scornfully-170
刘耀文的大沙雕
钟意阿满
如何鉴赏英语诗歌
其诗作的结构技巧和语言技巧都很高，几乎每首诗都有独立的审美价值。莎士比亚在运用这个诗体时，极为得心应手，主要表现为语汇丰富、用词洗练、比喻新颖、结构巧妙、音调铿锵悦耳。而其最擅长的是最后两行诗，往往构思奇诡，语出惊人，既是全诗点睛之作，又自成一联警语格言。在英国乃至世界十四行诗的创作中，莎士比亚十四行诗是一座高峰，当得起空前绝后的美称。
学习莎士比亚十四行诗，不仅可以帮助学习者更加深入了解英国文学史上著名的莎士比亚体韵律（abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg），还可以学习鉴赏莎翁独特的语言特色，尤其是他的精致华丽的用词（莎翁词汇量超群）和新颖独特的修辞。莎翁一生有154首十四行诗，这些诗，对于研究文学巨匠莎翁生平及轶事，都可以成为最好的素材。在细细品味华美诗篇的同时，领略英语的博大魅力，体会英语文化的精髓。
抱起亚轩找小葵
新概念英语第二册summary writing55~70
英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。
一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“?”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“?”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式：
1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass，
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still，/ my dear， Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）： My Luve Is like a Red， Red Rose。
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go。
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：?－／?－／?－／（?－）
2.扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－?／－?／－?／－。
Tyger！/ Tyger！/ burning / bright。
In the / forests / of the / night。
William Blake： The Tyger。
3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot： 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格??－／??－／??－。
Like a child / from the womb，
Like a ghost / from the tomb，
I arise / and unbuild / it again.。
4. 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot： 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－??／－??。
?Touch her not / ?scornfully，
?Think of her / ?mournfully.。
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.。
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1. 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。
1） 联韵：aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air，
It fell to earth， I knew not where；
For， so swiftly it flew， the sight。
Could not follow it in its flight.。
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow： The Arrow and the Song。
2） 交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star，
And one clear call for me！
And may there be no moaning of the bar，
When I put out to sea，
Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）： Crossing the Bar。
3） 同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用／i：p／为韵脚。
The woods are lovely， dark and deep，
But I have promises to keep，
And miles to go before I sleep，
And miles to go before I sleep.。
Robert Frost （1874-1963）： Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening。
2. 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew， the white foam flew，
The furrow followed free，
We were the first that ever burst。
Into that silent sea.。
T.S. Coleridge： Rime of the Acient Mariner。
3.内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring， the sweet spring， is the year‘s pleasant king；
Then blooms each thing， then maids dance in a ring，
Cold dath not sting， the pretty birds do sing：
Cuckoo，jug-jug，pu-we，to-witta-woo！
Thomas Nashe（1567-1601）： Spring， the Sweet Spring。
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有：
1. 十四行诗（Sonnet），源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba， abba， cdcdcd （cdecde）。前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（ThomasWyatt，1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬格，全诗三个四行一个二行，前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser，1552-1599）用韵脚 abab， bcbc，cdcd，ee.莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare，1564-1616）用韵脚abab，cdcd，dfdf，gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。举例见本文第四部分。
2. 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1） There was a young lady of Nigger。
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger；
They returned from the ride。
With the lady inside，
And the smile on the face of the tiger.。
2） A tutor who taught on the flute。
Tried to teach two tooters to toot，
“Is it harder to toot， or。
Said the two to the tutor，
To tutor two tooters to toot？“
3. 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale ， and shout again，
Responsive to his call， - with quivering peals，
And long halloos， and screams， and echoes loud.。
Redoubled and redoubled：concourse wild。
Of jocund din！…
William Wordsworth： There Was a Boy。
4. 自由诗（FreeVerse）：现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人WaltWhitman的>（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判
对一首诗，个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅，语言精炼，联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻，一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗，只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体，接近口语，可谓大胆创新，大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1. That Time of Year。
That time of year thou may‘st in me behold。
When yellow leaves，or none，or few， do hang。
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold，
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang，
In me thou see‘st the twilight of such day。
As after sunset fadeth in the west，
When by and by black night doth take away，
Death‘s second self， that seals up all in rest.。
In me thou see‘st the glowing of such fire，
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.。
As the deathbed whereon it must expire，
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.。
This you perceivest， which makes thy love more strong，
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.。
Notes：may‘st：may behold：see late：no long ago thou：you see’st：see。
fadeth：fades doth：does seals up all at rest：彻底埋葬。
thy：your perceivest： perceive ere long： before long。
此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare， 1564-1616）的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠，他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格，每个诗行格律为：?－／?－／?－／?－／?－／。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零，曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛，联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方，被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌坛），deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法，同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行：点题，人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2. The Daffodils。
I wandered lonely as a cloud。
That floats on high o‘er vales and hills，
When all at once I saw a crowd，
A host of golden daffodils；
Beside the lake， beneath the trees，
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.。
Continuous as the stars that shine。
And twinkle on the Milky Way，
They stretched in never-ending line。
Along the margin of a bay：
Ten thousand saw I at a glance，
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.。
The waves beside them danced； but they。
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee：
A poet could not but be gay，
In such a jocund company：
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought。
What wealth the show to me had brought：
For oft， when on my couch I lie。
In vacant or in pensive mood，
They flash upon that inward eye。
Which is the bliss of solitude；
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills，
And dances with the daffodils.。
Notes： a crowd， a host of： many sprightly：happy glee：joy。
jocund：happy bliss：complete happiness pensive：sadly thoughtful。
华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth，1770-1850），十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年，威尔士归顺英格兰，被封公国），在英国广泛栽种，春季开花，花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌，这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼，通俗易懂，四音步抑扬格，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态；第三节，诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of Myself。
I celebrate myself， and sing myself，
And what I assume you shall assume，
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.。
I loafe and invite my soul，
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.。
My tongue， every atom of my blood， form‘d from this soil， this air，
Born ere of parents born here from parents the same， and their parents the same，
I， now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin，
Hoping to cease not till death.。
Creeds and schools in abeyance，
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are， but never forgotten.。
I harbor for good or bad， I permit to speak at every hazard.。
Nature without check with original energy.。
Notes： a spear of： a piece of school：学说，流派 hazard：chance。
abeyance： the condition of not being in use for a certain time。
惠特曼（Walt Whitman，1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出，诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及，关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同，但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。
大圣杰锅是
如何做英美诗歌鉴赏题
Lesson 55:Not a gold mine 并非金矿。
Answer the question.。
What did the team find?。
Dreams of finding lost treasure almost came true recently. A new machine called 'The Revealer' has been invented and it has been used to detect gold which has been buried in the ground. The machine was used in a cave near the seashore where -- it is said -- pirates used to hide gold. The pirates would often bury gold in the cave and then fail to collect it. Armed with the new machine, a search party went into the cave hoping to find buried treasure. The leader of the party was examining the soil near the entrance to the cave when the machine showed that there was gold under the ground. Very excited, the party dug a hole two feel deep. They finally found a small gold coin which was almost worthless. The party then searched the whole cave thoroughly but did not find anything except an empty tin trunk. In spite of this, many people are confident that 'The Revealer' may reveal something of value fairly soon.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
gold n. 金子
mine n. 矿
treasure n. 财宝。
revealer n. 探测器。
invent v. 发明
detect v. 探测
bury v. 埋藏
cave n. 山洞
seashore n. 海岸。
pirate n. 海盗
arm v. 武装
soil n. 泥土
entrance n. 入口。
finally adv. 最后。
worthless adj. 毫无价值的。
thoroughly adv. 彻底地。
trunk n. 行李箱
confident adj. 有信心的。
value n. 价值
参考译文
最近，找到失踪宝藏的梦想差一点儿变成现实。一种叫“探宝器”的新机器已经发明出来，并被人们用来探测地下埋藏的金子。在靠近海边的一个据说过去海盗常在里面藏金子的岩洞里，这种机器被派上了用场。海盗们过去常把金子埋藏在那个洞里，可后来却没能取走。一支用这种新机器装备起来的探宝队进入了这个岩洞，希望找到埋藏着的金子。当这个队的队长正在检查洞口附近的土壤时，那台机器显示出它的下面埋有金子。队员们异常激动，就地挖了一个两英尺深的坑，但最后找到的是一枚几乎一钱不值的小金币。队员们接着又把整个洞彻底搜寻了一遍，但除了一只空铁皮箱外什么也没找到。尽管如此，很多人仍然相信“探宝器”很快就会探出值钱的东西来。
Lesson 56:Faster than sound! 比声音还快！
First listen and then answer the question.。
回答以下问题。
How fast did the winning car go?。
Once a year, a race is held for old cars. A lot of cars entered for this race last year and there was a great deal of excitement just before it began. One of the most handsome cars was a Rolls-Royce Silver Ghost. The most unusual car was a Benz which had only three wheels. Built in 1885, it was the oldest car taking part. After a great many loud explosions, the race began. Many of the cars broke down on the course and some drivers spent more time under their cars than in them! A few cars, however, completed the race. The winning car reached a speed of forty miles an hour -- much faster than any of its rivals. It sped downhill at the end of the race and its driver had a lot of trouble trying to stop it. The race gave everyone a great deal of pleasure. It was very different from modern car races but no less exciting.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
sound n. 声音
excitement n. 激动，兴奋。
handsome adj. 漂亮的；美观的。
Rolls-Royce 罗尔斯--罗伊斯。
Benz n. 奔驰
wheel n. 轮子
explosion n. 爆炸，轰响。
course n. 跑道；行程。
rival n. 对手
speed v. 疾驶
downhill adv. 下坡。
参考译文
旧式汽车的比赛每年举行一次。去年有很多汽车参加了这项比赛。比赛开始之前，人们异常激动。最漂亮的汽车之一是罗尔斯--罗伊斯生产的银鬼汽车，而最不寻常的一辆则要属只有3只轮子的奔驰牌汽车了。该车造于1885年，是参赛车中最老的一辆。在好一阵喧闹的爆炸声之后，比赛开始了。很多汽车在途中就抛了锚，而有些驾驶员花在汽车底下的时间比坐在汽车里面的时间还长。然而还是有几辆汽车跑完了全程。获胜的那辆车达到了时速40英里--远远超过任何对手。它在接近终点时，冲下了山坡，驾驶员费了好大劲才把车停下来。这次比赛使每个人都挺开心。它虽然与现代汽车比赛大不相同，但激动人心的程度并不亚于现代化汽车大赛。
Lesson 57: Can I help you, madam? 您要买什么，夫人？
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Did the woman get what she wanted?。
A woman in jeans stood at the window of an expensive shop. Though she hesitated for a moment, she finally went in and asked to see a dress that was in the window. The assistant who served her did not like the way she was dressed. Glancing at her scornfully, he told her that the dress was sold. The woman walked out of the shop angrily and decided to punish the assistant next day. She returned to the shop the following morning dressed in a fur coat, with a handbag in one hand and a long umbrella in the other. After seeking out the rude assistant, she asked for the same dress. Not realizing who she was, the assistant was eager to serve her this time. With great difficulty, he climbed into the shop window to get the dress. As soon as she saw it, the woman said she did not like it. She enjoyed herself making the assistant bring almost everything in the window before finally buying the dress she had first asked for.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
madam n. （对妇女的尊称）太太，夫人。
jeans n. 牛仔裤
hesitate v. 犹豫，迟缓。
serve v. 接待（顾客）
scornfully adv. 轻蔑地。
punish v. 惩罚
fur n. 裘皮
eager adj. 热切的，热情的。
参考译文
一位穿着牛仔裤的妇女站在一家高档商店的橱窗前。她虽然犹豫了片刻，但终于还是走进了商店，要求把陈列在橱窗里的一件衣服拿给她看。接待她的售货员不喜欢她的那副打扮，轻蔑地看了她一眼后，便告诉她那件衣服已经卖出去了。这位妇女怒气冲冲地走出了商店，决定第二天教训一下那个售货员。第二天上午，她又来到这家商店，穿了一件裘皮大衣，一只手拎着一只手提包，另一只手拿着一把长柄伞。找到那个无礼的售货员后，她还要看昨天的那件衣服。那个售货员没有认出她是谁，这一回接待她的态度非常殷勤。费了好大劲儿，他爬进橱窗去取那件衣服。这位妇女对那件衣服只看一眼，就说不喜欢。她开心地迫使那位售货员把橱窗里几乎所有的东西都拿了出来，最后才买下了她最先要看的那一件。
Lesson 58: blessing in disguise?。
是因祸得福吗？
First listen and then answer the question.。
Why does the vicar refuse to cut down the tree?。
The tiny village of Frinley is said to possess a 'cursed tree'. Because the tree was mentioned in a newspaper, the number of visitors to Frinley has now increased. The tree was planted near the church fifty years ago, but it is only in recent years that it has gained an evil reputation. It is said that if anyone touches the tree, he will have bad luck; if he picks a leaf, he will die. Many villagers believe that the tree has already claimed a number of victims. The vicar has been asked to have the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. He has pointed out that the tree cut down, but so far he has refused. He has pointed out that the tree is a useful source of income, as tourists have been coming from all parts of the country to see it. In spite of all that has been said, the tourists have been picking leaves and cutting their names on the tree-trunk. So far, not one of them has been struck down by sudden death!。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
blessing n. 福分，福气。
disguise n. 伪装。
tiny adj. 极
Lesson 59:In or out? 进来还是出去？
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why did Rex run away?。
Our dog, Rex, used to sit outside our front gate and dark. Every time he wanted to come into the garden he would bark until someone opened the gate. As the neighbours complained of the noise, my husband spent weeks training him to press his paw on the latch to let himself in. Rex soon became an expert at opening the gate. However, when I was going out shopping last week, I noticed him in the garden near the gate. This time he was barking so that someone would let him out! Since then, he has developed another bad habit. As soon as he opens the gate from the outside, he comes into the garden and waits until the gate shuts. Then he sits and barks until someone lets him out. After this he immediately lets himself in and begins barking again. Yesterday my husband removed the gate and Rex got so annoyed we have not seen him since.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
bark v. 狗叫
press v. 按，压
paw n. 脚爪
latch n. 门闩
expert n. 专家
develop v. 养成
habit n. 习惯
remove v. 拆掉，取下。
参考译文
我家的狗雷克斯，过去常坐在大门外面叫。每当它想到花园里来时，便汪汪叫个不停，直到有人把门打开。由于邻居们对狗叫很有意见，所以我丈夫花了几个星期的时间训练它用脚爪按住门闩把自己放进来。雷克斯很快成了开门的专家。然而上星期我正要出去买东西时，发现它正呆在花园里边靠门的地方。这次它叫着让人把它放出去！从那以后，它养成了另外一种坏习惯。它从外面把门一打开，就走进花园，等着门自动关上。这之后他就坐下汪汪叫起来，直到有人来把它放出去。出去之后，它又马上把自己放进来，接着再开始叫。昨天，我丈夫把门卸了下来，雷克斯很生气，此后我们便再也没有见到它。
Lesson 60:The future 卜算未来。
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Does what Madam Bellinsky said come true?。
At a village fair, I decided to visit a fortune-teller called Madam Bellinsky. I went into her tent and she told me to sit down. After I had given her some money, she looked into a crystal ball and said: 'A relation of yours is coming to see you. She will be arriving this evening and intends to stay for a few days. The moment you leave this tent, you will get a big surprise. A woman you know well will rush towards you. She will speak to you and then she will lead you away from this place. That is all.'。
As soon as I went outside, I forgot all about Madam Bellinsky because my wife hurried towards me. 'Where have you been hiding?' she asked impatiently. 'Your sister will be here in less than an hour and we must be at the station to meet her. We are late already.' As she walked away, I followed her out of the fair.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
future n. 未来，前途。
fair n. 集市
fortune-teller n. 算命人。
crystal n. 水晶
relation n. 亲属。
impatiently adv. 不耐烦地。
参考译文
在一个乡村集市上，我决定去拜访一位称作别林斯夫人的算命人。我走进她的帐篷，她叫我坐下。我给了她一些钱后，她便查看着一个水晶球说道：“您的一个亲戚就要来看您了。她将于今天傍晚到达，并准备住上几天。您一走出这个帐篷，就会大吃一惊。一位您很熟悉的女人将向您冲来。她会对您说点什么，然后带您离开这个地方。就是这些。”
我一走出帐篷，就把别林斯基夫人给算卦的事忘得一干二净了，因为我的妻子正匆匆向我跑来。“你躲到哪儿去了？”她不耐烦地问，“再有不到一个小时你姐姐就要到这儿了，我们得去车站接她。现在就已经晚了。”当她走开时，我也跟着她出了集市。
Lesson 61:Trouble with the Hubble。
哈勃望远镜的困境。
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What is the special importance of a telescope in space?。
The Hubble telescope was launched into space by NASA on April 20,1990 at a cost of over a billion dollars. Right from the start there was trouble with the Hubble. The pictures it sent us were very disappointing because its main mirror was faulty! NASA is now going to put the telescope right, so it will soon be sending up four astronauts to repair it. The shuttle Endeavour will be taking the astronauts to the Hubble. A robot-arm from the Endeavour will grab the telescope and hold it while the astronauts make the necessary repairs. Of course, the Hubble is above the earth's atmosphere, so it will soon be sending us the clearest pictures of the stars and distant galaxies that we have ever seen. The Hubble will tell us a great deal about the age and size of the universe. By the time you read this, the Hubble's eagle eye will have sent us thousands and thousands of wonderful pictures.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
Hubble n. 哈勃
telescope n. 望远镜。
launch v. 发射
space n. 空间
NASA n.(National Aeronautics and Space Administration) 国家航空和航天局。
billion n. 10亿。
faulty adj. 有错误的。
astronaut n. 宇航员。
shuttle n. 航天飞机。
Endeavour n. “奋进”号。
robot-arm n. 机器手。
grab v. 抓
atmosphere n. 大气层。
distant adj. 遥远的。
galaxy n. 星系
universe n. 宇宙。
eagle eye 鹰眼
参考译文
哈勃望远镜于1990年4月20日由国家航空航天局发射升空，耗资10多亿美元。从最开始哈勃望远镜就有问题。它传送给我们的图像很令人失望，因为它的主要镜子有误差。国家航天局准备纠正这一错误，为此将把4名宇航员送入太空修复望远镜。“奋进”号航天飞机将把宇航员送上哈勃。当宇航员进行必要的修复工作时，“奋进”号上的一只机器手将抓住望远镜并托住它。当然，哈勃位于地球的大气层之外，因此，它很快就会给我们传送我们所见到过的、有关行星和远距离星系的最清晰的照片。哈勃将告诉我们有关宇宙的年龄和大小的许多事情。等到你读到这篇文章时，敏锐的哈勃望远镜已经为我们送来了成千上万张精彩的照片。
Lesson 62:fter the fire 大火之后。
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
What was the danger to the villages after the fire?。
Firemen had been fighting the forest for nearly three weeks before they could get it under control. A short time before, great trees had covered the countryside for miles around. Now, smoke still rose up from the warm ground over the desolate hills. Winter was coming on and the hills threatened the surrounding villages with destruction, for heavy rain would not only wash away the soil but would cause serious floods as well. When the fire had at last been put out, the forest authorities ordered several tons of a special type of grass-seed which would grow quickly. The seed was sprayed over the ground in huge quantities by aeroplanes. The planes had been planting seed for nearly a month when it began to rain. By then, however, in many places the grass had already taken root. In place of the great trees which had been growing there for centuries patches of green had begun to appear in the blackened soil.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
control n. 控制
smoke n. 烟
desolate adj. 荒凉的。
threaten v. 威胁。
surrounding adj. 周围的。
destruction n. 破坏，毁灭。
flood n. 洪水，水灾。
authority n. （常用复数）当局。
grass-seed n. 草籽。
spray v. 喷撒
quantity n. 量
root n. 根
century n. 世纪
patch n. 小片
blacken v. 变黑，发暗。
参考译文
消防队员们同那场森林大火搏斗了将近3个星期才最后把火势控制住。就在不久之前，参天大树还覆盖着方圆数英里的土地。而现在，发热的地面上仍然升腾着烟雾，弥漫在荒凉的山丘上。冬季即将来临，这些山丘对周围的村庄具有毁灭性的威胁，因为大雨不仅会冲走土壤，而且还会引起严重的水灾。在大火最后被扑灭后，森林管理当局订购了好几吨一种生长迅速的特殊类型的草籽。飞机把这种草籽大量地撒播在地上。飞机撒播近一个月后，开始下起雨来。然而到那时，很多地方的草已经生了根。一片片的绿草开始出现在这片烧焦的土地上，代替了多少世纪以来一直生长在那里的参天大树。
Lesson 63:She was not amused 她并不觉得好笑。
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why did Jenny want to leave the wedding reception?。
Jeremy Hampden has a large circle of friends and if very popular at parties. Everybody admires him for his great sense of humour -- everybody, that is, except his six-year-old daughter, Jenny. Recently, one of Jeremy's closest friends asked him to make a speech at a wedding reception. This is the sort of thing that Jeremy loves. He prepared the speech carefully and went to the wedding with Jenny. he had included a large number of funny stories in the speech and, of course, it was a great success. As soon as he had finished, Jenny told him she wanted to go home. Jeremy was a little disappointed by this but he did as his daughter asked. On the way home, he asked Jenny if she had enjoyed the speech. To his surprise, she said she hadn't. Jeremy asked her why this was so and she told him that she did not like to see so many people laughing at him!。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
circle n. 圈子
admire v. 赞美，钦佩。
close adj. 亲密的。
wedding n. 婚礼
reception n. 招待会。
sort n. 种类
参考译文
杰里米.汉普登交际甚广，是各种聚会上深受大家欢迎的人。人人都钦佩他那绝妙的幽默感 -- 人人，就是说，除他6岁的女儿珍妮之外的每一个人。最近，杰里米的一个最亲密的朋友请他在一个婚礼上祝词。这正是杰里米喜欢做的事情。他认真准备了讲稿，带着珍妮一道去参加了婚礼。他的祝词里面加进了大量逗人的故事，自然大获成功。他刚一讲完，珍妮就对他说她要回家。这不免使杰里米有点扫兴，但他还是按照女儿的要求做了。在回家的路上，他问珍妮是否喜欢他的祝词。使他吃惊的是，她说她不喜欢。杰里米问他为何不喜欢，她说她不愿意看到那么多的人嘲笑他！
Lesson 64:The Channel Tunnel 海峡隧道。
First listen and then answer the question.。
听录音，然后回答以下问题。
Why was the first tunnel not completed?。
In 1858, a French engineer, Aime Thome de Gamond, arrived in England with a plan for a twenty-one-mile tunnel under the English Channel. He said that it would be possible to build a platform in the centre of the Channel. This platform would serve as a port and a railway station. The tunnel would be well-ventilated if tall chimneys were built above sea level. In 1860, a better plan was put forward by an Englishman, William Low. He suggested that a double railway-tunnel should be built. This would solve the problem of ventilation, for if a train entered this tunnel, it would draw in fresh air behind it. Forty-two years later a tunnel was actually begun. If, at the time, the British had not feared invasion, it would have been completed. The world had to wait almost another 100 years for the Channel Tunnel. It was officially opened on March 7,1994, finally connecting Britain to the European continent.。
New words and expressions 生词和短语。
tunnel n. 隧道
port n. 港口
ventilate v. 通风。
chimney n. 烟囱
sea level 海平面
double adj. 双的。
ventilation n. 通风。
fear v. 害怕
invasion n. 入侵，侵略。
officially adv. 正式地。
connect v. 连接
European adj. 欧洲的。
continent n. 大陆。
参考译文
1858年，一位名叫埃梅.托梅.德.干蒙的法国工程师带着建造一条长21英里、穿越英吉利海陕的隧道计划到了英国。他说，可以在隧道中央建造一座平台，这座平台将用作码头和火车站。如果再建些伸出海面的高大的烟囱状通风管，隧道就具备了良好的通风条件。1860年，一位名叫威廉.洛的英国人提出了一项更好的计划。他提议建一条双轨隧道，这样就解决了通风问题。因为如果有列火车开进隧道，它就把新鲜空气随之抽进了隧道。42年以后，隧道实际已经开始建了。如果不是因为那时英国人害怕入侵，隧道早已建成了。世界不得不再等将近100年才看到海峡隧道竣工。它于1994年3月7日正式开通，将英国与欧洲大陆连到了一起。
最大长度不够了..楼主留邮箱吧..我把剩下的发给你。
小韩在追星
英文诗的格式有哪些
英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判.诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐,用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界.诗讲究联想,运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法,形成了独特的语言艺术.。
一、 诗的格律 “格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”,是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式,也是朗读时轻重音的依据.而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位.重读音节为扬（重）,在音节上用“－”或“?”标示,非重读音节为抑（轻）,在音节上用“?”标示,音步之间可用“／”隔开.以下是五种常见格式：
1. 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式,每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成.。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass,。
So deep / in luve / am I ：
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, Till a` / the seas / gang dry：
Robert Burns（1759-1796）： My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose。
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go。
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉,可标示为：?－／?－／?－／（?－）
2.扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成.。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节）,可标示为：－?／－?／－?／－。
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright。
In the / forests / of the / night。
William Blake： The Tyger。
3. 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot： 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成.如：三音步抑抑扬格?－／?－／?－。
Like a child / from the womb,。
Like a ghost / from the tomb,。
I arise / and unbuild / it again.。
4. 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot： 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成.如：两音步扬抑抑格－?／－?。
?Touch her not / ?scornfully,。
?Think of her / ?mournfully.。
- Thomas Hood
5. 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成.如：三音步抑扬抑格?－?／?－?／?－?下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格.。
O ?hush thee / my ?babie / thy ?sire was / a knight.。
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律,格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值.现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律.。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法.。
1. 尾韵：最常见,最重要的押韵方式.。
1） 联韵：aabb型.
I shot an arrow into the air,。
It fell to earth, I knew not where；
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight。
Could not follow it in its flight.。
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow： The Arrow and the Song。
2） 交叉韵：abab型.
Sunset and evening star,。
And one clear call for me!。
And may there be no moaning of the bar,。
When I put out to sea,。
Alfred Tennyson（1809-1892）： Crossing the Bar。
3） 同韵：有的诗押韵,一韵到底,大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚.。
如下例就共用／i：p／为韵脚.。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep,。
But I have promises to keep,。
And miles to go before I sleep,。
And miles to go before I sleep.。
Robert Frost （1874-1963）： Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening。
2. 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同,形成押韵.下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象.。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew,。
The furrow followed free,。
We were the first that ever burst。
Into that silent sea.。
T.S. Coleridge： Rime of the Acient Mariner。
3.内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵.。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应,呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛.。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year‘s pleasant king；
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring,。
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing：
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo!。
Thomas Nashe（1567-1601）： Spring, the Sweet Spring。
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza）,每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节.目前我们常见的诗体有：
1. 十四行诗（Sonnet）,源于中世纪民间抒情短诗,十三、十四世纪流行于意大利,意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物,每行十一个音节,全诗一节八行,加一节六行,韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd （cdecde）.前八行提问,后六行回答.。
后来,怀亚特（ThomasWyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国,五音步抑扬格,全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问,后二句结论.斯宾塞（EdmundSpenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee.莎士比亚（WilliamShakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg,称英国式或莎士比亚式.举例见本文第四部分.。
2. 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌,一般没有标题也无作者姓名,含有幽默讽刺性,常运用双关,内韵等手法.每首诗五个诗行,押韵为aabba,格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主.。
1） There was a young lady of Nigger。
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger；
They returned from the ride。
With the lady inside,。
And the smile on the face of the tiger.。
2） A tutor who taught on the flute。
Tried to teach two tooters to toot,。
“Is it harder to toot, or。
Said the two to the tutor,。
To tutor two tooters to toot?“
3. 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格,不押韵诗体.。
Across the watery bale , and shout again,。
Responsive to his call, - with quivering peals,。
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud.。
Redoubled and redoubled：concourse wild。
Of jocund din!…
William Wordsworth： There Was a Boy。
4. 自由诗（FreeVerse）：现代诗中常见的体式,长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中,不讲究押韵与格律,只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感.美国诗人WaltWhitman的>（Leaves of Grass）中,就采用此格式.例子见第四部分.。
四、 诗的评判
对一首诗,个人的感受会有不同.节奏流畅,语言精炼,联想新颖的诗可算是好诗.堆砌词藻,一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗,只能是下乘的诗.。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体,接近口语,可谓大胆创新,大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧.以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判.。
1. That Time of Year。
That time of year thou may‘st in me behold。
When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang。
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold,。
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang,。
In me thou see‘st the twilight of such day。
As after sunset fadeth in the west,。
When by and by black night doth take away,。
Death‘s second self, that seals up all in rest.。
In me thou see‘st the glowing of such fire,。
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie.。
As the deathbed whereon it must expire,。
Consumed with that which it was nourished by.。
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong,。
To love that well which thou must leave ere long.。
Notes：may‘st：may behold：see late：no long ago thou：you see’st：see。
fadeth：fades doth：does seals up all at rest：彻底埋葬。
thy：your perceivest： perceive ere long： before long。
此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare, 1564-1616）的一首十四行诗.作为英国文学巨匠,他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛.。
此诗为五音步抑扬格,每个诗行格律为：?－／?－／?－／?－／?－／.。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题.前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零,曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛,联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方,被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息,被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化.其中choirs（歌坛）,deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法,同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡.最后两行：点题,人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜.本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点.。
2. The Daffodils。
I wandered lonely as a cloud。
That floats on high o‘er vales and hills,。
When all at once I saw a crowd,。
A host of golden daffodils；
Beside the lake, beneath the trees,。
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze.。
Continuous as the stars that shine。
And twinkle on the Milky Way,。
They stretched in never-ending line。
Along the margin of a bay：
Ten thousand saw I at a glance,。
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance.。
The waves beside them danced； but they。
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee：
A poet could not but be gay,。
In such a jocund company：
I gazed - and gazed - but little thought。
What wealth the show to me had brought：
For oft, when on my couch I lie。
In vacant or in pensive mood,。
They flash upon that inward eye。
Which is the bliss of solitude；
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills,。
And dances with the daffodils.。
Notes： a crowd, a host of： many sprightly：happy glee：joy。
jocund：happy bliss：complete happiness pensive：sadly thoughtful。
华兹华斯（WilliamWordsworth,1770-1850）,十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一.此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象,同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢.黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年,威尔士归顺英格兰,被封公国）,在英国广泛栽种,春季开花,花期不长.有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌,这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的.。
全诗语言精炼,通俗易懂,四音步抑扬格,分四节（stanza）,每节6行,每节押韵均为ababcc.第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步,偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放,千姿百态；第三节,诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时,回想当时情景,又让他心中充满了欢乐,随着水仙跳起舞来.。
3. Song of Myself。
I celebrate myself, and sing myself,。
And what I assume you shall assume,。
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you.。
I loafe and invite my soul,。
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass.。
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form‘d from this soil, this air,。
Born ere of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same,。
I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin,。
Hoping to cease not till death.。
Creeds and schools in abeyance,。
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten.。
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard.。
Nature without check with original energy.。
Notes： a spear of： a piece of school：学说,流派 hazard：chance。
abeyance： the condition of not being in use for a certain time。
惠特曼（Walt Whitman,1819-1892）,美国诗人.此诗选自其巨著.本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分,采用自由诗体,语言接近当时的美国口语.。
文中I指作者,you指读者,这种写法使读者身临其境,进入作者描写的世界.作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的,同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中.。
从上看出,诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及,关键要抓住诗中的意象,了解其语义,以便把握诗的大意.纵然每个人的读后感会有不同,但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣.。
小韩在追星
如何赏析一首英文诗歌
英诗浩瀚，篇幅长短不一，长至成集，短至仅句。为使英语学习者了解英诗，特拟此文，从实用角度阐述英诗的欣赏：诗的格律、诗的押韵、诗的体式、诗的评判。
诗以高度凝结的语言表达着人们的喜怒哀乐，用其特有的节奏与方式影响着人们的精神世界。诗讲究联想，运用象征、比喻、拟人等各种修辞手法，形成了独特的语言艺术。（有关修辞手法可参考相关书籍）。
一、 诗的格律
“格律是指可以用脚打拍子的节奏”，是每个音步轻重音节排列的格式，也是朗读时轻重音的依据。而音步是由重读音节和非重读音节构成的诗的分析单位。重读音节为扬（重），在音节上用“－”或“ˊ”标示，非重读音节为抑（轻），在音节上用“）”标示，音步之间可用“／”隔开。以下是五种常见格式：
1． 抑扬格（轻重格）Iambus：是最常见的一种格式，每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。
As fair / art thou / my bon/nie lass, 。
So deep / in luve / am I : 。
And I / will luve / thee still,/ my dear, 。
Till a` / the seas / gang dry: 。
Robert Burns(1759-1796): My Luve Is like a Red, Red Rose 。
注；art=are luve=love bonnie=beautiful a`=all gang=go 。
上例中为四音步与三音步交叉，可标示为：）－／）－／）－／（）－）
2．扬抑格（重轻格）Trochee：每个音步由一个重读音节加一个非重读音节构成。
下例中为四音步扬抑格（少一个轻音节），可标示为：－）／－）／－）／－ 。
Tyger!/ Tyger!/ burning / bright 。
In the / forests / of the / night 。
William Blake: The Tyger 。
3． 抑抑扬格（轻轻重格）Anapaestic foot: 每个音步由两个非重读音节加一个重读音节构成。如：三音步抑抑扬格））－／））－／））－ 。
Like a child / from the womb, 。
Like a ghost / from the tomb, 。
I arise / and unbuild / it again. 。
4． 扬抑抑格（重轻轻格）Dactylic foot: 每个音步由一个重读音节加两个非重读音节构成。如：两音步扬抑抑格－））／－））
ˊTouch her not / ˊscornfully, 。
ˊThink of her / ˊmournfully. 。
-- Thomas Hood 。
5． 抑扬抑格（轻重轻格）Amphibrach：每个音步由一个非重读音节加一个重读音节再加一个非重读音节构成。如：三音步抑扬抑格）－）／）－）／）－）
下例中最后一个音步为抑扬格。
O ˊhush thee / my ˊbabie / thy ˊsire was / a knight. 。
在同一首诗中常会出现不同的格律，格律解析对朗读诗歌有一定参考价值。现代诗中常不遵守规范的格律。
二、 诗的押韵
押韵是指通过重复元音或辅音以达到一定音韵效果的诗歌写作手法。
1． 尾韵：最常见，最重要的押韵方式。
1） 联韵：aabb型。
I shot an arrow into the air, 。
It fell to earth, I knew not where; 。
For, so swiftly it flew, the sight 。
Could not follow it in its flight. 。
Henry Wadsworth Longfellow: The Arrow and the Song 。
2） 交叉韵：abab型。
Sunset and evening star, 。
And one clear call for me! 。
And may there be no moaning of the bar, 。
When I put out to sea, 。
Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892): Crossing the Bar 。
3） 同韵：有的诗押韵，一韵到底，大多是在同一节诗中共用一个韵脚。
如下例就共用／i:p／为韵脚。
The woods are lovely, dark and deep, 。
But I have promises to keep, 。
And miles to go before I sleep, 。
And miles to go before I sleep. 。
Robert Frost (1874-1963): Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening 。
2． 头韵：是指一行（节）诗中几个词开头的辅音相同，形成押韵。下例中运用／f／、／b／与／s／头韵生动写出了船在海上轻快航行的景象。
The fair breeze blew, the white foam flew, 。
The furrow followed free, 。
We were the first that ever burst 。
Into that silent sea. 。
T.S. Coleridge: Rime of the Acient Mariner 。
3．内韵（同元音）：指词与词之间原因的重复形成的内部押韵。
下面一节诗中／i／及／iη／重复照应，呈现出一派欢乐祥和的气氛。
Spring, the sweet spring, is the year’s pleasant king; 。
Then blooms each thing, then maids dance in a ring, 。
Cold dath not sting, the pretty birds do sing: 。
Cuckoo,jug-jug,pu-we,to-witta-woo! 。
Thomas Nashe(1567-1601): Spring, the Sweet Spring 。
三、 诗的体式
有的诗分成几节（stanza），每节由若干诗行组成（每行诗均以大写字母开头）；有的诗则不分节。目前我们常见的诗体有：
1． 十四行诗 (Sonnet)，源于中世纪民间抒情短诗，十三、十四世纪流行于意大利，意大利彼特拉克（Petrarch）为代表人物，每行十一个音节，全诗一节八行，加一节六行，韵脚用abba, abba, cdcdcd (cdecde)。前八行提问，后六行回答。
后来，怀亚特（Thomas Wyatt,1503-1542）将十四行诗引人英国，五音步抑扬 。
格，全诗三个四行一个二行,前三节提问，后二句结论。斯宾塞（Edmund 。
Spenser,1552-1599）用韵脚 abab, bcbc,cdcd,ee。莎士比亚（William 。
Shakespeare,1564-1616）用韵脚abab,cdcd,dfdf,gg，称英国式或莎士比亚式。举 。
例见本文第四部分。
2． 打油诗（Limericks）：通常是小笑话甚至是胡诌，一般没有标题也无作者姓名，含有幽默讽刺性，常运用双关，内韵等手法。每首诗五个诗行，押韵为aabba，格律以抑扬格和抑抑扬格为主。
1) There was a young lady of Nigger 。
Who smiled as she rode on a tiger; 。
They returned from the ride 。
With the lady inside, 。
And the smile on the face of the tiger. 。
2) A tutor who taught on the flute 。
Tried to teach two tooters to toot, 。
“Is it harder to toot, or 。
Said the two to the tutor, 。
To tutor two tooters to toot?”
3． 无韵体（Blank Verse）：五音步抑扬格，不押韵诗体。
Across the watery bale , and shout again, 。
Responsive to his call, -- with quivering peals, 。
And long halloos, and screams, and echoes loud. 。
Redoubled and redoubled:concourse wild 。
Of jocund din!…
William Wordsworth: There Was a Boy 。
4． 自由诗（Free Verse）:现代诗中常见的体式，长短不同的诗行存在于同一首诗中，不讲究押韵与格律，只注重诗歌所表达的意象和传递的情感。美国诗人Walt Whitman的<<草叶集>>（Leaves of Grass）中，就采用此格式。例子见第四部分。
四、 诗的评判
对一首诗，个人的感受会有不同。节奏流畅，语言精炼，联想新颖的诗可算是好诗。堆砌词藻，一味抒发感情而无实际内容的诗，只能是下乘的诗。
二十世纪英美诗歌大量采用自由诗体，接近口语，可谓大胆创新，大概也是诗歌发展的大势所趋吧。以下通过三首诗的分析看诗的评判。
1． That Time of Year 。
That time of year thou may’st in me behold 。
When yellow leaves,or none,or few, do hang 。
Upon those boughs which shake against the cold, 。
Bare ruined choirs where late the sweet birds sang, 。
In me thou see’st the twilight of such day 。
As after sunset fadeth in the west, 。
When by and by black night doth take away, 。
Death’s second self, that seals up all in rest. 。
In me thou see’st the glowing of such fire, 。
That on the ashes of his youth doth lie. 。
As the deathbed whereon it must expire, 。
Consumed with that which it was nourished by. 。
This you perceivest, which makes thy love more strong, 。
To love that well which thou must leave ere long. 。
Notes:may’st:may behold:see late:no long ago thou:you see’st:see 。
fadeth:fades doth:does seals up all at rest:彻底埋葬 。
thy:your perceivest: perceive ere long: before long 。
此诗是莎士比亚（William Shakespeare, 1564-1616）的一首十四行诗。作为英国文学巨匠，他以37部剧作和154首十四行诗屹立于世界文坛。
此诗为五音步抑扬格，每个诗行格律为：）－／）－／）－／）－／）－／。
全诗涉及衰老、死亡及爱情问题。前十二行：通过描写深秋的树枝黄叶凋零，曾是百鸟争鸣的歌坛，联想到自身青春会如夕阳消逝在远方，被黑夜吞没；自身的青春会如将尽的柴火奄奄一息，被曾滋养过它的火焰焚化。其中choirs（歌坛），deathbed（灵床）使用暗喻手法，同时又用夕阳和柴火象征人的衰老死亡。最后两行：点题，人们对即将永别的东西会更珍惜。本文动词变化具有明显的伊利沙白时代的特点。
2． The Daffodils 。
I wandered lonely as a cloud 。
That floats on high o’er vales and hills, 。
When all at once I saw a crowd, 。
A host of golden daffodils; 。
Beside the lake, beneath the trees, 。
Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. 。
Continuous as the stars that shine 。
And twinkle on the Milky Way, 。
They stretched in never-ending line 。
Along the margin of a bay: 。
Ten thousand saw I at a glance, 。
Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. 。
The waves beside them danced; but they 。
Outdid the sparkling waves in glee: 。
A poet could not but be gay, 。
In such a jocund company: 。
I gazed --- and gazed --- but little thought 。
What wealth the show to me had brought: 。
For oft, when on my couch I lie 。
In vacant or in pensive mood, 。
They flash upon that inward eye 。
Which is the bliss of solitude; 。
Ans then my heart with pleasure fills, 。
And dances with the daffodils. 。
Notes: a crowd, a host of: many sprightly:happy glee:joy 。
jocund:happy bliss:complete happiness pensive:sadly thoughtful 。
华兹华斯（William Wordsworth，1770-1850），十九世纪初英格兰北部湖区三大“湖畔派诗人”（浪漫主义）之一。此诗向我们描绘了一幅美好的自然景象，同时抒发作者对自然美景的喜欢。黄水仙据说是威尔士国花（1282年，威尔士归顺英格兰，被封公国），在英国广泛栽种，春季开花，花期不长。有许多关于黄水仙的诗歌，这首诗无疑是脱颖而出的。
全诗语言精炼，通俗易懂，四音步抑扬格，分四节（stanza），每节6行，每节押韵均为ababcc。
第一节写诗人孤寂时外出散步，偶遇水仙；第二节写水仙争相开放，千姿百态；第三节，诗人看到这景象感到欣喜异常；第四节写诗人在日后忧郁时，回想当时情景，又让他心中充满了欢乐，随着水仙跳起舞来。
3. Song of Myself 。
I celebrate myself, and sing myself, 。
And what I assume you shall assume, 。
For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. 。
I loafe and invite my soul, 。
I learn and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. 。
My tongue, every atom of my blood, form’d from this soil, this air, 。
Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, 。
I, now thirty seven years old in perfect health begin, 。
Hoping to cease not till death. 。
Creeds and schools in abeyance, 。
Retiring back a while sufficed at what they are, but never forgotten. 。
I harbor for good or bad, I permit to speak at every hazard. 。
Nature without check with original energy. 。
Notes: a spear of: a piece of school:学说，流派 hazard:chance 。
abeyance: the condition of not being in use for a certain time 。
惠特曼（Walt Whitman,1819-1892），美国诗人。此诗选自其巨著<<草叶集>>。本文是Song of Myself 一诗的第一部分，采用自由诗体，语言接近当时的美国口语。
文中I指作者，you指读者，这种写法使读者身临其境，进入作者描写的世界。作者在文中表明人的价值是平等的，同时他把自己融入到自然带给他的启发思考中。
从上看出，诗歌的欣赏评判并非可望而不可及，关键要抓住诗中的意象，了解其语义，以便把握诗的大意。纵然每个人的读后感会有不同，但每个人都会在阅读过程中感受到诗歌带来的美和精神上的共鸣。