triumvirate-60

刘耀文的大沙雕

2023-02-20 05:19

问题描述：罗马的英语介绍本篇文章给大家谈谈一个有趣的事情，以及一个有趣的事情，希望对各位有所帮助，不要忘了收藏本站喔。

钟意阿满

2023-02-20 05:19

古罗马分为几个时期

triumvirate-60的相关图片

Rome, Ital. Roma, city (1991 pop. 2,775,250), capital of Italy and see of the pope, whose residence, Vatican City, is a sovereign state within the city of Rome. Rome is also the capital of Latium, a region of central Italy, and of Rome prov. It lies on both banks of the Tiber and its affluent, the Aniene, in the Campagna di Roma, between the Apennine Mts. and the Tyrrhenian Sea. Called the Eternal City, it is one of the world's richest cities in history and art and one of its great cultural, religious, and intellectual centers.。

The rise of Rome from an insignificant pastoral settlement to perhaps the world's most successful empire—supreme as a lawgiver and organizer, holding sway over virtually all the then-known world W of Persia, on which it left a permanent imprint of its material and cultural achievements—is one of the great epics of history. Whatever its fortunes throughout history, Rome has remained the symbol of European civilization. Because of the complexity of the subject matter, the following article is divided into several sections, and additional information will be found in the articles to which there are cross references. See also Roman art; Roman architecture; Latin literature; Roman religion.。

The Modern City。

In the past half century Rome has expanded well beyond the walls started in the 3d cent. by Emperor Aurelian, and it now extends north to the Aniene. Long sections of the ancient walls have been preserved, however, and archaeology remains an essential element of modern city-planning in Rome. Ancient marble columns and ruins rising beside modern apartments and offices, noisy boulevards, and luxurious villas and gardens characterize the modern city of Rome. As in ancient times, the larger section of Rome lies on the left bank of the Tiber, which intersects the city in three wide curves and is spanned by over 20 bridges.。

Economy

As in ancient times Rome is a center of transportation. It is the focus of international traffic by road, rail, sea (at the port of Civitavecchia), and air (at Leonardo da Vinci international airport at Fiumicino) and is as well a cultural, religious, political, and commercial center of international importance. Public transportation in Rome is provided by an elaborate bus system. A subway, the Metropolitana, was opened in 1955. Rome's large number of automobiles has caused serious traffic congestion, and in the 1970s and 80s various attempts were made to deal with the problem, including the banning of traffic in certain parts of the city. The economy of Rome depends to a very large extent on the tourist trade. The city is also a center of banking, insurance, printing, publishing, and fashion. Italy's movie industry (founded in 1936) is located at nearby Cinecitta.。

Landmarks and Institutions。

Aside from modern residential quarters, the right-bank section of Rome contains Vatican City, including Saint Peter's Church, the Castel Sant' Angelo, and the ancient quarter of Trastevere. In describing the larger left-bank section one may use the Piazza Venezia, a central square, as a convenient point of departure. It lies at the foot of the old Capitol (see Capitoline Hill) and borders on the huge monument to King Victor Emmanuel II and on the Palazzo Venezia, a Renaissance palace from the balcony of which Mussolini used to address the crowds. A broad avenue, the Via dei Fori Imperiali, runs from the Piazza Venezia SE to the Colosseum, leaving the Emperors' Fora and at a distance the Church of St. Peter in Chains (San Pietro in Vincoli) to the left, and the Capitol and the ancient Forum to the right. From the Colosseum the Via di San Gregorio continues south past the Arch of Constantine and the Baths of Caracalla to the Appian Way. There, as in other places on the outskirts of Rome, are large catacombs. From the Piazza Venezia another modern thoroughfare, the Via del Mare, leads southwestward to the Tiber and then east past the Basilica of St. Paul's Outside the Walls (San Paolo fuori le Mure) to Ostia, Rome's ancient port now blocked by silt, to the sea at Lido di Roma.。

The narrow and busy Via del Corso leads N from the Piazza Venezia past the Piazza Colonna (now the heart of Rome) to the Piazza del Popolo at the gate of the old Flaminian Way. East of the Piazza del Popolo are the Pincian Hill, commanding one of the finest views of Rome, and the famous Borghese Villa. In the widest westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Via del Corso, is the Campo Marzio quarter (anciently, Campus Martius), where most of the medieval buildings are located; there also are the Pantheon (now a church) and the parliament buildings. To the east of the Via del Corso the fashionable Via Condotti leads to the Piazza di Spagna; a flight of 132 steps ascends from that square to the Church of the Santa Trinità dei Monti and the Villa Medici. The Quirinal palace is NE of the Piazza Venezia. In the southeastern section, near the gate of San Giovanni, are the Lateran buildings.。

As an educational center Rome possesses—aside from the Univ. of Rome (founded 1303)—the colleges of the church, several academies of fine arts, and the Accademia di Santa Cecilia (founded 1584), the world's oldest academy of music. The opera house is one of Europe's grandest. The various institutes of the Univ. of Rome were formerly scattered throughout the city but were transferred in 1935 to the northeastern section.。

Among the countless churches of Rome there are five patriarchal basilicas—St. Peter's, St. John Lateran, St. Mary Major (Santa Maria Maggiore), St. Lawrence Outside the Walls, and St. Paul's Outside the Walls. With the exception of St. Mary Major, the basilicas and other ancient churches occupy the sites of martyrs' tombs. Characteristic of the old Roman churches are their fine mosaics (4th–12th cent.) and the use of colored marble for decoration, introduced in the 12th cent. by the workers in marble known as Cosmati. Rome's first mosque opened in 1995.。

Among Rome's many palaces and villas the Farnese Palace (begun 1514) and the Farnesina (1508–11) are particularly famous; others, all dating from the 17th cent., are those of the great Roman families, the Colonna, Chigi, Torlonia, and Doria. Rome is celebrated for its beautiful Renaissance and baroque fountains, such as the ornate Fontana di Trevi (18th cent.). Its richest museums and libraries are in the Vatican. Others include the National (in the Villa Giulia), Capitoline, and Torlonia museums, notable for their antiquities; and the Borghese, Corsini, Doria, and Colonna collections of paintings.。

Rome before Augustus。

Ancient Rome was built on the east, or left, bank of the Tiber on elevations (now much less prominent) emerging from the marshy lowlands of the Campagna. The seven hills of the ancient city are the Palatine, roughly in the center, with the Capitoline to the northwest and the Quirinal, Viminal, Esquiline, Caelian, and Aventine in an outlying north-southwest curve. The Pincian, N of the Quirinal, is not included among the seven. In the westward bend of the Tiber, W of the Quirinal, lies the Martian Field (Campus Martius), facing the Vatican across the Tiber. On the side of the Tiber opposite the Palatine is the Janiculum, a ridge running north and south, which was fortified in early times.。

Early in the first millennium B.C. the Tiber divided the Italic peoples from the Etruscans in the north and west (see Etruscan civilization). Not far to the north were the borders between the Sabines and the Latins; the Sabines were closely related to Roman life from the very beginning. The hills of Rome, free from the malaria that had been the bane of the low-lying plains of Latium, were a healthful and relatively safe place to live and a meeting ground for Latins, Sabines, and Etruscans. In the 8th cent. B.C., the fortified elevation of the Palatine was probably taken by Etruscans, who amalgamated the tiny hamlets about the Palatine into a city-state. Tradition tells of the founding of Rome by Romulus in 753 B.C. (hence the dating ab urbe condita, or AUC, i.e., from the founding of the city), and of the Tarquin family, the Etruscan royal house. It was probably Etruscan rule that civilized Rome and gave it the hegemony of Latium.。

The Roman Republic。

The Romans overthrew their foreign rulers c.500 B.C. and established the Roman republic, which lasted four centuries. The patrician class controlled the government, but the plebs (who comprised by far the major portion of the population) were allowed to elect the two patrician consuls, who held joint power. The vitality of the patricians was remarkable, and long after political power had been granted to the plebs, experienced patricians continued to govern Rome.。

As the majority realized its power and the aristocracy continued its rule, the people demanded (and received) privilege after privilege; the greatest were the election of plebeian tribunes (see tribune) and the codification (c.450 B.C.) of the Twelve Tables. With the growth of the city, multiplication of consular duties called for new officials: quaestor, praetor, and censor. The three popular assemblies, or comitia, developed slowly, but they quietly abstracted legislative power from the patricians. The ancient senate, theoretically the supreme power of the state, became more and more powerful until in the 3d cent. B.C. it controlled the consuls completely.。

Although the Roman republic was never a true democracy, historians have modified the traditional view that it was the tool of a powerful aristocracy and have acknowledged that the system had open aspects beyond the control of the ruling class. It remains true, however, that it was under senatorial administration that Rome began its march to world supremacy and that in the end the senate was crushed under the weight of the huge problems of empire.。

The Subduing of Italy。

In the 4th cent. B.C., Rome extended its influence over W Latium and S Etruria; during the course of that century and the next, Rome came in full contact with Greek culture, which modified Roman life tremendously. The idea of the old Roman courage and morality, however, was kept alive by such staunch conservatives as Cato the Elder. The power of the city may be inferred from the tremendous impression the sack of Rome (390 B.C.) by the Gauls made in subsequent times.。

The Samnites were subdued in the wars dated conventionally 343–341 B.C., 326–304 B.C., and 298–290 B.C., and the inhabitants of Picenum, Umbria, Apulia, Lucania, and Etruria were pacified. The Roman policy in subduing Italy was that of a master toward slaves. Tarentum, besieged by the Romans, called for the aid of Pyrrhus of Epirus; he won victories at Heraclea (280 B.C.) and Asculum (279 B.C.), but after a dispute with his Italian allies he returned to Greece, leaving the Romans masters of central and S Italy.。

Conquests Overseas and to the East。

Rome, previously a continental power, began to look seaward in the 3d cent. B.C. Sicily, a granary of the ancient world, was an obvious goal, but Rome's rapid conquests could not continue there without meeting the like ambitions of Carthage, which ruled the W Mediterranean. The Punic Wars were thus inevitable, and in this titanic struggle the fate of Carthage and the destiny of Rome were decided. Although Carthage had the great general Hannibal, Rome fought with the resources of Italy behind it and had such leaders as Scipio Africanus Major. Rome gained from the Punic Wars dominion over Spain, Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, and the northern shores of Africa, indisputable hegemony in the Mediterranean, and an insatiable desire for conquest.。

With Carthage humbled, the Roman republic turned its attention eastward. Philip V of Macedon was defeated after two campaigns (215–205 B.C., 200–197 B.C.), and Antiochus III of Syria was conquered at Magnesia (190 B.C.); eventually the defeat of Perseus (171–168 B.C.) made Macedonia a Roman province. Greece did not become a Roman province, but the brief opposition of the Achaean League was disposed of, and the Greeks became subject to Rome. Egypt acknowledged vassalship to the republic in 168 B.C.。

Effects of Expansion。

The rapid expansion of Roman dominion, however, had terrible effects at home. The provinces were governed by the senate for the benefit not of Rome but of the senatorial class; enormous wealth (by graft and by trade) flowed into the hands of the senators, who used it exclusively to their own advantage. The equites (see knight), a class of financiers, came into its own through management of imperial trade. Class dissension was rife, and in spite of agrarian laws the masses were daily more dissatisfied. The slaves in Sicily rebelled twice (c.134–132 B.C., c.104–101 B.C.), and the Gracchus brothers in a political victory tried to make the populace more powerful, but such defiance was to no avail. Massacres and incredible barbarities disposed of the slaves' restlessness, and the Gracchi were assassinated (133 and 121 B.C.).。

Marius defeated Jugurtha (106 B.C.) and the Cimbri and the Teutons (101 B.C.), and he heralded a new era by definitively introducing Roman arms into Transalpine Gaul. Rome was forced by the Social War (90–88 B.C.) to extend citizenship widely in Italy, but the republic was nevertheless doomed. A slave revolt led by Spartacus was put down mercilessly. Marius, the idol of the populace, used proscription to rid himself of his foes, but Sulla, a conservative, destroyed Marius' party by the same method.。

Julius Caesar

After Sulla's retirement his lieutenant Pompey emerged as a popular champion. He abolished some of Sulla's reactionary measures, suppressed Mediterranean piracy, and made himself master of Rome. His defeat of Mithradates VI brought Pontus, Syria, and Phoenicia under Roman dominion.。

On Pompey's return from the East, he found an ally for his ambitions in Julius Caesar, a popular democratic leader of the best patrician blood. With Marcus Licinius Crassus to furnish the funds, Pompey and Caesar formed the First Triumvirate (60 B.C.), and Caesar departed to make himself immortal in the Gallic Wars. Within ten years Caesar and Pompey fell out; Pompey joined the senatorial party, and Caesar (as the champion of the people and of republican legality) led his devoted army against Pompey. Pharsalus was the result (48 B.C.), and Caesar was master of Rome.。

He governed through the old institutions, with wisdom and vigor. His territorial additions were the most important ever made, for his conquest and organization of Gaul placed Rome in the role of civilizer of barbarians as well as ruler of the older world. The age of Caesar was a great period in Roman culture, and the cosmopolitan Roman was considered the ideal. Greek was the language of much of the empire, and Greek literature became fashionable. Even more influential was Greek thought, which served to destroy Roman religion and to open the Romans to the Eastern cults, which were enormously popular for years. Cicero, an urbane lawyer and philosopher of broad culture, was typical of the period.。

At the death (44 B.C.) of Caesar, the territories ruled by Rome included Spain (except part of the northwest), Gaul, Italy, part of Illyria, Macedonia, Greece, W Asia Minor, Bithynia, Pontus, Cilicia, Syria, Cyrenaica, Numidia, and the islands of the sea, and Rome completely controlled Egypt and Palestine. The rule of Caesar marked an epoch, for it completed the destruction of the republic and laid the foundations of the empire.。

The Roman Empire。

Augustus and the Pax Romana。

Caesar's assassination brought anarchy, out of which the Second Triumvirate emerged with the rule of Octavian (later Augustus), Antony, and Lepidus. Octavian was Caesar's nephew, ward, and heir, and his true successor. At Actium (31 B.C.) he defeated Antony and Cleopatra and made the empire one. No change was made in the government, but Octavian received from the senate the title Augustus and from the people life tribuneship; this, with the governorship of all the provinces conferred by the senate, made him the real ruler. He was called imperator [commander] and princeps [leader] and is usually considered the first Roman emperor. (For a list of the Roman Emperors from Augustus to the fall of Rome and the years they reigned, see the table entitled Rulers of the Roman Empire.)。

Augustus organized provincial government and the army, rebuilt Rome, and patronized the arts and letters. His rule began a long period (200 years) of peace, called the Pax Romana. During this time the Roman Empire was the largest it would ever be; its boundaries included Armenia, middle Mesopotamia, the Arabian desert, the Red Sea, Nubia, the Sahara, the Moroccan mountain mass, the Atlantic Ocean, the Irish Sea, Scotland, the North Sea, the Rhine, the Danube, the Black Sea, and the Caucasus. Augustus' chief additions to the empire were a strip along the North Sea W of the Elbe and part of the Danubian area.。

The blessings of peace were great for the empire. The extensive system of Roman roads made transportation easier than it was again to be until the development of railroads. A postal service was developed closely tied in with the organization of the army. Commerce and industry were greatly developed, particularly by sea, over which grain ships carried food for Rome and the West from the ports of northern Africa. The Roman Empire became under Augustus one great nation. The enlarged view of the world made a great impression on Rome, where literary and artistic interests were of importance, although nearly always tending to imitation of Greece and of the East.。

Augustus died A.D. 14 and was succeeded by his stepson Tiberius; his general Germanicus Caesar fought fruitlessly in Germany. Caligula, who followed, was a cruel tyrant (A.D. 37–A.D. 41); he was succeeded by Claudius I (A.D. 41–A.D. 54), who was dominated by his wives, but during his rule half of Britain was conquered (A.D. 43). In his time Thrace, Lydia, and Judaea were made Roman provinces. His stepson Nero (A.D. 54–A.D. 68) was an unparalleled tyrant. In his reign occurred the great fire of Rome (A.D. 64), attributed (probably falsely) to Nero; it burnt everything between the Caelian, the Palatine, and the Esquiline, but it was a boon to the city, for Nero moved the population to the right bank of the Tiber, then very thinly populated, and rebuilt the region with broader streets and great buildings.。

At that time an entirely new element, Christianity, made itself felt in Rome. On Nero's orders a barbarous persecution took place in which many Christians died, among them St. Peter and St. Paul. Throughout the Roman Empire the Christians expanded steadily for the next centuries. Their conflict with the empire, which brought on them continual persecution, was chiefly a result of the Christian refusal to offer divine honors to the emperors. But Christianity penetrated the army and the royal household in spite of the constant danger of detection and persecution. There were many periods in the first three centuries when Christians worshiped openly, even in Rome, where the catacombs housed not only graves but also churches.。

With Nero the Julio-Claudian line ended. There was a brief struggle (see Galba; Otho; Vitellius) before Vespasian (A.D. 69–A.D. 79) became emperor. Under him his son Titus destroyed Jerusalem (A.D. 70); Titus then briefly succeeded his father. After his mild, rather benign rule, his brother Domitian (A.D. 81–A.D. 96), a despot and persecutor of Christians, gained the empire. In Domitian's reign Agricola conquered Britain almost entirely. Domitian was unsuccessful in his dealings with the Daci and finally bought them off. After Nerva came Trajan (A.D. 98–A.D. 117), one of the greatest of emperors. Trajan undertook great public works, defeated the Daci and established Roman colonies there (in what is now modern。

抱起亚轩找小葵

2023-02-20 05:19

ZEBRA ZM400的详细参数的相关图片

ZEBRA ZM400的详细参数

三个，王政时期，共和时期，帝国时期。

一、王政时期

从公元前8世纪至公元前6世纪末，这个时期称为“王政时期”。先后有七个“国王”统治着罗马，其中有拉丁人，有萨宾人，亦有伊达拉里亚人，除了王权之外，此时的罗马政治体制还包括公民大会和元老院。

二、共和时期

从公元前509年到公元前27年，在这个时期，国王由两名选举产生的称为“执政官”的官员所取代，两个执政官互相牵制，元老院的地位由于控制了公共资财并有权否决公民大会的所有措施而提高了。

三、帝国时期

公元前27年到公元476年罗马处于帝国时期。在罗马由共和向帝制转变的过程中，中间有一种过渡形态。公元前27年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊号。他直接控制行省的总督，规定税收标准，严密控制军队。通过中央集权制度的建设，屋大维建立了有效的行政管理体系，确保了200多年的稳定。

扩展资料：

古罗马人生活在伊特鲁里亚的南方地区，所以受到了伊特鲁里亚的文明影响，所以也形成了一种文明，其中包括歌舞、说唱娱乐项目，而在公元前580年，古罗马人开始吸取古希腊的文明，直到公元前510年，古罗马得到了解放之后，便进入了共和时期了，随着对外的频繁交往，从古希腊中吸取精华，进而建立起了民族文学。

410年，西哥特人兵临罗马城下，罗马城内的奴隶乘机造反，西哥特人占领了罗马城。452年，匈奴军队进犯意大利；455年，汪达尔人又攻占了罗马城。476年9月，罗马的日耳曼雇佣兵首领多亚克废黜了罗马末代皇帝罗慕卢斯·奥古斯图卢斯，西罗马帝国灭亡。

参考资料来源：百度百科-古罗马。

大圣杰锅是

2023-02-20 05:19

怎样了解自己的英语水平？的相关图片

怎样了解自己的英语水平？

分辨率

203 dpi（8 点/毫米）

300 dpi（12 点/毫米）

600 dpi（23.5 点/毫米）

内存

16 MB DRAM

8 MB 闪存

64 MB 原厂配置的板载闪存（可选）

打印宽度

4.09 英寸/104 毫米

打印长度

203 dpi 打印长度：157 英寸（3988 毫米）

300 dpi 打印长度：73 英寸（1854 毫米）

600 dpi 打印长度：39 英寸（991 毫米）

打印宽度

4.09 英寸/104 毫米

打印长度

203 dpi 打印长度：157 英寸（3988 毫米）

300 dpi 打印长度：73 英寸（1854 毫米）

600 dpi 打印长度：39 英寸（991 毫米）

打印速度

203 dpi：10 英寸（254 毫米）/秒。

300 dpi：8 英寸（203 毫米）/秒。

600 dpi：4 英寸（102 毫米）/秒。

介质传感器

反射式和传输式

介质类型

黑标纸、连续纸、模切纸、折叠纸、有凹口的纸、穿孔纸、tag 材料工作温度。

TT：工作温度 40° F /5° C 至 104° F /40° C，热转印。

DT：工作温度 32° F /0° C 至 104° F /40° C，热敏。

存储温度：-40° F (-40° C) 至 140° F (60° C)。

工作湿度：20-85% R.H.（无冷凝）

存储湿度：5-85% R.H.（无冷凝）

电气参数：通用自动可检测电源（符合 PFC 规定），90-265 VAC 最大标签和衬纸宽度。

4.5 英寸（114 毫米）— 扯纸和切纸。

4.25 英寸（108 毫米）— 剥离和回卷。

最小标签和衬纸宽度：1英寸（25.4 毫米） — 扯纸和切纸、剥离和回卷。

最大标签和衬纸长度：39 英寸（991 毫米）

最大介质卷直径：8 英寸（203 毫米）

卷芯直径：3 英寸（76 毫米）

介质厚度：0.0023 英寸（0.058 毫米）到 0.010 英寸（0.25 毫米）外径：3.2 英寸（81.3 毫米）

标准长度：1476 英尺（450 米）或 984 英尺（300 米）

比率：3:1 介质卷与碳带比率。

条码碳带宽度：2 英寸（51 毫米）到 4.33 英寸（110 毫米）

碳带设置：碳带墨面向外卷绕或向内卷绕（只可选择其中一种配置）

卷芯内径：1.0 英寸（25.4 毫米）宽度：10.9 英寸（278 毫米）

高度：13.3 英寸（338 毫米）

深度：18.7 英寸（475 毫米）

重量：32.4 磅（15 千克）

装运重量：49 磅（22 千克） IEC 60950 EN 55022 Class B。

EN55024

EN 61000-3-2

EN 61000-3-3 选项。

300 dpi（12 点/毫米）打印头。

600 dpi（23.5 点/毫米）打印头。

64 MB 原厂配置的板载闪存（58 MB 供用户使用）

带有接收盘的切纸器

可剥离（向前衬纸，可选被动剥离，无需衬纸卷取）

衬纸卷取的剥离

回卷，可将所有标签向内卷回到 3 英寸的卷芯上（具有更高的非标准打印机底座）

支持碳带墨面向内卷绕

RFID 现场升级套件 — 由授权服务提供商安装或返厂。

ZebraDesigner

ZebraDesigner Pro。

ZebraDesigner for XML。

ZebraNet Bridge Enterprise。

支持 XML 的打印

打印头转换工具

ZebraCare 扩的保修服务。

欧洲和亚洲字体集

APL-I/APL-D firmware（联系 Zebra 开发服务以了解详细信息） USB 2.0。

RS-232C 串行端口

RS 232 到 RS-422/485 串行端口适配器。

RS232 DB9 到 DB25 适配器。

高速 IEEE 1284 双向并行接口。

ZebraNet Wireless Plus（可选）

ZebraNet 10/100 打印服务器核心编程语言。

ZPL、ZPL II、EPL、XML 一维。

Codabar

Code 11

带有 A/B/C 子集的 Code 128 和 UCC case codes。

Code 39

Code 93

EAN-13

EAN-8

Industrial 2-of-5。

Interleaved 2-of-5。

Logmars

MSI

Planet Code

Plessey

Postnet

RSS（缩减码型）

Standard 2-of-5。

UPC 和 EAN 2 or 5 digit extensions。

UPC-A

UPC-E

二维

Aztec

Codablock

Code 49

Data Matrix

MaxiCode

QR Code

PDF417

MicroPDF417

RSS / GS1 DataBar family （12 种条码）标准字体：7 种点阵字体，1 种平滑可伸缩字体（CG Triumvirate 粗体压缩字）

字符集：IBM Code Page 850 国际字符集。

可选欧洲和亚洲字体集

支持用户定义的字体与图形，包括定制徽标。

ZPL II 绘图命令，包括方框与线条。

小韩在追星

2023-02-20 05:19

古罗马历史的相关图片

古罗马历史

在线测试自己的词汇量，然后确定水平。

英语词汇能力自测的方程式为：

10个test中认识得词的总数 X60 ，大概就是自测者的英语词汇量数了。

【6000词以下】即每种test 测试平均只认得10词，应被认为只有英语国家一般学童之词汇能力，用英语进行读写交际会遇到严重困难。

【12000词至18000词】即从每种test 中平均认得20 至30个词，可被视作具有英语国家内受过寻常教育的一般成年人之普通词汇程度以及基本的读写交际能力。

【24000词至30000词】即从每种test 平均认识得40 至50 个词，可视作已具有英语国家内受过良好教育且阅读很广的专业人士的词汇能力，读写交际当游刃有余。

总共有10个test , 现在开始。。。。

【TEST No 1】

1...abroad 2...binoculars 3...daily 4...expedition 5...horizon 。

6...jangle 7...limit 8...postulate 9...ration 10...stroke 。

11...abandon 12...ballot 13...chaos 14...contraband 。

15...excavate 16...fatigue 17...laboratory 18...maverick 。

19...purchase 20...shuttle 。

21...abridge 22...aggregate 23...biscuit 24...credulous 。

25...duodenal 26...grueling 27...industrious 28...meager 。

29...nomadic 30...occidental 。

31...abhorrent 32...amorphous 33...crustacean 34...declivity 。

35...emaciated 36...foible 37...galaxy 38...heretical 。

39...igneous 40...nomenclature 。

41...abscissa 42...badinage 43...cartel 44...demon 。

45...dendrite 46...exordium 47...inchoate 48...moraine 。

49...rubric 50...soutane 。

51...aboulia 52...bifurcate 53...caracole 54...chalybeate 。

55...croton 56...dysphoria 57...halitosis 58...python 。

59...ortolan 60...quadrat 。

【TEST No 2】

1...alter 2...barometer 3...distinct 4...festival 5...grotesque 。

6...harpoon 7...matinee 8...reign 9...software 10..waste 。

11..beverage 12..cardinal 13..demolish 14..gratify 15..humdrum 。

16..impulsive 17..memorial 18..parallel 19..terminate 20.vivacious 。

21..biography 22..dandruff 23..domicile 24..facet 25..impunity 。

26..lore 27..mercenary 28..phantasm 29..restive 30..taboo 。

31..actuate 32..bravura 33..comatose 34..geld 35..hieroglyphic 。

36..hybrid 37..iconoclast 38..maelstrom 39..mufti 40..resurgent 。

41..antinomy 42..carronade 43..deleterious 44..hebdomadal 。

45..infusoria 46..linage 47..medusa 48..myrmidon 。

49..paradigm 50..topology 。

51..apocalyptic 52..cartouche 53..dorsal 54..elvan 55..filemot 。

56..isomer 57..misogamy 58..noumenon 59..schizophrenia 。

60..velleity

【TEST No 3】

1..explosion 2..impatient 3..kangaroo 4..pirate 5..prowl 。

6..referee 7..slant 8..solo 9..unique 10..weary 。

11..bigoted 12..hatchet 13..impact 14..javelin 15..landmass 。

16..nebulous 17..primitive 18..renown 19..tradition 20..urban 。

21..cosmopolitan 22..diverge 23..interpose 24..lateral 25..nook 。

26..porous 27..rampant 28..territory 29..veneral 30..yeoman 。

31..ecology 32..laconic 33..linden 34..maxilla 35..paragon 。

36..prolixity 37..redolent 38..seance 39..timbre 40..vellum 。

41..aneroid 42..burlap 43..echinoderm 44..henry 45..interfacial 。

46..jeton 47..paregoric 48..rachitic 49..syncretism 50..tanager 。

51..bisque 52..circadian 53..decuman 54..elixir 55..isomorphous 。

56..obelisk 57..parataxis 58..sexagenarian 59..tanagra 。

60..urticant

【TEST No 4】

1. belfry 2..bulge 3..outlaw 4..package 5..pillage 。

6..rental 7..riddle 8..swerve 9..vanish 10..varnish 。

11..besiege 12..bronze 13..gorge 14..import 15..judo 。

16..ledger 17..limpid 18..penetrate 19..resort 20..yoke 。

21..aquiline 22..botanist 23..cauldron 24..furtive 25..initiate 。

26..jaded 27..kaleidoscopic 28..limelight 29..mutual 30..stratagem 。

31..archive 32..beriberi 33..cornice 34..denary 35..gratuitous 。

36..hertz 37..hiatus 38..medial 39..pellagra 40..valetudinarian 。

41..bergamot 42..brevier 43..deemster 44..homologous 。

45..lamina 46..largo 47..pantheon 48..refulgence 。

49..savoury 50..triolet 。

51..ablegate 52..algorism 53..balsam 54..bezel 55..leat 。

56..mittimus 57..myopic 58..perforate 59..prunella 60..zoosterol 。

【TEST No 5】

1..ballad 2..canoe 3..external 4..influx 5..lame 。

6..magazine 7..martyr 8..nexus 9..patriot 10..patrol 。

11..abyss 12..bale 13..canyon 14..exterminate 15..hub 。

16..lizard 17..obvious 18..password 19..rhythm 20..stoppage 。

21...adaptable 22..capsule 23..daub 24..embargo 25..garbage 。

26..infrastructure 27..liberate 28..memento 29..naturalize 。

30..oblivion

31..calculus 32..eczema 33..gargantuan 34..ibid 35..laissez-faire 。

36..literati 37..neurology 38..obloquy 39..patois 40..rabid 。

41..aclinic 42..banshee 43..illation 44..keelson 45..lachrymal 。

46..martingale 47..newton 48..occipital 49..petrology 50..ratlin(e) 。

51..babbittry 52..corrugate 53..demitasse 54..gault 55..hypnotism 56..jejunum 57..knap 58..limnology 。

59..mithridatism 60..umbilical 。

【TEST No 6】

1..anthill 2..climate 3..container 4..endeavour 5..immediately 。

6..jingle 7..optimum 8..rhyme 9..signal 10..tank 。

11..absurd 12..collapse 13..extortion 14..generation 。

15..immigrate 16..jealous 17..mature 18..raid 。

19..satellite 20..slipshod 。

21..acoustic 22..bicker 23..bludgeon 24..dinosaur 。

25..extemporaneous 26..garbled 27..lichen 28..mattock 。

29..outshine 30..perimeter 。

31..botulism 32..cutaneous 33..diocese 34.encyclical 。

35..distrait 36..gamma 37..lacerate 38..mandate 。

39..methylene 40..nacelle 。

41..chamfer 42..eschatology 43..giaour 44..imprest 35..lapidate 。

46..nadir 47..oblate 48..samphire 49..satrap 50..ubiquity 。

51..chameleon 52..deadlight 53..enchiridion 54..geodic 。

55..jokul 56..laches 57..maud 58..pedicular 。

59..spandrel 60..vasospasm 。

【TEST No 7】

1. humbug 2..ivy 3..legend 4..magnet 5..nickname 。

6..probably 7..ripple 8..situation 9..tattoo 10..vogue 。

11..autobiography 12..concerto 13..extinct 14..gladiator 。

15..deputy 16..hooligan 17..lanky 18..magistrate 。

19..nozzle 20..offend 。

21..alloy 22..brevity 23..deportation 24..hinterland 。

25..incrutable 26..lineage 27..mortgage 28..omen 。

29..persecute 30..repertoire 。

31..agoraphobia 32..barograph 33..concatenation 34..demography 。

35..hierarchy 36..in vitro 37..megrim 38..olfactory 。

39..radian 40..risque 。

41..agnostic 42..boulevardier 43..canticle 44..homophone 。

45..lacustrine 46..marionette 47..natterjack 48..paleozoic 。

49..pentathlon 50..reticle 。

51..acarpous 52..charade 53..demersal 54..eclampsia 。

55..gonorrhoea 56..masochism 57..orthodontist 。

58..pseudonymity 59..ret 60.sachem。

【TEST No 8】

1..batter 2..chest 3..engineer 4..funnel 5..horn 。

6..mean 7..outrun 8..pinpoint 9..remove 10..search 。

11..barbed 12..chemistry 13..exception 14..fascinating 。

15..gibberish 16..hydrogen 17..litter 18..microscope 。

19..shield 20..suburb 。

21..dabble 22..exhaust 23..filtrate 24..garnish 25..indifferent 。

26..keel 27..metronome 28..naive 29..patronize 30..reinforce 。

31..bodkin 32..clairvoyance 33..dirigible 34..epitome 35..histrionic 。

36..logarithm 37..panegyric 38..rowel 39..simpatico 40..stricture 。

41..apercu 42..bleb 43..decorticate 44..gauss 45..involute 。

46..lambent 47..peculation 48..recidivist 49..semiotics 50..voodoo 。

51..crucian 52..deuteragonist 53..encaustic 54..hysteroid 。

55..immortelle 56..karma 57..metamorphosis 58..peen 。

59..regelate 60..serendipity 。

【TEST No 9】

1..badger 2..capture 3..fresh 4..hiss 5..ire 。

6..ladle 7..mermaid 8..parade 9..rear 10..swindle 。

11..brewer 12..charity 13..generosity 14..idol 15..lathe 。

16..orderly 17..orient 18..quest 19.routine 20..summit 。

21..breaker 22..cumbersome 23..detention 24..foyer 25..humane 。

26..juggernaut 27..kernel 28..lineal 29..objective 30..sorcery 。

31..chicanery 32..gratis 33..holocaust 34..monograph 。

35..pinnace 36..ramify 37..lethargic 38..scrutineer 。

39..tangential 40..unction 。

41..ablaut 42..belvedere 43..diminutive 44..gelation 。

45..homogeneity 46..morpoheme 47..pis aller 48..psephology 。

49..regulus 50..sawder 。

51..chiliad 52..disembogue 53..gemmule 54..idolum 55..logo 。

56.oroide 57..quintan 58..raptatorial 59..scatology 60..triumvirate 。

【TEST No 10】

1. battery 2..collage 3..drowsy 4..guilty 5..jellyfish 。

6..mention 7..proverbial 8..result 9..forcast 10..screen 。

11..crag 12..dwindling 13..easterly 14..hilt 15..impetuous 。

16..instinct 17..pike 18..regulation 19..verge 20..warehouse 。

21..bristling 22..devious 23..entangle 24..graffitto 。

25..precipitous 26..scramble 27..summons 28..territorial 。

29..unkempt 30..vindicate 。

31..burnous 32..cadenza 33..debenture 34..flense 35..franklin 。

36..habiliment 37..ignis fatuus 38..jocund 39..mutability 。

40..plebeian

41..caucus 42..eurhythmic 43..habeas corpus 44..ichor 。

45..jussive 46..limen 47..nescience 48..obit 。

49..querimonious 50..thalassocracy 。

51..calamary 52..eparch 53..fleur-de-lis 54..grangerize 。

55..levigate 56..jacquard 57..marsupial 58..nepenthes 。

59..obtest 60..thusly。

小韩在追星

2023-02-20 05:19

黄色的用途英文作文

据古罗马作家瓦罗（前116―前27）推算，罗马城奠基的日期应该是公元前754－753年间。以后，古罗马人习惯以公元前753年 4月21日为纪元。

关于罗马建城有一个传说：公元前753年，居住在拉丁平原西北一片绿洲上的几个农牧业部落，便在距台伯河口约25千米处建造起原始的公共古城，相传第一个领导建城的人叫罗慕洛，“罗马”就是因他而得名的。据传说，罗慕洛为它奠基时，赶着公牛和母牛，只是犁了一道不深的沟，便算作罗马的城界，在准备开城门的地方，把犁子抬了抬，便作为城门的通道。神话传说罗慕洛是战神马尔斯的儿子，他和勒莫是一对孪生兄弟。他们生下来以后不久，他们的母亲西里维娅就被人杀死。他们的外祖父当时是意大利半岛上的一个国王，他的弟弟为了篡夺王位，把他们装入筐内，投入台伯河。他们起初被一只母狼救起，靠吃狼奶活着，后被一个牧人抚育长大。所以，罗慕洛能征惯战，勇悍异常。兄弟俩长大后，杀死篡位者，后来在当初得救的地方建起了新城——罗马城。至今，在意大利的罗马博物馆里，还陈列着一尊“母狼乳婴”的铜像。母狼铸于公元前5世纪，两个男孩是在文艺复兴时期添铸的。

王政时期

从公元前8世纪至公元前6世纪末，这个时期称为“王政时期”。先后有七个“国王”统治着罗马，其中有拉丁人，有萨宾人，亦有伊达拉里亚人，除了王权之外，此时的罗马政治体制还包括公民大会和元老院。事实上所谓“王政时期”，是罗马从原始公社制向奴隶制社会过渡的时期。“国王”实际就是部落联盟首领。相传，王政时期的最后一任国王塔克文二世，是个骄纵跋扈，独断专行的暴君。公元前509年，一批有权势的贵族，驱逐了塔克文二世，把“王政”改为共和政体。

共和时期

从公元前509年到公元前27年，在这个时期，国王由两名选举产生的称为“执政官”（拉丁文叫做consul）的官员所取代，两个执政官互相牵制，元老院的地位由于控制了公共资财并有权否决公民大会的所有措施而提高了。在特别紧急的非常时刻，可以任命一位任期不超过六个月的独裁官（dictator）。

共和国早期的历史就是一部战争史，是一部从防守走向扩张的战争史。刚开始的时候，罗马人处于守势，早年还遭到过高卢人的袭击：“白鹅拯救了罗马”。此后，罗马人一直向意大利半岛南端发展，并开始染指希腊人的殖民地。公元前282年，罗马人开始进攻他林敦：“皮洛士胜利”。以后罗马人又进行了三次历史上十分著名的布匿战争。布匿战争是罗马人与迦太基人进行的战争（罗马人称迦太基为“布匿”）。第一次布匿战争（公元前264—241年）迫使罗马人第一次转向海上。后来又有第二次布匿战争（公元前218-201年）和第三次布匿战争（公元前149—146年）。

在不断征服其他民族的过程中，奴隶制开始建立和发展。公元前73年―前71年间的斯巴达克奴隶大起义是最大的一次奴隶起义。在共和时期，经过几百年的征战，罗马从台伯河上的一个城邦国家逐渐发展为一个庞大的帝国。

帝国时期

公元前27年到公元476年罗马处于帝国时期。在罗马由共和向帝制转变的过程中，中间有一种过渡形态。这就是前后两次“三头政治”(triumvirate)。前三头同盟：庞培(Pompey)、克拉苏(Crassus)、凯撒(Caesar)。两头并立，凯撒独裁。后三头同盟：安东尼(Antony)、雷比达(Lepidus)、屋大维(Octavius)。公元前27年，元老院授予屋大维“奥古斯都”和“大元帅”的尊号。他直接控制行省的总督，规定税收标准，严密控制军队。通过中央集权制度的建设，屋大维建立了有效的行政管理体系，确保了200多年的稳定。

屋大维之后的4 个皇帝被后人认为是暴政的象征：提比留（公元前14－公元37年）、卡里古拉（公元37－41年）、克劳狄（公元41－54年）和尼禄（公元54－68年）。但后来又出了所谓的“五贤帝”：涅尔瓦（公元96－98年）、图拉真（公元98－117年）、哈德良（公元117－138年）、安东尼·庇护（公元138－161年）和马可·奥勒利乌斯（公元161－180年）。在“五贤帝”统治期间，罗马帝国的疆域达到最大范围，其文化处于极盛时期。

帝国的衰落

公元330年，罗马皇帝君士坦丁一世在古代希腊移民建立的城市拜占庭的旧址上建立新的帝国首都，改名为君士坦丁堡。随着新首都的建立，帝国东部与西部利益集团的分化倾向日益暴露。东西两部分的分立已经难以避免。罗马大将狄奥多西在379年当了罗马帝国的皇帝。395年他死时将帝国分为东西两半，给他的两个儿子。这样从395年开始，罗马帝国就分裂成东、西两部。东罗马帝国建都在君士坦丁堡，西罗马帝国建都在罗马城。

在西罗马帝国，经济萧条，社会矛盾尖锐，人民起义不断，外族也在不断侵蚀。特别是从巴尔干半岛来的西哥特人对西罗马的威胁最大，410年，西哥特人兵临罗马城下，罗马城内的奴隶乘机造反，西哥特人占领了罗马城。452年，匈奴军队进犯意大利；455年，汪达尔人又攻占了罗马城。476年9月，罗马的日耳曼雇佣兵首领多亚克废黜了罗马末代皇帝罗慕卢斯·奥古斯图卢斯，西罗马帝国灭亡。

罗马大事记

约公元前753年，传说罗马建城。

约公元前509年，罗马王政时代结束，共和国建立。

公元前449年，颁行十二铜表法。

公元前264-前241年，罗马与迦太基爆发第一次布匿战争。

公元前218-前201年，罗马与迦太基爆发第二次布匿战争。

公元前149-前146年，罗马与迦太基爆发第三次布匿战争，迦太基城被摧毁。

公元前2世纪30年代-前1世纪30年代，内战时代。

公元前73-前71年，斯巴达克奴隶大起义。

公元前60年，庞培、克拉苏、凯撒结成“前三头政治”。

公元前43年，安东尼、雷比达、屋大维结成“后三头政治”。

公元前27年，屋大维确立元首制，建立罗马帝国。