cm)。表为三线表,应有表序、表题及表注。图及表中的字符以6号为宜。图表应随文排。

2正文格式

小标题 一般单独占行,居中;段首小标题,前空两格,后空一格。层次编码 依次使用一、二、三…;1.2.3.…;1)、2)…。也可使用1.1、1.2、1.3…的格式。 正文采用5号宋体字样打印。引文务请核实无误,并注明出处。

3注释

注解性内容分附注、脚注和夹注.。

3.1附注

一般注释采用附注的形式,即在正文需注释处的右上方按顺序加注数码1、2、3、…,在正文之后写明“附注”或“注释”字样,然后依次写出对应数码1、2、3、…和注文,回行时与上一行注文对齐。

3.2脚注

对标题的注释或对全篇文章的说明以脚注的形式处理,注号用*而不用阿拉伯数字,列在当页正文下,正文和脚注之间加一横线。其他同于一般注释。

3.3夹注

夹注可采用以下几种形式。

(作者姓/名年代:原文页码) 例如:随着语篇研究的深入,人们认识到“只有把交际过程的所有因素都包容进来时,语篇才能得到恰当的解释和描写”(Dogil et al, l996: 481)。

作者姓/名(年代:原文页码)例如:Leather (1983: 204)认为“音段音位层面的迁移是受本身制约的,而超音段音位层面的迁移具有聚集性,因此更为严重”。

(作者姓/名年代) 例如:研究表明,可控因素通常包括动机、观念和策略(Wen l993;文秋芳、王海啸1996)。

作者姓/名(年代) 例如:Halliday (1985)认为,从语言的使用角度看,情景语境中有三个因素最为重要。

4参考文献

英文以字母顺序排序,中文以拼音排序。应该逐字考虑作者的名字,比如,Macewerner就比McAfee靠前。如果两个以上的文献出于同一作者,先列出年份靠前的。如果有作者的资料既有单人的、又有合作的,那么单个作者的文献排于多个作者的文献之前。若没有作者,就将标题移至作者的位置,且目录按标题的第一个有效字母排列。如果有两个以上的文献属于同一作者和年份,则在年份后用a、b、c、d等区分它们。在正文中引用时,使用相应的年份和字母。比如:National Institute of Mental Health, (1994a), Bipolar Disorder[Brochure], Indianapolis, IN:Dista Products,National Institute of Mental Health,(1994b), Depression[Brochure], Indianapolis, IN: Dista Products,所有的参考文献使用“悬挂缩进”格式,杂志名称和书名使用斜体字;如果是参加学术会议的论文,则论文标题为斜体字。

4.1期刊

4.1.1只有一个作者的期刊

英文参考文献所必要的信息包括:作者的姓氏,名字和中间名字(若有的话)的大写字母,(出版年份), 论文标题, 杂志名称(使用斜体), 卷号, 所引页页码,注意:英文期刊每期均是起于第一页,在卷号后面用括号带数字标出期号。若不清楚出版日期,括号中写上“n,d”(即无日期)。同时要注意标点符号,姓氏之后是逗号“,”,名字字母之后是英文句号圆点“,”,年份带括号及圆点“,”,论文标题之后是圆点“,”,杂志名之后是逗号“,”,卷号及期号之后是逗号“,”,页码之后是圆点“,”。比如:Teri, L, (1982), Depression in adolescence: Its relationship toassertion and various aspects of self-image, Journal of Clinical Child Psychology, 11(2), 101-106,

中文参考文献所必要的信息包括:作者的姓名(出版年份)。论文标题。杂志名称(使用斜体),卷号,所引页页码。注意:中文期刊没有卷号的,用阿拉伯数字标出期号。若不清楚出版日期,括号中写上“无日期”。同样要注意标点符号,姓名之后接年份带括号,之后是句号“。”,论文标题之后是句号“。”,杂志名之后是逗号“,”,卷号或期号之后是逗号“,”,页码之后是句号“。”。比如:俞国良(1998)。学习不良儿童社会性发展与家庭资源因果关系的研究。心理科学,21(4),341-345。

4.1.2两个作者的期刊。

使用英文时,两名作者之间用“&”连接;使用中文时,两名作者之间使用“和”连接。比如:Sonne, J, L,, & Pope, K, S, (1991), Treating victims of therapist-patient involvement, Psychotherapy, 28, 174-187.。

4.2未发表的论文

引用未发表的论文时,论文标题使用斜体字。Borst, W, U, (1996), Guidelines for writing in APA style,Unpublished manuscript, Troy State University at Phenix City,雷雳(1999)。亲子沟通与儿童行为问题的关系。未发表手稿,首都师范大学。

4.3学术会议上发表的论文。

引用学术会议上发表的论文时,论文标题使用斜体字。论文标题之后表明该学术会议的名称及论文发表的形式,英文论文使用“Presentationat”或“Posterat”字样,中文论文使用“宣讲论文”或“张贴论文”字样。再之后是会议举办的地点(通常是城市)。Lei, L, & Wang, L,(2000, June), The difference ofself-regulated learning between LD and non-LD students, Poster atthe Second International Conference on Child and Adolescent MentalHealth, Kuala Lumpur.。

4.4国际论文摘要(DAI)及大学微缩胶片中的博士论文摘要。

Bower, D, L, (1993), Employee assistant programs supervisoryreferrals: Characteristics of referring and nonreferringsupervisors, Dissertation Abstracts International, 54 (01), 534B,(University Microfilms No, AAD93-15947)。

4.5书籍

所需信息:书的作者或编者, 出版年份,书名(使用斜体),出版机构所在地:出版机构,Elkind, D, (1978), The child's reality: Three developmental themes,New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates,郭德俊和雷雳(1998)。教育心理学概论。北京:警官教育出版社。注意:“出版机构所在地”通常是指其所在城市,之后接冒号“:”,再就是出版社名称加句号,英文用圆点。

4.6编辑的书

英文文献在编者后面加“(Ed,)”,中文在作者后面加“(编)”或“(主编)”。比如:Marshall, F, J, (Ed,), (1996), Common ground, Atlanta: Make BelievePublications.。

4.7编辑的书里的一篇论文。

所引用的论文标题不用斜体,只有书名用斜体;英文文献在论文标题后使用“In”,之后接编者名的字母及姓氏,这一顺序与单独引用时不同;中文文献在论文标题之后使用“载于”。另外,另外在书中的页码范围用圆括号标于书名之后。比如:Duckworth, J, C,, & Levitt, E, E, (1994), Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-2, In D, J, Keyser & R, C, Sweetland(Eds,), Test critiques: Vol, 10 (pp, 424- 428), Austin, TXro-Ed,雷雳(2000)。学习不良少年的自我概念与心理健康。载于陈烜之和梁觉(主编),迈进中的华人心理学(345-354页)。香港:中文大学出版社。

4.8团体作者

这是指团体或者组织为作者。同时,当出版者和作者相同时,英文文献在出版者处写“Author”,中文文献写“作者”。American Psychiatric Association, (1994), Diagnostic andstatistical manual of mental disorders (4th ed,), Washington, DC:Author.。

4.9杂志论文

每周出版的杂志要求有准确的日期;每月出版的要求有月份。Arie, M, (1996, October 8), Protecting yourself from evil E-mail,PC Magazine, 15, p, 192.。

4.10教育研究信息中心(ERIC)的文件。

论文标题使用斜体字。Simms, H, S, (1996), The title of the article goes here (Report No,NCRTL-XX-99-1), East Lansing, MI: National Center for Research onTeacher Learning, (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No, ED 888096)。

4.11只读光盘(CD-ROM)上的摘要。

作者(日期)。论文名[CD-ROM]。杂志名,期号,页码。摘要来源:原始资料和检索信息Author, I, (date), Title of article [CD-ROM], Title of Journal, xx,xx-xx, Abstract from: Source and retrieval information.。

4.12只读光盘(CD-ROM)上的全文。

Sears, S, W, (1994, Winter), The first news blackout, <Civil WarChronicles>, pp, 16-23, (From <History 1994> [SIRSResearcher CD-ROM Spring 1996], Art, No,35, Boca Raton, FL: SIRS,Inc, [Producer and Distributor],)。

4.13个人交流信息

这一类的信息可包括:备忘录、信件、讲稿、研讨会、访谈、电话交谈、电子邮件及其它类似信息。这些资料不可能重新获得,并且也不包含在参考文献中,只在文中引入个人信息。交流者姓的开头字母大写,并提供尽可能准确的日期。比如,W,U, Borst (personal communication, April 7,1997)说参考文献中不包括这些内容,或者使用(W,U,Borst, personal communication, April 7, 1997)。

4.14WWW网页

英文文献使用“From the World Wide Web:”,冒号后面接网址;中文文献使用“来自互联网:”或者“来自因特网:”,冒号后面接网址。另外,论文(或资料)的标题使用斜体字。比如:Dewey, R, (1996), APA publication manual crib sheet, From the World Wide Web: http://www,GaSoU,edu/psychweb/tipsheet/apacrib,htm,中国互联网络信息中心(2001,7月)。中国互联网发展状况统计报告。来自互联网:http://www,sina,com,cn。

5其他

5.1避免轻蔑或偏见的言词出现。英文不要用“man”指所有的成年人。

5.2提及人种时或某种人时,使用African, Americans, Native Americans,sexual orientation (not sexual preference), people with depressionand people with AIDS (not depressives or AIDS victims orsufferers), Asian Americans (not oriental),older persons (notelderly), lesbians and gay men (not homosexual)。

5.3避免单行成段。

5.4避免长段。一段不应超过一页。

5.5一般情况下使用具有科学性的杂志为参考。如:Journal of Counselingand Psychology, Journal of Educational Psychology, Journal ofPersonality and Social Psychology, Behavioral Neuroscience, Journalof the American Medical Association, etc,换句话说,避免使用流行观点、流行杂志等,如Time, Newsweek, USAToday, National Enquirer, Redbook, etc.。

欧美教育理论与实验

动物笑话(英文版)的相关图片

动物笑话(英文版)

Animals Need Protecting 。

Animals are natural resources that people have wasted all through our history. Animals have been killed for their fur and feathers, for food, for sport, and simply because they were in the way. Thousands of kinds of animals have disappeared from the earth forever. Hundreds more are on the danger list today. About 170 kinds in the United States aloneare considered in danger. 。

Why should people care? Because we need animals, and because once they are gone, there will never be any more.Animals are more than just beautiful or interesting. They are more than just a source of food. Every animal has its place in the balance of nature. Destroying one kind of animal can create many problems. For example, when farmers killed large numbers of hawks, the farmers' stores of corn and grain were destroyed by rats and mice. Why? Because hawks eat rats and mice, with no hawks to keep down their numbers, the rats and mice multiplied quickly. 。

Luckily, some people are working to help save the animals. Some groups raise money to let people know about the problem. And they try to get the governments to pass laws protecting animals in danger. Quite a few countries have passed laws. These laws forbid the killing of any animal or planton the danger list. Slowly, the number of some animals in danger is growing. 。

中文:

动物需要保护

动物是自然资源,在整个历史过程中,人类一直在糟蹋着这种资源。人们杀死动物,获得它们的皮毛,把它们当作食物或运动方式,或者只是因为它们碍事。成千上万种动物已经从这个地球上永远地消失了。现在另外上百种动物也上了濒危动物名单。仅荚国大概就有170种被认为处于危险当中。

为什么人们应该感到担忧呢?因为我们需要动物,因为它们一旦消失,就永远不会再出现。动物不仅仅是漂亮或有趣。它们不仅仅是人类的食物来源。在维持自然平衡中,每种动物都有其作用。毁灭某种动物会导致许多问题。比如,农民们如果杀死为数众多的鹰,他们谷物和粮食的仓库就会受到老鼠和田鼠的破坏。 为什么?因为鹰吃鼠类,没有鹰控制它们的数量,鼠类就会迅速繁殖。

幸运的是,有些人正在努力帮助拯救这些动物。有些组织筹钱以便人们了解这一问题。他们也努力使政府通过保护濒危动物的法律。很多国家已经通过了法律。这些法律禁止杀害濒危名单上的动植物。某些濒危动物的数目正在慢慢地不断上升。

英语作文 My faveroite food

Jokes About Animal 。

A cat with suspected Multiple Personality Disorder:。

As an experienced veterinary psychologist, I have treated many cats for a wide variety of conditions, including Feline Factitious Disorder (F.F.D.), Siamese Schizophrenia, Generalized Angora Anxiety Syndrome (G.A.A.S.), Hysterical Hairballs, Catnip Dependence, Finicky Personality Disorder, and of course, MPD (usually known as Feline Dissociative Disorder, multiple type).。

What small success I have had has been the product of rigorously applied Multiphasic Empathic Ontogenic Work (M.E.O.W.). It is demanding of both therapist and patient, but given sufficient motivation and an understanding owner, it is the only hope. 。

The first phase of treatment requires repeated application of Feline Exo-Empathic Dysphoric Mood Exercises (F.E.E.D.M.E.) until a stable period of at least one month has been established. The next phase begins the challenging of the fragmentation, and it entails the Lovingly Interpreted Transferential Topographic Entity Rapprochement By Observed Xenophobia maneuver (L.I.T.T.E.R.B.O.X.) in which the very fragmentation itself is made toxic to the cat. The final phase produces a single, intact personality through Positive Unified Reintegrated Reinforcement (P.U.R.R.), and though this phase can last upwards of two years, it is essential that it be performed unerringly with intensely focused purpose. A thorough exegesis of M.E.O.W. treatment can be found in my latest book, "Feline Analytic Theory & Character: Assessment and Technique" (F.A.T.C.A.T.).。

Marge was telling her friend Grace how she gets her son out of bed in the morning. "I just open his door and toss the cat on his bed. He sleeps with his dog."。

There once were two cats in Kilkenny。

And each thought there was one cat too many;。

So they quarreled and fit。

And they gouged and they bit。

Til, excepting their nails。

And the tips of their tails,。

Instead of two cats there weren't any.。

Can cats see in the dark? 。

Yes, but they have trouble holding the flashlight! 。

do you call a cat that has swallowed a duck? 。

A duck filled fatty puss.。

Pete: Have you ever seen a catfish? 。

Paul: Yes, i have 。

Pete: How did it hold the rod?。

A black and white cat crossed my path this morning, and since then my luck has been patchy。

Customer: Do you sell cats meat? 。

Butcher: Yes, as long as they are accompanied by a human being。

There was a man whose dog had died. Before he buried the dog, he took。

the dog to the vet to see if for sure the dog was dead.。

The vet says, Put him on the table here.。

He opened a door, a cat walked around the dog once and returned inside。

the little box and the vet close the door.。

The vet said, Yep, your dog's dead, that'll be 200 dollars.。

200 dollars, the man said, don't you think that's a little bit。

excessive just to tell me my dog's dead?。

The vet said, "Well, it's 40 dollars my fee, 160 for the cat scan."。

What do you call a cat that travels by train? 。

A com-Mew-ter

What happened to the cat that swallowed a ball of wool? 。

She had mittens 。

The U.S. Army attempts to explain the question:?Why did the chicken cross the road? 。

Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC):?The purpose is to familiarize the chicken with road-crossing procedures.?Road-crossing should be performed only between the hours of sunset and sunrise. Solo chickens must have at least three miles of visibility and a safety observer. 。

Special Forces Command:?The chicken crossed at a 90 degree angle to avoid prolonged exposure to a line of communication.?To achieve maximum surprise, the chicken should have performed this maneuver at night using NVGs (night vision goggles), preferably near a road bend in a valley. 。

Personnel Command (PERSCOM):?Due to the needs of the Army, the chicken was involuntarily reassigned to the other side of the road. This will be a 3-year controlled tour and we promise to give the chicken a good-deal assignment afterwards.?Every chicken will be required to do one road-crossing during its career, and this will not affect its opportunities for future promotion. 。

Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA):?Despite what you see on CNN, I can neither confirm nor deny any fowl performing acts of transit.?Questions? Please see the SSO. 。

ARMY FOREIGN TECHNOLOGY CENTER:?This event will need confirmation; we need to repeat it using varied chicken breeds, road types, and weather conditions to confirm whether it can actually happen within the parameters specified for chickens and the remote possibility that they might cross thruways designated by some as 'roads.'。

Fort Rucker:?The chicken should log this as a GCC sortie only if road-crossing qualified.?The crossing updates the chicken's 60-day road-crossing currency only if performed on a Monday or Thursday or during a full moon.?Instructor chickens may update currency any time they observe another chicken cross the road. 。

Forces Command (FORSCOM):?The purpose is not important.?What is important is that the chicken remained under the OPCON (operational control) of USCINCTRANS (U.S. Commander in Chief, Transportation Command) and did not CHOP to the theater on the other side of the road.?Without CHOPing the chicken was able to achieve a seamless road-crossing with near perfect, real-time in-transit visibility. 。

Theater Air Control Center (TACC):?We need the road-crossing time and the time the chicken becomes available for another crossing. 。

COMMAND POST:?What chicken?。

TOWER:?The chicken was instructed to hold short of the road. This road incursion incident was reported in a Hazardous Chicken Road-Crossing Report (HCRCR).?Please re-emphasize that chickens are required to read back all hold short instructions. 。

ARMY MATERIEL COMMAND (AMC):?Recent changes in technology, coupled with today's multipolar strategic environment, have created new challenges in the chicken's ability to cross the road.?The chicken was also faced with significant challenges to create and develop core competencies required for this new environment.?STRICOM has been asked to develop a Virtual Intensive Chicken Trainer Using ADA Language (VICTUALS).?Anticipated fielding of this device will possibly benefit the Army After Next (AAN) and certainly the NAATNA, (Next Army After The Next Army) initiatives. AMC's Chicken Systems Program Office (CSPO), in a partnering relationship with the client, helped the chicken by rethinking its physical distribution strategy and implementation processes. Using the Poultry Integration Model (PIM) CSPO helped the chicken use its skills, methodologies, knowledge capital and experiences to align the chicken's people, processes and technology in support of its overall strategy within a Program Management framework.?The CSPO convened a diverse cross-spectrum of road analysts and retired chickens along with MITRE consultants with deep skills in the transportation industry to engage in a two-day itinerary of meetings in order to leverage their personal knowledge and capital, both tacit and explicit, and to enable them to synergize with each other in order to achieve the implicit goals ofdelivering and successfully architecting and implementing an enterprise-wide value framework across the continuum of poultry cross-median processes. The meeting was held in a park-like setting enabling and creating an impactful environment which was strategically based, mission-focused, and built upon a consistent, clear, and unified Mission Need Statement and aligned with the chicken's mission, vision, and core values.?This was conducive towards the creation of a total business integration solution.?The Chicken Systems Program Office helped the chicken change to continue meeting its mission. 。

A librarian is working away at her desk when she notices that a chicken has come into the library and is patiently waiting in front of the desk. When the chicken sees that it has the librarian's attention, it squawks, "Book, book, book, BOOK!" 。

The librarian complies, putting a couple of books down in front of the chicken. The chicken quickly grabs them and disappears. 。

The next day, the librarian is again disturbed by the same chicken, who puts the previous day's pile of books down on the desk and again squawks, "Book, book, book, BOOK!" 。

The librarian shakes her head, wondering what the chicken is doing with these books, but eventually finds some more books for the chicken. The chicken disappears. 。

The next day, the librarian is once again disturbed by the chicken, who squawks (in a rather irritated fashion, it seems), "Book, book, book, BOOK!" By now, the librarian's curiosity has gotten the better of her, so she gets a pile of books for the chicken, and follows the bird when it leaves the library. She follows it through the parking lot, down the street for several blocks, and finally into a large park. The chicken disappears into a small grove of trees, and the librarian follows. On the other side of the trees is a small marsh. The chicken has stopped on the side of the marsh. The librarian, now really curious, hurries over and sees that there is a small frog next to the chicken, examining each book, one at a time. The librarian comes within earshot just in time to hear the frog saying, "Read it, read it, read it..."。

Which came first, the chicken or the egg?。

The rooster.

A chicken and an egg are lying in bed.。

The chicken is smoking a cigarette with a satisfied smile on it's face and the egg is frowning and looking a bit pissed off.。

The egg mutters, to no one in particular, "Well, I guess we answered THAT question..."。

A chicken walked into a bookshop, up to the counter, looked the sales assistant in the eye and said "Buk!".。

The assistant, somewhat taken aback, grabbed a book off of the best seller shelf, placed in on the counter and said "Book". To the assistant's surprise the chicken then paid for the book, took it and left the shop.。

Next day the chicken returned to the bookshop, walked over to the sales assistant and said "Buk! buk!".。

The puzzled assistant gave a shrug, picked two more books from the shelf, placed them on the counter and said "Book book". Once again the chicken paid up, took the two books and left the shop.。

Third day the chicken again entered the bookshop, walked over to the sales assistant and said "Buk! buk! buk!".。

Now the sales assistant just can't figure out what a chicken would want with books, but a sale is a sale so he selects three more books for the chicken, places them on the counter and says "Book book book". As expected the chicken pays up, takes the three books, and leaves the shop.。

The sales assistant can no longer contain his curiosity so he decides to follow the chicken and find out what the hell is going on. Grabbing a jacket he hurriedly closes and locks the shop, just in time to see the chicken turning the corner at the end of the road. Running to the corner he sees the chicken in the distance entering the local park. Running to the park he enters through the gates and spots the chicken way over the other side near to the pond. Running through the park he finally catches up with the chicken near some rushes at the edge of the pond. The sales assistant is really breathless now and can't speak to the chicken so he just watches while the chicken gives each book, one at a time, to a toad by the waterside. Each time the chicken passes a book to the toad the toad looks at the cover and says "Redit, redit, redit"。

Three guys are finalists for one position with the CIA. The candidates are told that for the last phase of the selection process they will need to bring their wives in. "We need to know some things about your home life", they are told.。

No problem, all three men bring in their wives the next day. The three wives are placed in separate rooms, as are the candidates. The CIA interviewers go into the room with the first candidate:。

"Sometimes CIA agents are asked to do things that seem wrong to them. We need to know for sure that your conscience will not get in the way of our objectives, and that you'll be able to carry out whatever task we ask of you."。

With that, one of the interviewers pulls out a gun. "Go into the other room and kill your wife", are the instructions he gives.。

"What, are you crazy?" he responds. "I've got two great kids and I love my wife. You can keep your stinkin' job!" And with that, he takes his wife and removes himself from consideration.。

The agents approach the second candidate with the same explanation and instruction.。

"You've got to be kidding!" he exclaims. "We've been married for 30 years. I couldn't be happier with her. Screw you and your job!" And, with that, he takes his wife and removes himself from consideration.。

Finally, the agents approach the last candidate and give him the same explanation and instruction.。

Instantly, he darts out of the room with the gun and into the room where his wife is. Six quick shots are fired. After a brief silence, the agents could hear all kinds of crashing noises. Finally the candidate emerges from the room all frazzled and bloody.。

"What happened in there?" the agents ask.。

The candidate responds, "Some idiot put blanks in that gun. I had to strangle the bitch!"。

I was driving through the country, and there were some cows by the side of the road. We're all mature adults, so we've all done this: I leaned my head out of the car window, and yelled, "Moooooo!" Like we expect that cow to be thinking, "Hey, there's a cow driving that car! How can he afford that?"。

What do you call a cow that has had an abortion? Decaffeinated.。

How does a rancher manage his accounts? On a cowculator.。

what do you call a cow that has had an abortion ? =。

decaffeinated.

What do you call a cow with no legs?。

Ground beef.

原文地址:http://www.qianchusai.com/Multiphasic-170.html

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