1. INTRODUCTION 。
1.1 Theory and Overviews。
· Baldwin, Richard E.; Forslid, Rikard; Martin, Philippe; Ottaviano, Gianmarco I.P. and Robert-Nicoud, Frédéric (2003) Economic Geography and Public Policy. Princeton University Press.。
· Fujita, Masahisa; Krugman, Paul and Venables, Anthony (1999) The Spatial Economy: Cities, Regions and International Trade, MIT Press: Cambridge, MA.。
· Fujita, Masahisa and Thisse, Jacques-Fran?ois (2002) Agglomeration and Market Interaction, CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3362. 。
· Henderson, J. Vernon and Thisse, Jacques-Fran?ois (2004) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics - Volume 4: Cities and Geography, Elsevier.。
· Markusen, James; Melvin, James; Kaempfer, William and Maskus, Keith (1995) International Trade: Theory and Evidence, McGraw-Hill. 。
· Neary, Peter (2001) "Of Hype and Hyperbolas: Introducing the New Economic Geography". Journal of Economic Literature, vol. 39, pp. 536-561. 。
· Rossi-Hansberg, Esteban (2006) "A Spatial Theory of Trade". American Economic Review, vol. 95, pp. 1464-1491. 。
· Sj?berg, ?rian and Sj?holm, Fredrik (2002) "Common Ground? Prospects for Integration the Economic Geographers of Geographers and Economists". Environment and Planning A, vol. 34, pp. 467-486. 。
1.2 Empirics: Overview 。
· Brakman, S.; Garretsen, H.; Gorter, J.; van der Horst, A. and Schramm, M. (2005) "New Economic Geography, Empirics, and Regional Policy". Netherlands Bureau for Economic Policy Analysis working paper. 。
· Head, Keith and Mayer, Thierry (2004) "The Empirics of Agglomeration and Trade". In: Henderson, V. and Thisse, J.F. (eds.) Handbook of Regional and Urban Economics, Elsevier. (download pdf). 。
· Helpman, Elhanan (1999) "Explaining the Structure of Foreign Trade: Where do We Stand?" Journal of Economic Perspectives, vol. 13, pp. 121-124. 。
· Krugman, Paul (1994) "Empirical Evidence on the New Trade Theories: The Current State of Play". In: New Trade Theories, CEPR Conference Report, London. 。
· Leamer, Edward E. (1994) "Testing Trade Theory". In: Greenaway, D. and Winters, L.A. (ed.) Surveys in International Trade, Blackwell, Oxford. 。
· Leamer, Edward E. and Levinsohn, James (1995) "International Trade Theory: The Evidence". In: Grossmann, G. and Rogoff, K. (eds.) Handbook of International Economics, vol. 3, Elsevier, New York. 。
· Overman, Henry; Redding, Stephen and Venables, Anthony (2001) "The Economic Geography of Trade, Production and Income: A Survey of Empirics". CEPR Discussion Paper No. 2978. 。
· Feenstra, Robert C., Lipsey, Robert E. and Bowen, Harry P. (1997) "World Trade Flows, 1970-1992; With Production and Tariff Data", NBER Working Paper No. 5910。
2. DESCRIPTIVES: SPECIALISATION AND TRADE VOLUMES 。
2.1 Trade Structures 。
· Balassa, Bela (1965) "Trade Liberalisation and 'Revealed' Comparative Advantage". Manchester School, vol. 33, 99-123.。
· Bernhofen, D.M. and Brown, J.C. (2005) “An Empirical Assessment of the Comparative Advantage Gains from Trade: Evidence from Japan” American Economic Review, vol. 95, pp. 208-225. 。
· Brülhart, Marius and Elliott, Robert (1998) "Adjustment to the European Single Market: Inferences from Intra-Industry Trade Patterns". Journal of Economic Studies, vol. 25., pp. 225-247. 。
· Rice, Patricia; Stewart, Martin and Venables, Anthony J. (2002) “The Geography of Intra-Industry Trade: Empirics”. CEPR Discussion Paper No. 3368. 。
2.2 Sectoral Specialisation / Geographic Concentration 。
· Arbia, Guiseppe (2000) "Empirics for Regional Convergence and Polarization: The Role of Spatial Dependence". Mimeo, University of Pescara. 。
· Brülhart, Marius (1998) "Trading Places: Industrial Specialisation in the European Union". Journal of Common Market Studies, vol. 36, No. 3, pp. 319-346. 。
· Brülhart, Marius (2001) "Evolving Geographical Specialisation of European Manufacturing Industries". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, vol. 137, pp. 215-243. 。
· Brülhart, Marius (2001) "Growing Alike or Growing Apart? Industrial Specialisation of EU Countries". In: Charles Wyplosz (ed.) The Impact of EMU on Europe and the Developing Countries, Oxford University Press. 。
· Brülhart, Marius (2006) "The Fading Attraction of Central Regions: An Empirical Note on Core-Periphery Gradients in Western Europe". Spatial Economic Analysis, vol. 1, pp. 227-235. 。
· Brülhart, Marius and Traeger, Rolf (2005) "An Account of Geographic Concentration Patterns in Europe". Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 35, pp. 597-624. 。
· Desmet, Klaus and Fafchamps, Marcel (2005) "Changes in the Spatial Concentration of Employment across US Counties: a Sectoral Analysis". Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 5, pp. 261-284. 。
· Desmet, Klaus and Fafchamps, Marcel (2006) "Employment Concentration across US Counties". Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 36, pp. 482-509.。
· Kim, Sukkoo (1995) "Expansion of Markets and the Geographic Distribution of Economic Activities: The Trends in U.S. Regional Manufacturing Structure, 1860-1987". Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, pp. 881-908. 。
· Kim, Sukkoo (1998) "Economic Integration and Convergence: US Regions, 1840-1987". Journal of Economic History, vol. 58, pp. 659-683. 。
· Hallet, Martin (2000) "Regional Specialisation and Concentration in the EU". Economic Papers, European Commission Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs, No. 141.。
· Redding, Stephen (2002) "Specialization Dynamics". Journal of International Economics, vol. 58, pp. 299-334. 。
· Storper, Michael; Chen, Yun-chung and De Paolis, Fernando (2002) "Trade and the Location of Industries in the OECD and European Union". Journal of Economic Geography, vol. 2, pp. 73-107. 。
2.3 Geographical Clustering of Firms。
· Devereux, Michael P.; Griffith, Rachel and Simpson, Helen (1999) "The Geographic Distribution of Production Activity in the UK". Institute for Fiscal Studies Working Paper, No. 99/26. 。
· Dumais, Guy; Ellison, Glenn and Glaeser Edward L. (2002) "Geographic Concentration as a Dynamic Process". Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 84, pp. 193-204. 。
· Duranton, Gilles and Overman, Henry (2005) "Testing for Localisation Using Micro-Geographic Data". Review of Economic Studies, vol. 72, pp. 1077-1106. 。
· Ellison, Glenn and Glaeser, Edward L. (1997) "Geographic Concentration in U.S. Manufacturing Industries: A Dartboard Approach". Journal of Political Economy, vol. 105, pp. 889-927. 。
· Henderson, J. Vernon (2003) "Marshall's Scale Economies". Journal of Urban Economics, vol. 53, pp. 1-28. 。
· Lafourcade, Miren and Mion, Giordano (2007) "Concentration, Agglomeration and the Size of Plants". Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 37, pp. 46-68. 。
· Marcon, Eric and Puech, Florence (2002) "Measures of Geographic Concentration of Industries: Improving Distance-Based Methods". Mimeo, University of Paris I. 。
· Maurel, F. and Sédillot, B. (1999) "A Measure of the Geographic Concentration in French Manufacturing Industries". Regional Science and Urban Economics, vol. 29, pp. 575-604. 。
2.4 The Gravity Model and Border Effects 。
· Anderson, James A. and van Wincoop, Eric (2003) “Gravity with Gravitas: A Solution to the Border Puzzle”. American Economic Review, vol. 93, pp. 170-192.。
· Baldwin, Richard E. and Taglioni, Daria (2006) “Gravity for Dummies and Dummies for Gravity Equations”. NBER Working Paper, No. 12516. 。
· Br?cker, Johannes (1984) “How Do International Trade Barriers Affect Interregional Trade?” In ?.E. Andersson, W. Isard, and T. Puu (eds) Regional and Industrial Development Theories: Models and Empirical Evidence, Amsterdam: North Holland.。
· Carrère, Céline (2006) “Revisiting the Effects of Regional Trade Agreements on Trade Flows with Proper Specification of the Gravity Model”. European Economic Review, vol. 50, pp. 223-247. 。
· Head, Keith (2000) "Gravity for Beginners". Mimeo, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 。
· Head, Keith and Mayer, Thierry (2000) "Non-Europe: The Magnitude and Causes of Market Fragmentation in the EU". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, vol. 136, pp. 285-314. 。
· Head, Keith and Mayer, Thierry (2002) "Illusory Border Effects: Distance Mismeasurement Inflates Estimates of Home Bias in Trade". CEPII Working Paper, No. 2002-01, Paris. 。
· Helliwell, John F. (1997) "National Borders, Trade and Migration". Pacific Economic Review, vol. 2, pp. 165-185.。
· McCallum, John (1995) "National Borders Matter: Canada-U.S. Regional Trade Patterns". American Economic Review, vol. 85, pp. 615-623. 。
· Rose, Andrew K. (2000) "One Money, One Market: The Effect of Common Currencies on Trade". Economic Policy, vol. 30, pp. 9-45. 。
· Rauch, James E. (1999) "Networks Versus Markets in International Trade". Journal of International Economics, vol. 47, pp. 317-345. 。
· Santos Silva, J.M.C. and Tenreyro, Silvana (2006) "The Log of Gravity". Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 88(4), pp. 641-658.。
· Wei, Shang-Jin (1996) "How Reluctant are Nations in Global Integration?" NBER Working Paper, No. 5531. (download pdf)。
· Wolf, Holger (2000) "Intra-National Home Bias in Trade" Review of Economics and Statistics, vol. 82, pp. 555-563. (download pdf) 。
2.5 Heterogeneous Firms, FDI and Vertical Specialisation。
· Antràs, Pol (2003) “Firms, Contracts and Trade Structure”. Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 118, pp. 1054-1073. (download pdf) 。
· Baldwin, Richard E. (2005) “Heterogeneous Firms and Trade: Testable and Untestable Properties of the Melitz Model”. NBER Working Papers, No. 11471. (download pdf)。
3. ANALYTICAL EMPIRICS: TESTING THEORIES 。
3.1 Regressing Specialisation on its Determinants 。
· Amiti, Mary (1999) "Specialisation Patterns in Europe". Weltwirtschaftliches Archiv, vol. 135, pp. 573-593. (download pdf) 。
3.2 Testing Neoclassical Trade Theory: Leontief, Etc. 。
· Bernstein, J.R. and Weinstein, D.E. (2002) "Do Endowments Predict the Location of Production? Evidence from National and International Data". Journal of International Economics, vol. 56, pp. 55-76. (download pdf)。
· Bowen, H.; Leamer, E. and Sveikauskas, L. (1987) "Multicountry, Multifactor Tests of the Factor Abundance Theory". American Economic Review, vol. 77, pp. 791-809. (download pdf)。
· Choi, Y.-S. and Krishna, P. (2004) "The Factor Content of Bilateral Trade: An Empirical Test". Journal of Political Economy, vol. 112, pp. 887-914.。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (2000) "International Trade as an 'Integrated Equilibrium': New Perspectives". American Economic Review (Papers and Proceedings), vol. 90, pp. 150-154. (download pdf) 。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (2001) "An Account of Global Factor Trade". American Economic Review, vol. 91, pp. 1423-1453. (download pdf) 。
·
· Schott, Peter K. (2003) "One Size Fits All? Heckscher-Ohlin Specialization in Global Production". American Economic Review, vol. 93, pp. 686-708.。
· Trefler, Daniel (1995) "The Case of the Missing Trade and Other Mysteries". American Economic Review, vol. 85, pp. 1029-1046. (download pdf)。
3.3 Testing the "New" Trade Theory: The Home-Market Effect, Etc. 。
· Antweiler, Werner and Trefler, Daniel (2002) "Increasing Returns and All That: A View from Trade". American Economic Review, vol. 92, pp. 93-119. (download pdf) 。
· Behrens, K.; Lamorgese, A.; Ottaviano, G. and Tabuchi, T. (2004) "Testing the Home-Market Effect in a Multi-Country World: The Theory". CEPR Working Paper, No.4468. (download pdf)。
· Brülhart, Marius and Trionfetti, Federico (2005) “A Test of Trade Theories When Expenditure Is Home Biased”. CEPR Discussion Paper, No. 5097. (download pdf)。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (1996) "Does Economic Geography Matter for International Specialisation?". NBER Working Paper, No. 5706. (download pdf) 。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (1999) "Economic Geography and Regional Production Structure: An Empirical Investigation". European Economic Review, vol. 43, pp. 379-407. (download pdf) 。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (2001) “Bones, Bombs and Break Points: The Geography of Economic Activity”. NBER Working Paper, No. 8517. (download pdf)。
· Davis, Donald R. and Weinstein, David E. (2003) "Market Access, Economic Geography and Comparative Advantage: An Empirical Test". Journal of International Economics, vol. 59, pp. 1-23. (download pdf) 。
· Debaere, Peter (2005) "Monopolistic Competition and Trade, Revisited: Testing the Model without Testing for Gravity". Journal of International Economics, vol. 66, pp. 249-266. (download pdf) 。
· Feenstra, Robert C., Markusen, James A. and Rose, Andrew K. (2001) "Using the Gravity Equation to Differentiate Among Alternative Theories of Trade". Canadian Journal of Economics, vol. 32, pp. 430-447. (download pdf) 。
· Hanson, Gordon and Xiang, Chong (2004) "The Home-Market Effect and Bilateral Trade Patterns", American Economic Review, vol.94, pp. 1108-1129. (download pdf)。
· Head, Keith; Mayer, Thierry and Ries, John (2002) "On the Pervasiveness of Home-Market Effects". Economica, vol. 69, pp. 371-90. (download pdf) 。
· Head, Keith and Ries, John (2001) "Increasing Returns Versus National Product Differentiation as an Explanation of US-Canada Trade". American Economic Review, vol. 91, pp. 858-876. (download pdf) 。
· Hummels, David and Klenow, Peter J. (2006) "The Variety and Quality of a Nation’s Exports". American Economic Review, vol. 95, pp. 704-723. (download pdf) 。
· Hummels, David and Levinsohn, James (1995) "Monopolistic Competition and International Trade: Reconsidering the Evidence". Quarterly Journal of Economics, vol. 110, pp. 799-836. (download pdf) 。
· Redding, Stephen J. and Sturm, Daniel M. (2009) "The Costs of Remoteness: Evidence from German Division and Reunification". American Economic Review, forthcoming. (download pdf)。
· Tybout, James (2003) "Plant- and Firm-Level Evidence on 'New' Trade Theories". In Kwan Choi, E. and James Harrigan (eds.), Handbook of International Trade, Oxford: Basil-Blackwell. (download pdf)。
这些数字都是给你参考用的,也是常识问题.。
165是指适合165cm身高的人穿,。
90是指裤长是90厘米.
S是指小号的衣服,
M是指中号衣服.
L是指大号衣服.
XL是指加大号衣服,X是加大的意思.。
不过如果能试穿比较好,这样更合身.不能试穿,就要看你的经验了.。
棉的衣服洗后会缩点水,所以要买常一点点的.以后穿了就刚好合适.。
长了还是不怕的,可以剪掉一点.买短了就不好了,不可以加长.哈哈.。
这些是常识问题.哈哈.
激活码:FPNC 07UU E2TL Q7U9。
序列号012-34567890。
检查一下汽车的积炭以及汽车的轮胎胎压,点一般抖动的话不会有固定的速度的限制的。
H2S分子中共价键键角接近90°,即H-S-S键角接近90°,空间构型为V形,H2S分子中S原子的σ键电子对数为2,孤电子对数=。
(6-1×2)=2,则价层电子对数为4,所以S原子为杂化sp3;CO2分子中的共价键键角为180°,O=C=O键角为180°,形成直线,分子构型为直线形,CO2分子中C原子的σ键电子对数为2,没有孤电子对,所以C原子为杂化sp;甲烷(CH4)分子中,两个相邻C-H键的夹角是109°28′,说明CH4分子的空间构型为正四面体,CH4分子中C原子的σ键电子对数为4,没有孤电子对,所以C原子为杂化sp3;
故答案为:V形;sp3;直线形;sp;正四面体;sp3.。