implementations

交叉编译的流程是什么？

才两个Chapter就这么多了。

Information Systems Management。

Chapter 1: Introduction。

1. Introduction。

1.1 The Origin of This Research Interest。

As an Information Systems manager, the author worked at Xi’an Jiaotong University。

(XJTU), China, (http://www.xjtu.edu.cn) for many years. Her personal experience can。

be traced back to 1984 when XJTU was the first university in China to launch a。

project of management information systems. Since then, various Information Systems。

(IS) at XJTU have been continually developed and improved. At present, the existing。

IS are covering almost all the transaction processes of XJTU.。

In the year 2000, I had an opportunity to study at the Eindhoven University of。

Technology (TUE), in The Netherlands (http://www.tue.nl). During my study at TUE,。

I had the opportunity to talk with several managers of the university IS, as well as to。

look and study more closely at some existing IS at the TUE.。

Comparing the several IS between XJTU and TUE in practice, I became convinced。

that there were tremendous differences. Below I will present some typical examples of。

the differences.。

1.1.1

Information Systems at XJTU。

Generally speaking, the existing IS at XJTU were all self-designed and constructed。

upon the demand of superior management levels. The Chinese expression for this is。

“the one hand involvement.” This means that the highest senior manager who is。

responsible for the particular business processing in the organization has taken the。

initiative to develop his own supporting IS. This is still the dominant slogan and basic。

principle in the IS community in China, for both IS research and IS development.。

In practice, all the existing IS are separately designed, developed and deployed in the。

several administrative divisions and offices. The output of the IS, mostly printed on。

paper like general reports with tables, still plays a significant role on campus. Such。

paper output provides the necessary transfer of messages between the different。

offices, which is necessary due to the fact that offices and departments are not。

completely autonomous but depend on each other to a certain degree. Additionally,。

paper output enables the creation of working archives. These archives will be。

collected and stored in special departments every certain period.。

XJTU has also an electronic campus network linking all offices, the student as well as。

staff dormitory, inside the university. Most computers in offices at XJTU are。

physically connected to the campus network. However, the IS mentioned above still。

work in their original set up and are functioning more or less as information islands.。

As a matter of fact, there are quite a few database links between the different IS。

within the different departments. Generally speaking, the IS work inside a particular。

division for particular administrative business processes. These systems are not。

intended or accessible outside the “owning” department. Even within a specific department there are strict authorization rules for those who have access to IS and。

who do not.

After the Internet was implemented at the XJTU campus, the ISM became involved in。

new tasks and responsibilities, such as publishing university information on the。

website, transferring messages by E-mail and communication by Bulletin Board。

Systems (BBS).

The website technology has provided a new form and a new opportunity for。

publishing information. The primary information at the official XJTU website。

includes: university hot news, distinguished academics, an introduction to the。

university organization, existing national key laboratories, information about。

educational programs, admission, studying abroad, staff and vacancy information,。

information about international conferences, including the call for papers, the XJTU。

journal, information about scientific programs and technology transfer, information。

about international co-operation, library information, information about the available。

ICT services, alumni news, and so on.。

In general, Email is not prevalent for both collective and individual use. The。

notifications from the organization to individuals are generally communicated through。

the medium of paper. Business communications, as well as private communications,。

are often in a face-to-face mode or by phone, sometimes by FAX.。

In addition, the BBS is a very attractive communicating facility at campus. There are。

many participants discussing themes, covering a lot of messages both at campus, as。

well as outside the campus. The total number of the actual running chat themes is。

nearly 200 in the BBS area. Some of the most favorite themes are: the top ten hottest。

topics, the latest prime topics, news from the XJTU forum science, technology issues,。

sociology, liberal arts, sports, music, games, news from other universities, on-line。

chatting and discussions, searching friends, and so on.。

Many students, teachers, university staff, as well as managers are quite interested in。

the chatting themes and topics. It appears to be a very useful communication facility。

between colleagues, between students and teachers, as well as between staff and。

managers.

There are two modes of access to the BBS. One is through inputting the registered。

name and password. Another mode is the anonymous one without any input of。

personal information. People can enter BBS practically anywhere and anytime。

globally, as long as the user’s computer is connected to the Internet.。

Regardless of which model one use to access the BBS, all reading and writing of。

topics are open to users. In other words, users can access any topic in both access。

modes. However, the published information on the BBS will be monitored and will be。

cancelled if that information is not allowed to be published.。

1.1.2

Information Systems at the TUE。

There are many management IS at the TUE, supporting the many business processes。

at campus. Classifying them into major categories, one could say that one type of IS。

has to do with issues regarding educational programs and student affairs, another。

deals with research themes and issues (the several programs, staff involved, external。

participants involved, contract agreements, etc), still another handles personnel。

affairs, and the last deals with financial issues and facilities (lecture halls, laboratories,。

buildings, etc).。

The objective of all the IS at TUE relate to the internal business processes. The IS are。

either self-developed or standard software purchased from external suppliers. Most。

information tasks are carried out by TUE personnel or students, but some。

applications, like salary payments, are completely outsourced. The IS are functioning。

at university levels, department levels, or sub-department levels.。

The majority of IS are user centered. In other words, it is up to the users whether a。

particular information system is necessary and acceptable. The ease of use is, in that。

respect, quite an important feature. Next to that, and even more important, is the。

usefulness of the information system itself for the users. An information system will。

only be successful if, and only if; the users involved have a direct or indirect benefit。

from that system. This principle is described by Bemelmans as the “Closed Loop。

Principle”. A system should be designed in such a way that the people, who are。

mainly responsible for the input, have a direct benefit of doing that input job in a。

correct way. The system should function as a closed loop in that respect [Bemelmans,。

2000].

The TUE Campus network is linked to all offices at the university, highly facilitating。

various applications. As a matter of fact, all databases and IS are connected to each。

other according to the users’ business processes requirements. Modifying those links,。

such as adding, changing and deleting, has to be done according to the user’s。

requirements.

Back up facilities are strongly developed at the campus network at the TUE. All the。

existing IS and relevant databases, as well as the back ups are distributed by the。

campus network at both departmental and university level. Normally, users make their。

own initial back up at the department level whenever they like. Afterwards, both。

department and university level back up will regularly and automatically proceed。

according to fixed periods.。

Email is a very popular communicating facility at the TUE. For example, with email it。

is quite easy to make an appointment, to exchange messages, to announce an event, to。

issue an invitation, and so on.。

The public folder of the Email includes various information from all faculties,。

departments, institutes, as well as sub-departments, such as the introductory events for。

new students and/or staff, all kinds of messages, agenda, public announcements,。

notifications, meeting minutes, general contacts, project proposals, staff issues, tasks。

to be done, etc.。

The website of the TUE provides general information about TUE, the campus plan,。

the mission statement, slideshows, agendas, publications, departmental information,。

study programs, research programs and schools, management & service issues,。

internationalization, vacancies, library information, information about and for。

students, employees, prospective students, alumni, companies, general visitors, etc.。

In addition, the personal website is very popular at TUE. Every staff member can。

design his or her own personal website according to his or her own desire regarding。

content, style and form. Meanwhile, he or she can revise the personal website at。

anytime.

1.1.3 Some Differences between XJTU and TUE。

Comparing the situation of the IS at XJTU and the TUE, we find some interesting。

differences. These will be discussed in the following section.。

• Different Involvement of Senior Management。

As we described before, at XJTU it is quite normal that the basic initiative to develop。

an information system is taken by the superior management. Chinese people are。

familiar with hierarchical relationships and from that perspective, it is quite。

understandable that IS development is only started on the initiative of the “boss.”

Earlier we indicated that attitude as “the one hand involvement.” Said another way,。

the Chinese approach is a top-down one. Many studies in the IS field concern the。

question of how to effectively involve the senior and primary managers in the。

different activities and tasks regarding ISM. In practice, many successfully。

implemented IS at universities are sufficiently supported by senior and primary。

managers.

In contrast, the approach in the Netherlands regarding university systems seems to be。

“bottom up.” The future users of a system have a very important influence on system。

design and development. In that respect, the user’s involvement is significant at the。

TUE in the Netherlands. For example, users are heavily involved in proposing new。

IS, and also in designing, evaluating, and upgrading IS, etc.。

• Different Information Systems Architectures。

The IS at XJTU are mainly located in and reserved for specific application units.。

Generally speaking, they are internally oriented. At the university level, there are。

hardly any existing links or connections between IS. Databases do not cross the。

application units so there is no practice in sharing common data. In other words, the。

architecture of the Chinese IS is distributed but at the same time isolated, not。

integrated. The several systems are functioning on their own, that is, they behave like。

information islands.。

Although the IS at TUE are also decentralized and distributed in the several。

application units, they are all connected together according to business process。

requirements. The links between the existing systems and databases are quite。

complicated. Seen from an architectural viewpoint, one could characterize the TUE。

systems as distributed, but at the same time highly integrated. Responsibilities related。

to the IS, as well as with the databases, are organized according to user requirements.。

• Different Information Sharing Approaches。

At XJTU, the information sharing is mainly dependent on the reporting manner.。

Whenever information has to be exchanged between different units, this could be。

provided in both paper mode and electronic mode, according to the required type and。

form. In practice, each exchange must be approved by management and has to follow。

certain strict authorization procedures.。

Information sharing at TUE is mainly online and in electronic mode. As mentioned。

previously, all the databases and IS are substantially connected with each other,。

according to the requirements of the daily business processes. If a new requirement。

comes out because of new or adapted business processes, the IS architecture will be。

adapted by creating new links and connections.。

• Different Information Communicating Channels。

People at the XJTU and the TUE are using the available information communication。

channels in different ways. At XJTU, email is not prevalent, as people are still used to。

being informed face to face, by phone or fax. However, the Bulletin Board System。

(BBS) appears to be a popular communication channel, providing a complementary。

bridge to the traditional communication channels at campus.。

In contrast to XJTU, at TUE Email is the most commonly used communication。

channel. Many communications, both at the group and individual level, are done by。

Email.

From the given examples above, the following questions could be asked:。

– Why are the existing IS organized differently in。

practice between XJTU and TUE?。

– Why are the approaches of designing and developing IS。

different between XJTU and TUE?。

– What is the reason that the management emphasis and。

involvement is different between XJTU and TUE?。

In order to answer the questions above, there is a compelling need for researching the。

domain of ISM.

1.2 Expected Results of the Research。

“Information system management is a key component of successful implementation。

and utilization of Information and communication technology in an organization”

[Looijen, 1998]. “It is increasingly becoming an important part of the responsibilities。

of managers and information workers at all levels of the organization” [Ralph H.。

Sprague et al., 1993]. Particularly, with the increasing internationalization of trade and。

consequent integrations of the global economy, ISM is becoming increasingly obvious. More and more businesses are strongly depending on the reliable functioning。

of IS. At the same time, applications of IS are continuously infused and diffused。

world wide, due to the rapid development of information technology. Many new。

technical products are introduced. New technologies are demanded and also provided.。

New IS are developed and implemented. The border and the scope of IS are crossing。

organizations, regions and countries. Consequently, globalization is typical of the。

application of modern information technology. On the one hand, the development and。

application of IS are boosted because of globalization. On the other hand, managing。

those IS properly is getting more and more difficult because of the enormous。

complexity of modern global IS.。

This study is significant for several reasons. First, from a global point of view,。

studying the differences of ISM between Chinese and Dutch would be meaningful.。

Insights from the research findings would be helpful in understanding the differences。

that are important when one has to set up an internationalized ISM. Second, the。

research findings would be helpful to understand people’s behavior from different。

countries. Third, the results of the research would also contribute to developing。

relevant management strategies for an internationalized ISM. The results would then。

be useful to study, design and develop more flexible and compatible IS in a global IS。

world. And last, but not least, the research could benefit IS producers if they are。

moving from their own domestic markets towards international markets.。

1.3 The Research Scope and Focus。

It should be clear from the previous sections that this research could be meaningful,。

useful and helpful for IS researchers, IS-producers, users, as well as for managers.。

Comparing the several IS at the XJTU and the TUE and then understanding the。

differences in ISM are the reason and motivation for this research.。

It is necessary to clarify the research scope and the research focus. As described in。

previous sections, some observable differences in ISM between XJTU and the TUE。

exist in practice. This might be caused by many factors.。

Since countries are different, the IS and its ISM have been embedded in different and。

situational circumstances. Accordingly, the research scope could include many issues。

related to country specific factors, such as Politics, Law/Legislation, Economics,。

Organizational issues, Technology, National Culture, etc.。

Although all those country specific factors are of significance for ISM, it is not。

possible to include all those factors in this research. Therefore, this research will focus。

on national culture and its influence on ISM. Of course, answering the national。

cultural impact on ISM would not mean that all other country specific factors have。

been solved. In that sense, this study has its clear shortcomings. However, the result。

of this research might be useful and helpful for studying the other country specific。

factors. The research scope and the research focus are depicted in Figure 1.1.。

the research scope。

the research focus。

country specific factors。

related ISM issues。

national culture。

related ISM issues。

Figure 1.1: The Research Scope and Research Focus。

1.4 Research Objective。

As stated before, we are interested in finding answers to the following questions:。

1. Why are IS in practice organized differently at XJTU。

and TUE? What generalized conclusions can be drawn。

from that?

2. Why are there different development approaches in。

China and The Netherlands? What consequences would。

this have for ISM?。

3. What are explanations that the management emphasis。

on IS is different between XJTU and TUE? To what。

adapted strategies should that lead in case one has to。

develop and deploy IS in general?。

The research scope and research focus were clarified in the previous section. In other。

words, this research will study country specific factors influencing ISM in general,。

and focus on the national culture factors, in particular. Therefore, one of the。

objectives of this research is to answer the following research question:。

–

What is the impact of national cultural differences on。

ISM?

If national culture plays an important role in the application of IS, it would also。

profoundly affect the corresponding ISM in practice. Understanding the importance of。

culture on ISM then becomes particularly relevant because IS cross the borders of。

countries or regions and thus various users are involved. It is quite a challenge for a。

(global) ISM to facilitate the reliability, availability, compatibility, flexibility,。

maintainability, etc of the several IS in use.。

Apart from aiming at a direct contribution to understanding and realizing how。

national culture influences ISM, the second objective of this research is to propose。

designs for organizing and implementing ISM in the several situational。

circumstances. Our research ambition is thus not only to clarify the impact of national。

culture on ISM (explanatory research) but also finding practical solutions for ISM。

implementations (design oriented research). Therefore, the second objective of this。

research is answering the following question:。

– How can IS be managed properly by taking into account。

national cultural differences?。

.................。

太多了，一个百度网页摆不下了。自己下载，再用PDF2Word转换成Word文档吧。

解讲解一下句子结构，并翻译一下。谢谢！

采用交叉编译的主要原因在于，多数嵌入式目标系统不能提供足够的资源供编译过程使用，因而只好将编译工程转移到高性能的主机中进行。

linux下的交叉编译环境重要包括以下几个部分：

1.对目标系统的编译器gcc

2.对目标系统的二进制工具binutils。

3.目标系统的标准c库glibc。

4.目标系统的linux内核头文件。

交叉编译环境的建立步骤

一、下载源代码 下载包括binutils、gcc、glibc及linux内核的源代码（需要注意的是，glibc和内核源代码的版本必须与目标机上实际使用的版本保持一致），并设定shell变量PREFIX指定可执行程序的安装路径。

二、编译binutils 首先运行configure文件，并使用--prefix=$PREFIX参数指定安装路径，使用--target=arm-linux参数指定目标机类型，然后执行make install。

三、配置linux内核头文件

首先执行make mrproper进行清理工作，然后执行make config ARCH=arm（或make menuconfig/xconfig ARCH=arm）进行配置（注意，一定要在命令行中使用ARCH=arm指定cpu架构，因为缺省架构为主机的cpu架构），这一步需要根据目标机的实际情况进行详细的配置，笔者进行的实验中目标机为HP的ipaq-hp3630 PDA，因而设置system type为SA11X0，SA11X0 Implementations中选择Compaq iPAQ H3600/H3700。

配置完成之后，需要将内核头文件拷贝到安装目录： cp -dR include/asm-arm $PREFIX/arm-linux/include/asm cp -dR include/linux $PREFIX/arm-linux/include/linux。

四、第一次编译gcc

首先运行configure文件，使用--prefix=$PREFIX参数指定安装路径，使用--target=arm-linux参数指定目标机类型，并使用--disable-threads、--disable-shared、--enable-languages=c参数，然后执行make install。这一步将生成一个最简的gcc。由于编译整个gcc是需要目标机的glibc库的，它现在还不存在，因此需要首先生成一个最简的gcc，它只需要具备编译目标机glibc库的能力即可。

五、交叉编译glibc

这一步骤生成的代码是针对目标机cpu的，因此它属于一个交叉编译过程。该过程要用到linux内核头文件，默认路径为$PREFIX/arm-linux/sys-linux，因而需要在$PREFIX/arm-linux中建立一个名为sys-linux的软连接，使其内核头文件所在的include目录；或者，也可以在接下来要执行的configure命令中使用--with-headers参数指定linux内核头文件的实际路径。

configure的运行参数设置如下（因为是交叉编译，所以要将编译器变量CC设为arm-linux-gcc）： CC=arm-linux-gcc ./configure --prefix=$PREFIX/arm-linux --host=arm-linux --enable-add-ons 最后，按以上配置执行configure和make install，glibc的交叉编译过程就算完成了，这里需要指出的是，glibc的安装路径设置为$PREFIXARCH=arm/arm-linux，如果此处设置不当，第二次编译gcc时可能找不到glibc的头文件和库。

六、第二次编译gcc

运行configure，参数设置为--prefix=$PREFIX --target=arm-linux --enable-languages=c,c++。

运行make install。

到此为止整个交叉编译环境就完全生成了。

几点注意事项

第一点、在第一次编译gcc的时候可能会出现找不到stdio.h的错误，解决办法是修改gcc/config/arm/t-linux文件，在TARGET_LIBGCC2_CFLAGS变量的设定中增加-Dinhibit_libc和-D__gthr_posix_h。

英语的~~~急！

此处，通过探索式执行贯彻对协议（或：计划书）的履行，但建议对运行系统（或：生产系统）慎重考虑，了解在协议进入草案阶段前，将本协议付诸履行是否合适。

but引导转折关系的俩分句。

前一分句主干为Implementation...is encouraged；Implementation of the protocol described作主语（Implementation为中心语），is encouraged为谓语部分，in exploratory implementations为状语，后置，修饰谓语。

后一分句为（嵌合状语从句的）宾语从句（二重从句），由whether引导；主句production systems are advised to...consider，主production systems、谓语部分are advised to...consider；whether后接宾语从句，it is appropriate to...为主系表结构，it即形式主语，真正主语为 to deploy implementations of this protocol (before it advances to a status of Draft，时间状语从句、后置，修饰限定whether后、before前整个部分）；还原为正常语序，即to deploy implementations of this protocol (before) is appropriate，因显冗长，故后置、且以it代居其位，以示句式平衡。

供参

英语翻译，谢谢

World Wide Web (WWW or W3), collection of globally distributed text and multimedia documents and files and other network services linked in such a way as to create an immense electronic library from which information can be retrieved quickly by intuitive searches. The Web represents the application of hypertext technology and a graphical interface to the Internet to retrieve information that is contained in specially formatted documents that may reside in the same computer or be distributed across many computers around the world. It consists of three main elements. The Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) comprises the programming codes, or tags, that define fonts, layouts, embedded graphics, and links (hyperlinks) to other documents accessible via the Web. The HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP) defines a set of standards for transmitting Web pages across the Internet. The Universal Resource Locator (URL) is a standardized naming convention for identifying a Web document or file, in a sense the address of a link. The result is called the Web because it is made up of many sites, all linked together, with users traveling from one site to the next by clicking a computer's pointing device on a hyperlink.。

Web sites, also called Web pages, are really Internet sites that all use the same techniques and HTML tags to create multimedia documents with hypertext links. Each Web page can contain many screens or printed pages of text, graphics, audio, and even video, and the starting point for any Web site is called its home page. Although each page is an Internet site, it must be accessed via a special program called a Web browser, which can translate the HTML into the graphical images, text, and hypertext links intended by the creator of the page.。

Interactive television is a generic term that encompasses a variety of Web-related television technologies and products. Typically, a home television receiver and a telephone line are connected through a small appliance that accesses the Internet through the telephone line and converts the downloaded Web pages into a form that can be displayed on the receiver. A remote control interface allows the user to navigate through the Web and select the information to be displayed.。

Ted Nelson, an American computer consultant, had promoted the idea of linking documents via hypertext during the 1960s, but the technology required was not to be available for another 20 years. The foundation of what we now think of as the Web originated with work done on the retrieval of information from distributed systems by Tim Berners-Lee at CERN during the 1980s. This culminated in the introduction of a text-only interface, or browser, to the scientific community in 1990 and to the public in 1991. Because of the difficulty of using this version, acceptance outside the scientific and academic communities was slow. Marc Andreessen, an undergraduate student working at the National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA), developed a graphical browser for the Web, introducing a UNIX version in 1993. Versions for the Windows and Macintosh operating systems followed in 1994, and acceptance of the World Wide Web blossomed quickly. In the late 1990s the development of improved browsers with greater multimedia functionality, security, and privacy, as well as more powerful search engines capable of indexing the ever greater information on the Web, led to the commercialization of the Internet.。

找高手翻译英语，必须一句一翻译。老师要求的

8.2节包括教学，在数学史激发教学的整体结构的具体议题的例子。 8.3节在内容和形式的例子，展现数学的不断变化的性质，以及目前的（一些小块）ofdifferent文化的背景下数学。 8.4节将数学的各个领域和层次课程的一些具体的例子。最后，8.5节突出数学在广义上的社会和文化方面。请读者不能解释这种结构过于呆板，有时在一节的例子canequally放置在另一个。当然，这样的小例子列表，几乎可以做正义的多种可能的方式相结合的教学和学生学习数学的历史。但我们希望能表现出覆盖面广，从而激发世界各地的其他教师认为更多的例子，并提供进一步的教诲源材料。

本章，然后，是补充和第7章的补充：在某种意义上说，它提供了进一步具体的例子来支持论点提出有的补充，在历史的维度，教学互补，主要是通过这些例子的内容说明，补充第7章7.4节中所述的实际实现。考虑到这一点，我们目前在第7章的有关条文中，如粗体7.2.c2给予明确标明引用的例子为方便读者。

8.2.1代数和分析的例子。

Marysa Krysinska，克里斯蒂安Hauchart合作。

哪里的历史，激发对数学的的介绍，可以有一个全球的传统，演绎有组织的教学方法（7.3.2）的重组。下面的两个例子是从比利时的教学项目DeQuestion EN问题（DQQ），从而导致一系列与高中的前4年的相同的标题（;创业板1996年托马斯 - 面包车Dieren和Rouche 1993）教科书。在这些教科书是启发式的教学方法，在这个意义上说：一个序列的问题和解决问题的情况下，逐步构建新概念的基础上，为了解决一个问题或提供证明。的基本问题和他们的答案出现在最后，与传统教科书的对比。在制定这些教科书，历史上发挥了主导作用。

原文地址：http://www.qianchusai.com/implementations.html