modalities-130

问题描述:X射线科学与技术杂志的网址 这篇文章主要介绍了一个有趣的事情,具有一定借鉴价值,需要的朋友可以参考下。希望大家阅读完这篇文章后大有收获,下面让小编带着大家一起了解一下。

急求英语作文

modalities-130的相关图片

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology-简介 Published by IOS Press. ISSN: 0895-3996.。

The Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology is an international journal designed for the diverse community (biomedical, industrial and academic) of users and developers of novel x-ray imaging techniques. The purpose of the journal is to provide clear and full coverage of new developments and applications in the field. Areas such as x-ray microlithography, x-ray astronomy and medical x-ray imaging as well as new technologies arising from fields traditionally considered unrelated to x rays (semiconductor processing, accelerator technology, ionizing and non-ionizing medical diagnostic and therapeutic modalities, etc.) present opportunities for research that can meet new challenges as they arise. Research areas within the scope of the journal include: Interaction of x-rays with matter: x-ray phenomena, biological effects of radiation, radiation safety and optical constants; X-ray sources: x-rays from synchrotrons, x-ray lasers, plasmas, and other sources, conventional or unconventional; Optical elements: grazing incidence optics, multilayer mirrors, zone plates, gratings, other diffraction optics; Optical instruments: interferometers, spectrometers, microscopes, telescopes, microprobes; Detectors: CCD arrays, position-sensitive detectors, flat panel detectors and display devices, scintillators; Medical Imaging Modalities: Analog and digital radiography, X-ray computed tomography, radionuclide imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound, optical and other medical imaging modalities; X-ray imaging techniques and signal processing: coded imaging, tomography, holography, medical image processing and computer aided diagnosis (CAD); Applications: analytical, nondestructive testing, microelectronics, biological/medical diagnosis and treatment, x-ray astronomy, materials and surface science; Related topics and future trends.。

Further information 。

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology website (full text articles available online) 。

Category Link

Medicine - Medical Imaging 。

http://www.iospress.nl/这是荷兰的网站啊,网址没错,打不开可以理解。

IOSPress: Scientific, Technical Medical Publisher 。

IOS出版社目前出版大约90种国际期刊,涉足的科目包括计算机科学、数学、医学及自然科学等。IOS出版社每年还出版各学科的120-130种书籍。

IOS Press Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology 0895-3996 0895-3996 361.05 585 415 25% 1995 vol.5 iss.1 0 http://www.iospress.nl/html/08953996.php。

IOS Press推出了其在华镜像网站www.iospress.cn 。设在中国的镜像网站的服务器同时与中国教育和科研计算机网CERNET和公共网络相连接。

什么是通道效应,如何避免?的相关图片

什么是通道效应,如何避免?

大陆法系和英美法系国家关于要约和承诺规定的特点和区别 。

刘金华律师

要约和承诺是合同订立的基本规则,也是合同成立必须经过的两道程序、两个阶段。任何一项合同,都要经过这两个阶段。使得协议双方取得意思表示的一致,始告成立。这一过程被称为交易磋商。西方两大法系,即大陆法系和英美法系国家因为各自的法律传统和理念不同,表现在这两方面的程序的规定上也有各自的特点和不同,在世界范围内产生了广泛的影响。

(一)关于要约(offer)

要约又称为发盘、出盘、发价或报价等,使一方向另一方提出的愿意按一定 。

的条件与对方订立合同的建议和意思表示。关于要约的概念和构成要件等,两大法系国家无大的差异,只是在要约法律效力上各有不同的规定。

1、在要约开始生效的时间上的不同 。

要约的生效时间即是要约从什么时间开始生效。大陆法系和英美法系对此采 。

用了不同的规则。英美法系采用的是发信主义,即要约人发出要约以后,原则上对要约人无拘束力,要约送达受要约人时并不发生法律效力,在受要约人做出承诺时,要约才产生效力。《美国统一商法典》对此还有所变通,该法典规定在货物买卖合同中,商人已经签字发出的要约,要约人仍须受其要约的约束。大陆法系采用的是到达主义,又称为受信主义,使之要约必须到达受要约人之时才能产生效力。大陆法大都采纳第二种观点。《联合国国际货物销售公约》第15条规定:“(1)发价于送达被发价人生效。(2)一项发价,即使是不可撤销的,得予撤回,如果撤回通知于发价送达被发价人之前或同时到达被发价人”,可见,该公约采纳了到达主义。我国民法主要继受大陆法系,在要约生效的时间方面,采纳了到达主义(见《合同法》第16条)。

2、 在要约的撤回和撤销上的不同 。

要约的撤回,是指要约在发生法律效力之前,要约人欲使其不生法律效力而取消要约的意思表示。

在英美法中,原则上要约是能撤回的。如:A对B保证,假如B先付1000美元的话,A约定在30天以内的任何时候,把A所有的毕加索的画以100万美元卖给B。这一案例,如在英美法看来,若B不付1000美元,A就可以自由的撤回要约,那么,当B付了1000美元之时,A从即刻开始,三十天以内,不能再由此撤回要约。在大陆法系国家,一般是承认这一期间,要约对要约人的拘束力。如日本,首先,即使B不支付1000美元,作为A到明确B不付1000美元为止,要约是不能撤回的。如果两大法系在要约已经送达到受要约人,在受要约人作出承诺之前,要约人是否受其要约的约束,是否可以撤销其要约或者变更要约的内容等问题上,分歧很大。

英美法系认为,在上述情况下,要约人原则上不受其要约的约束,他可以在受约人对要约表示之前的任何时间内,撤销其要约或变更其要约的内容。即使要约人在要约中规定了有效期限,他仍可以在期限满之前的任何时间内将要约撤销。因为英美法系认为,在此情况下,要约人作出的允诺没有获得对价的支持,要约人可以不受其要约的约束。我国合同法借鉴了该经验。因为允许要约人撤销要约有利于使要约人根据市场情况的变化从事灵活的交易活动,有利于避免和减少因要约内容不全、市场环境变化等各种因素可能造成的对要约人的损害。

大陆法系的德国法律对此问题的规定与英美法系的规定完全不同。它认为,要约在到达受约人后,要约人须受其要约的约束。如果要约中有有效期的规定,要约人在有效期内不能撤销或变更其要约; 如果要约中没有规定有效期,则依通常情况在可望答复期间之前,要约人不得撤销或变更要约的内容,采纳德国法这一原则的还有巴西、瑞士、希腊等国。

(二)关于承诺(acceptance) 。

两大法系国家在承诺问题上的不同,主要体现在承诺的生效时间和撤回上。

1.确定承诺生效的时间标准上的不同。

大陆法系国家(除法国外)采纳到达主义,或称送达主义,即承诺的意思表示于到达要约人支配的范围内生效,合同即告成立。如《德国民法典》第130条规定,在相对人以非对话方式向其为意思表示时, 意思表示从通知达到相对人时发生效力,英美法采纳了送信主义,或称为发送主义,在美国也常常称为“信筒规则”,是指如果承诺的意思是以邮件、电报表示的,则 承诺人将信件投入邮筒或电报交付电信局即发生效力,由于在合同成立时间上的不同,因此根据送信主义所成立的合同,应比送达主义成立的合同,在时间上 要早。因此,英美法的规则有利于促进交易迅速达成。但是根据送信主义,要约人在未收到承诺的情况下,就要受承诺的约束,特别是要将承诺在邮寄和电讯丢失或延误的责任转嫁给要约人,这对于要约人过于苛刻,对维护要约人的利益并不十分有利。

2.在承诺的撤回上的不同。

根据大陆法的送达主义,承诺人发出承诺以后,可以撤回承诺的通知。只要撤回的通知先于或同时与承诺到达要约人,则撤回有效。例如根据《德国民法典》第130条:“如撤回的通知先于或同时到达相对人,则意表示不生效力”。而根据英美法的送信主义,承诺在承诺通知送达时即已生效,所以受约人一旦将承诺的信件丢进信筒,或者将承诺的电报交给了电信局,承诺已经生效,承诺人不可能再撤回他的承诺通知,即使承诺人的撤回通知先于或同时与承诺通知到达于要约人,撤回也是无效的。英美法认为,承诺人不享有撤回权是合理的,因为它可以防止承诺人在发生承诺与最终撤回承诺之间,根据市场行情的变化而投机取巧。例如,承诺人先用书信向要约人表示承诺,一旦市场价格下跌,就用电话通知要约人撤回承诺。而大陆法认为不受约人撤回承诺既不符合受约人的意志,也不利于使当事人根据市场交易的变化而作出是否订约的决定。

从以上分析可见,两大法系所采用的规则确实存在着诸多区别,总的来说,大陆法的规则有利于交易安全,而英美法的规则有利于交易迅速达成。两种规则究竟孰优孰劣很难作定论。我国作为大陆法系的国家,在制定统一的《合同法》时,在要约和承诺等方面吸收了英美法系的一些制度和规定,例如关于要约的撤销的规定,较成功地作了融合两大法系规定的尝试。

大陆法系,又称为民法法系,法典法系、罗马法系、罗马——日耳曼法系,它是以罗马法为基础而发展起来的法律的总称。它首先产生在欧洲大陆,后扩大到拉丁族和日耳曼族各国。历史上的罗马法以民法为主要内容。法国和德国是该法系的两个典型代表,此外还包括过去曾是法、西、荷、葡四国殖民地的国家和地区,以及日本、泰国、土耳其等国。旧中国国民党政府的法律,大陆法系以1804年的《法国民法典》和1896年的《德国民法典》为代表形成了两个支流。

英美法系,又称普通法法系。是指以英国普通法为基础发展起来的法律的总称。它首先产生于英国,后扩大到曾经是英国殖民地、附属国的许多国家和地区,包括美国、加拿大、印度、巴基斯坦,马来西亚、新加坡、澳大利亚、新西兰以及非洲的个别国家和地区。到18世纪至19世纪时,随着英国殖民地的扩张,英国法被传入这些国家和地区,英美法系终于发展成为世界主要法系之一。英美法系中也存在两大支流,这就是英国法和美国法。它们在法律分类、宪法形式、法院权力等方面存在一定的差别. 。

大陆法系和英美法系在法律历史传统方面有以下差异. 。

1、法律渊源:大陆法系为制定法;英美法系为判例法。

2、法典编纂:大陆法系均有成文法典;英美法系则多为单行法规、判例法。

3、法律结构和法律传统:大陆法系把法分为公法(宪法、刑法和行政法)和私法(民法和商法 );英美法系则把法分为普通法(制定法)和衡平法(判例法)。

4、适用传统:大陆法系中先确定事实后再去遵循法的规则;英美法系则多参照以往的判例 。即大陆法系是由一般到个别;英美法系则由个别到一般。

5、诉讼程序:大陆法系强调职权主义,法官处于积极主动的地位;英美法系则强调当事人主义,法官处于消极、中立的位置,值得注意的是,日本虽为大陆法系国家,却在诉讼程序 上与英美相似。

6、职业教育传统:大陆法系国家中先学法规;而英美法系中先学案例。

介绍一下the moffatts的相关图片

介绍一下the moffatts

内隐记忆中通道效应的认知与神经机制。

通道效应的含义及其实验研究

通道效应指与学习和测验阶段之间采用相同的感觉道呈现刺激相比,学习和测验阶段之间采用不同感觉道呈现刺激将减损操作成绩的现象。它被看作是内隐记忆中知觉加工起作用的重要证据。一般认为,内隐记忆对刺激的知觉特性具有较高的敏感性,改变学习与测验阶段刺激呈现的物理特性或影响刺激知觉特征的匹配因素是内隐记忆常用的自变量。学习与测验通道的改变对间接和直接测验具有不同的影响,国内外大多数的研究表明,在间接测验中存在通道效应,而在直接测验中不存在通道效应。

大多数学习与测验之间通道匹配的研究多采用视觉—听觉、听觉—视觉的模式,以及视觉—触觉、触觉—视觉等实验范式,对被试在外显记忆任务如自由回忆、再认和内隐记忆任务如词干补笔、单词确定、知觉识别等的作业成绩进行比较,以确定通道匹配与不匹配等操纵是否导致不同的行为模式。

Jacoby和Dallas(1981)曾比较了感觉通道的改变对间接和直接测验的不同影响。他们发现,以听觉形式呈现刺激,而以视觉形式进行测验,会严重干扰单词确认测验的成绩,却很少干扰再认测验成绩[1]。

Graf和Schacter(1985)报告了词干补笔测验的启动由于学习和测验之间感觉通道的改变而降低了,但线索回忆任务的成绩却未受到这种影响 [2]。

Roediger和Blaxton(1987)发现,残词补全测验的启动效应受到了通道改变的影响,而回忆和再认的成绩却未受到影响[3]。

Rajaram和Roediger(1993)则进一步发现,在残词补全、词干补笔、知觉辨认和词汇判断等常见的间接测验中,学习阶段采用听觉方式呈现刺激而测验阶段采用视觉方式呈现刺激所产生的启动效应,只及两阶段均采用视觉方式呈现刺激所产生的启动效应的一半[4]。

Easton.R.D(1997)等用2维与3维物体为刺激材料比较了视觉与触觉通道转换对知觉性内隐记忆任务的影响,发现,知觉性内隐记忆任务对2维和3维物体表现出强烈的通道效应,认为,视觉和触觉共享物体形式与结构的共同表征,而外显的再认则对3维物体显示出通道特定性,认为,再认系统对经历过的物体保留着通道痕迹[5]。

R.J.Manuel等(1999)比较了残图补全、物体确定和自由回忆任务[6]。通道匹配条件是学习与测验阶段均呈现熟悉物体的图片,不匹配条件是学习阶段呈现可视的或可触摸的物体,测验阶段呈现它们的图片。发现,2种内隐任务的启动均因通道转换而下降,而外显任务的成绩则因通道转换而提高。作者认为,相似的结构描述调节着视觉和触觉中的物体启动。

马正平和杨治良(1991)研究了学习与测验时项目呈现方式的替换对内隐和外显记忆的影响[7]。实验采用中文双字词为材料控制两个自变量:一是学习和测验时的呈现方式,另一个是测验时的任务。当以视觉呈现刺激且以视觉方式进行测验时为呈现方式不变组,以听觉方式呈现刺激而使用视觉方式测验时为呈现方式变更组。测验时使用的两种任务分别为填字组词和线索回忆。研究结果发现,感觉道的改变对填字组词的间接测验有较大影响,产生了破坏作用,而对线索回忆基本不产生影响。

上述研究均表明,控制学习与测验阶段刺激呈现方式的转换,会使内隐和外显记忆测验之间产生功能性的分离现象,即在间接测验中显示出明显的通道效应,直接测验中很少显示出通道效应。

2 通道效应的认知机制

上述实验观察到的结果促使人们对产生这一现象的原因加以理论探讨并寻求进一步的实验支持。通过操纵一系列的自变量诸如加工水平、保持间隔、年龄以及通道转换等而观察到的内隐和外显记忆之间的功能性分离,导致一些新的记忆理论的产生,如多重记忆系统、迁移适当加工观点等,通道效应则作为支持这些理论的证据之一而被加以解释。

2.1 多重记忆系统理论

多重记忆系统,指把记忆看作是由多个不同的操作系统所组成的复合系统,而每一个操作系统都由若干特定的加工过程组成,在同一个操作系统之内,加工过程间的关系,比在不同操作系统中的加工过程间的关系更加密切。而且,在理论上允许每一个记忆系统有其特定的神经机制与行为指标。Squire(1993)把记忆区分为两大类型,即陈述性记忆和非陈述性记忆,前者包括事实记忆和事件记忆,后者包括各种启动效应、技能学习以及条件反射等。区分的依据主要来自脑损伤患者的研究。Squire强调,两大记忆系统存储的信息不同,这些信息被使用的方式不同,两种记忆所依赖的神经系统也不同。陈述性记忆是唯有进入意识中的可觉察到的记忆,而非陈述性记忆只能在操作中表现出来,因此,这两种记忆反映了不同的表征方式,而且这两种表征不能相互替代[8]。Tulving和Schacter提出了重复启动和情节记忆划分的不同记忆系统的假设,认为,重复启动依赖于在前语义水平上起作用的知觉表征系统,它独立于器质性健忘症中通常受到损伤的颞中叶和间脑结构,因而,对通道转换导致的知觉信息的变化敏感。情节记忆系统依赖于同化性编码,是一种概念记忆系统,对学习——测验间的通道转换不敏感[8]。一些研究对这种解释提供了支持性证据。

Fleischman(1997)[9]研究了1位30岁因难以治愈的癫痫而切除右枕叶的男性病人。他对单词有着完整的回忆和再认,但是,在单词识别和视觉词干补笔任务中的启动存在缺损。由于通道转换对知觉性再认没有影响,作者认为,知觉性的内隐和外显记忆受功能上和神经上独立的记忆系统调节。

Hamann.S.B(1996)研究了布莱尔盲文词干补笔的触觉通道启动,获得了与以前在其他通道中同样的词干补笔启动[10]。但是,在交叉通道范式中发现,布莱尔词干补笔既有特定的触觉成份,也有交叉通道成份。表明,言语启动可以在触觉中发生,而且,触觉启动与听觉和视觉中的词干补笔具有基本的功能相似性。

但是,研究表明,有些重复启动对刺激的语义加工也表现出敏感性,那些在主要依赖知觉过程的启动任务中显示出正常操作的健忘症人,在概念启动中也表现出正常启动[8]。因此,有人提出,在通道转换启动中也存在外显提取的成份。

2.2 迁移适当加工理论

Roediger等认为,应该用知觉加工(数据驱动的加工)和概念加工(概念驱动的加工)的划分对内隐和外显记忆的划分加以解释[11]。他们认为,大多数的内隐记忆测验依赖于知觉加工。按照迁移适当加工观点,记忆任务的操作直接同测验时所进行的认知加工与最初学习时所进行的认知加工之间的相似性程度有关。外显任务主要依赖刺激的语义加工,大多数重复启动依赖于刺激知觉特征的分析。Bassili,Smith,MacLeod(1989)的研究认为,感觉通道效应主要发生在数据驱动的间接测验中,而对于概念驱动的间接测验则无感觉通道效应[12]。另外一些研究也提供了有利于这种假设的证据。

Easton,Srinivas和Greene(1997)在对视觉和触觉通道的匹配研究中,通过控制感觉道的信息加工特点,没有发现内隐记忆的感觉道效应。他们认为,以往的研究出现感觉道效应可能是感觉道本身加工信息的差异引起的[13]。

Chandan(1997)等发现[14],4种概念性内隐记忆任务如单词线索联想、线索类型联想、类型确定和抽象/具体分类等不受学习与测验之间通道转换的影响,作者认为,这些概念性内隐任务不受知觉过程的调节。

但是,有些持加工观点的人认为,概念加工在内隐记忆测验中也起很大作用。Blum.D[15]等检验了5种知觉性内隐记忆任务是否受通道转换影响。发现,有相当大比例的被试报告他们在测验中采取了外显提取策略,而那些报告测验阶段没有使用外显提取加工的被试在词干补笔和知觉识别中产生了通道效应,但在残词补笔中没有产生这种效应。作者认为,视觉性残词补笔是很特别的,只依赖于知觉记忆过程,其他的任务部分依赖于非知觉记忆过程。

另一项研究(1996)则在典型的产生式实验范式中探讨了学习与测验之间的知觉线索匹配对联想线索回忆、残词线索回忆、再认和残词补笔任务的影响[16]。发现残词线索回忆与残词补笔任务受到了这种知觉线索匹配的相反影响,认为残词补笔中产生的产生式效应不是受到有目的的提取策略的影响。

综合来自支持这两种理论的证据表明,在内隐记忆通道效应的启动中,一方面,不同感觉通道既有自己独特的表征信息的方式,又有可以与其他感觉通道共享的共同表征;另一方面,同一感觉通道中既主要包含刺激的知觉加工,也可能包含某些其他成份的加工,以及可能的意识加工的成份。

3 通道效应的神经解剖基础

尽管健忘症人的研究使我们知道,通道效应不依赖于他们通常受到损伤的海马和相关脑区,但是,却并未告诉我们调节该效应的脑区在哪里。近些年,功能性神经成像技术如正电子放射断层扫描(PET)、功能性磁共振成像(fMRI)等的应用为揭示通道效应产生的神经基础提供了一条有效途径。PET可对认知活动过程中大脑不同区域的血流变化进行测量,fMRI是对血流中的含氧量进行测量,因为神经活动的变化同血液特征的变化有关,而且,它们能够相对准确地对这种变化加以定位。

来自PET的研究表明[17],在视觉单词补笔中,同一感觉通道内产生启动的词干比未产生启动的词干会引起视觉皮层(外纹状体)区域活动的降低,也就是说,感觉通道内的启动并没有引起活动的增加。但是,来自交叉通道的情况比较复杂,交叉通道启动期间,左颞叶上部(左前颞回)的活动降低,并扩展到顶叶的后部和下部。而有实验证据表明,这一区域同单词的语音特征提取和贮存有关。以前的研究也表明,跨通道启动依赖于语音加工。另外,跨通道启动伴随着前额皮层区域前半部分活动的增加,而这一区域被认为与外显提取有关。在听觉词干补笔测验中,跨通道的启动与前额皮层的前部活动增加以及左颞顶部区域的活动的降低有关,而在同一感觉通道内,听觉启动只与少数几个脑区活动的降低有关。前额皮层前部在交叉启动中活动增加而在同一感觉通道内不增加,以及这些区域在外显提取中起作用,表明外显提取在交叉启动中起作用,而在同一感觉通道内启动中不起作用。

但是,有研究表明,健忘症人能表现出正常的交叉通道启动,而且,健忘症人既不存在语音加工缺陷,左颞顶部区域也不存在损毁。因此,研究者认为,交叉启动存在两条路线:一个与语音加工的变化有关,健忘症人和健康人均可获得;另一个是外显提取,只有健康被试能获得。如果这两条路线能相互替代,健忘症人就能基于保留的语音路线显示出完整的交叉通道启动。一项研究对这一假设提供了实证支持[18],发现,语音加工缺损且外显记忆较差的患者通道内启动正常而交叉启动缺损。

此外,来自药物性健忘症的研究也提供了有关通道效应的解剖证据。Hirshman等在一项研究[19]中,让被试服用咪达唑仑(midazolam)以产生人为的健忘来观察通道匹配对启动的影响。咪达唑仑是苯丙二胺中的一种,苯丙二胺是临床上外科治疗中用于降低焦虑的一种药物,但它会导致健忘症,研究人员将其用于有意识的镇静程序中以研究内隐记忆。在这一程序中,被试能执行简单的编码程序,但会产生功能性的、暂时的遗忘。神经药理学的分析表明,它会选择性地损害外显记忆如自由回忆,但很少影响到内隐记忆如词干补笔。其作用机制是,它会促进GABA(g-氨基丁酸),即一种抑制性神经递质的产生,而GABA会抑制海马和相关区域的功能,从而导致暂时性健忘。他们发现,在服用咪达唑仑的条件下,即使启动成分得到保留,通道匹配效应还是被大大降低,由于已证明咪达唑仑会使外显记忆大大下降,作者认为,内隐记忆中的有些成份是不受知觉过程调节的。

综合来自行为的和神经成像的证据表明,刺激的通道转换既可能由于比同一通道激活更多脑区的活动而导致不自觉的外显提取的介入来影响启动,也可能借助语音加工而影响启动。

尽管如此,通道效应启动产生的机制依然有许多问题需要澄清。如同一感觉通道内的启动总是伴随着皮层活动的降低,这是否可看作是被试用于加工启动了的项目所用时间的减少所带来的伴生物呢?还有,外显提取既包括有目的的提取,也包括有意识的觉知,对交叉启动产生影响的外显提取是哪一种类型呢?Richardson-Kavehn和Gardiner(1996)认为,有目的提取在词干补笔测验中不起作用,被试是自发地觉知到有些单词补笔是较早学习中出现过的,那么,为什么这种“不自觉的外显记忆”出现在交叉通道启动中,而不出现在相同通道启动中呢?另外,伴随皮层活动降低的通道内启动多发生于使用被试熟知的刺激材料的研究中,最近的FMRI研究则表明[20],当使用新异材料时,则产生了与启动相关的活动的增加,这种模式意味着什么呢?最后,以往的通道研究多集中在视觉和听觉通道之间的转换上,其他通道之间的转换如何发生呢?这些问题的解答对于进一步揭示启动效应的认知与神经机制将提供重要的参考价值。

4 参考文献

[1] Jacoby L L,Dallas M.J. Specific visual transfer in word identification.Journal of Experimental psychology.Geberal.,1981;110;306-40.。

[2] Graf P,Schacter DL.J. Selective effects of interference on implicit and explicit memory for new associations. Exp.Psychol.Learn.Mem.Cogn.,1987;13(1):45-53.。

[3] Roediger HL,Blaxton. Effects of varying modality,sueface features,and retentional interval on priming in word-fragment completion.TA.Mem.Cogn.,1987;15:379-88.。

[4] Rajaram S,Roediger HL.Direct comparison of four implicit memory tests. J.Exp.Psychol.Learn.Mem.Cogn.,1993,19:765-76.。

[5] Easton, Randolph D; Greene, Anthony J; Srinivas, Kavitha。Transfer between vision and haptics: Memory for 2-D patterns and 3-D objects. Psychonomic-Bulletin-and-Review. 1997 Sep; Vol 4(3): 403-410.。

[6] Reales, Jose Manuel; Ballesteros, Soledad. Implicit and explicit memory for visual and haptic objects: Cross-modal priming depends on structural descriptions. Journal of Experimental Psychology:Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1999, May; Vol 25(3): 644-663.。

[7] 马正平,杨治良。多种条件下启动效应的研究。心理科学。1991年第1期 10-15。

[8] 杨治良,记忆心理学,华东师范大学出版社,1999年6月1版。

[9] Fleischman, Debra A; Vaidya, Chandan J; Lange, Kelly L; Gabrieli, John D E. Brain and Cognition A dissociation between perceptual explicit and implicit memory processes. 1997 Oct; Vol 35(1): 42-57.。

[10] Hamann, Stephan B. Implicit memory in the tactile modality: Evidence from Braille stem completion in the blind. Psychological Science. 1996 Sep; Vol 7(5): 284-288.。

[11] H.Roediger, Blaxton(1987). Effects of varying modilaty, surface features and retention interval on priming in word fragment completion. Memory and Cognition. Vol.15:379-388.。

[12] MacLeod,-Colin-M; Bassili,-John-N. Implicit memory: Theoretical issues. (pp. 159-172). Lewandowsky, Stephan (Ed); Dunn, John C. (Ed); et-al. (1989). Hillsdale, NJ, US: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. x, 338 pp .。

[13] Easton RD,Srinivas K,Greene AJ.J. Do vision and haptics share common representations? Implicit and explicit memory within and between modalities. Exp.Psychol.Learn.Mem.Cogn.,1997;23:153-63.。

[14] Vaidya, Chandan; Gabrieli, John D E; Keane, Margaret M; Monti, Laura A;Gutierrez Rivas, Humberto; Zarella, Melissa-M. Evidence for multiple mechanisms of conceptual priming on implicit memory tests. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition. 1997, Nov; Vol 23(6): 1324-1343.。

[15] Blum, Diana; Yonelinas, Andrew P. Transfer across modality in perceptual implicit memory. . Psychonomic Bulletin and Review. 2001 Mar; Vol 8(1): 147-154.。

[16] Jones, Todd Christian.Specificity of operations in generating words on implicit and explicit memory tests. Dissertation Abstracts International: Section B: The Sciences and Engineering. 1996 Jun; Vol 56(12-B): 7071.。

[17] Daniel L.Schacter, and Rajendra D.Badgaiyan. (2001) Neuroimaging of priming: new perspectives on implicit and explicit memory. Psychological Science,Vol10(1):1-4.。

[18] Curran, T., Schacter, D.L., AND Galluccio, L.(1999). Cross-modal priming abd explicit memory in patients with verbal production deficits. Brain and Cognition, 39, 133-146.。

[19] Elliot Hirshman , Anthony Passanante b , Jason Arndt(1999). The effect of midazolam on the modality-match effect in implicit memory. Cognitive Brain Research , 7: 473–479.。

[20] Henson, R., Shallice, T., and Dolan, R.(2000). Neuroimaging evidence for dissociable forms of repetition priming. Science, 287, 1269-1272.。

The Cognitive and Neural Mechanisms of Modality Effects in Implicit Memory。

Renlai Zhou, Hong Jin。

Department of Psychology。

Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, P.R.China。

Abstract: The functional dissociations between tasks of implicit and explicit memory will be produced by manipulating Modality shift during study and test, and it is usually thought as one of powerful evidences which implicit memory is sensitive to perceptual characteristics of stimulus. This article reviews the pervious studies of modality effects in the past years, and discusses the cognitive and neural mechanism of modality effects. Further questions which needed to be resolved is pointed out in the end.。

Key word: implicit memory, Modality effects, Neural bases.。

漫城翻译提供免费在线英文翻译的相关图片

漫城翻译提供免费在线英文翻译

哈哈,我也很喜欢他们~~

http://www.drip-music.com/asp/disk.asp?diskid=948。

(有介绍和歌曲)

http://www.ql105.com/TopicOther.asp?t=5&BoardID=4&id=2272。

(介绍和歌曲)

SCOTT ANDTOW MOFFATT。

生日:1983年3月30日

星座:白羊座

花名:ELVIS

最喜欢的男演员:ROBERT DENIRO。

最喜欢的女演员:NEVE CAMPBELL。

最喜欢的乐队:NIRVANA

喜欢的歌手组合:BUSH

最喜欢的歌曲:<TEEN SPIRIT>。

最喜欢的专辑:<ABBEY ROAD>(THE BEATLES)。

首张专辑中最喜欢的歌:<IF LIFE IS SO SHORT>。

最喜欢的食物:墨西哥餐

最喜欢的颜色:黑色

理想的度假地点:巴黎

个人嗜好:打高尔夫球

CLINTON THONAS MOFFATT。

生日:1984年3月8日

花名:无

最喜欢的男演员:JIM CARRE。

最喜欢的女演员:SANDRA

最喜欢的乐队:THE BEATLES。

最喜欢的歌曲:<THE HEAVEN>。

最喜欢的专辑:<ROCKLESS>。

最喜欢的歌手:BRYAN ADAMS。

在首张专辑中最喜欢的歌曲:<SAYING I LOVE YOU>。

最喜欢的食物:墨西哥餐

最喜欢的颜色:蓝黑色

理想的度假地点:佛罗里达

个人嗜好:足球、钓鱼、打高尔夫球。

ROBERT FRANKLIN PETER MOFFATT。

生日:1984年3月8日

花名:DUKE

最喜欢的男演员:SEAN CONNERY。

最喜欢的女演员:SANDRA BULLICK。

最喜欢的乐队:THE BEATLES。

最喜欢的歌曲:<PUSH>。

最喜欢的专辑:<BLACK ALLBUM>(METALLIC)。

首张专辑中最喜欢的歌:<IF LIFE IS SO SHORT>。

最喜欢的食物:墨西哥餐

最喜欢的颜色:黑色

理想的度假地点:维多利亚

个人嗜好:曲棍球、足球

最喜欢的歌手、组合:BRYAN ADAMS。

DAVE MICHAEL WILLIAMW MOFFATT。

生日:1984年3月8日

花名:BIG D FAVE

最喜欢的男演员:无

最喜欢的女演员:SANDRA BULLICK。

最喜欢的乐队:THE BEATLES。

最喜欢的歌曲:<OB-LA-DI,OB-LA-DI>。

最喜欢的专辑:<WHITE ALBUM>(THE BEATLES)。

首张专辑中最喜欢的歌:<IF LIFE IS SO SHORT>。

最喜欢的食物:中国餐

最喜欢的颜色:黑色

理想的度假地点:维多利亚

最喜欢的歌手、组合:PUFF DADDY、BOYZ2MEN。

个人嗜好:中国功夫、游泳、阅读、绘画。

□ 关于The Moffatts。

■■ 相信喜爱欧美音乐的朋友都不会忘记曾经在98年以一张专辑《chapter 1:A new beginning》进入中国,掠夺了无数少男少女"芳心"的少年摇滚乐队THE MOFFATTS。这是一支来自加拿大的血亲兄弟组合,由大哥SCOTT和三胞胎弟弟CLING、BOB、DAVE所组成的,也许很多人不知道,在《chapter 1:A new beginning》这张专辑发行以前,他们就已经出过了三张专辑,第一张是1993年发行的<what a wonderful world>;第二张是1995年发行的同名专辑<The Moffatts>;第三张则是1996年发行的一张圣诞专辑<A Moffatts' Christmas>。但是,在世界正式发行的首张专辑是《chapter 1:A new beginning》,在这张专辑中,你绝对会为他们熟练的表演技巧与超专业的素养的表现而倾倒。

□ 《A New Beginning》(US)

■■ 继发行了《chapter 1:A new beginning》后,1999年THE MOFFATTS又在美国发行了美版的《A NEW BEGINNING》(US),这张专辑收录了上张专辑中的八首歌,又加入了四首新歌《Until You Love Me》、《Misery》、《Writen All Over My Heart》、《Rainning In My Mind》,曲风更趋成熟、摇滚。

□ 《Submodalatis》

■■ 2000年10月再次发行了一张全新的专辑《Submodalatis》。这次The Moffatts有幸和音乐界的传奇制作人Bob Rock合作,他曾为Aerosmith、Metallica、Bryan Adams和Bon Jovi制作过唱片。这张专辑发行前,推出的第一支单曲《Bang Bang Boom》在加拿大单曲排行榜连夺几周冠军,这为MOFFATTS新专辑的发行打响了声势。这是一张与《chapter 1:A new beginning》的风格有很大改变的专辑,最让歌迷吃惊的是THE MOFFATTS形象的转变,原来那四张阳光、稚气的脸已经荡然无存,取而代之的是更多的沧桑与茫然。 专辑名称《Submodalities》的意是"Visual Change of Image",一个视觉上的改变反映在专辑标题上,这也正是这支乐队的走向,它是Clint在一本叫《Using Your Brain For A Change》的书中找到的。"它表达了我们的音乐,也代表了我们,它正象征了我们在音乐上的演变和形象上的改变。《Submodalities》包括了各种各样的音乐类型,动人情歌《Always In My Heart》和《Who DO You Love》,富有感情和深度的《Antifreeze and Aeroplanes》,Green Day式的纯摇滚《California》撕裂吉他声的《I Don't Want You TO Want Me》,而专辑的开始曲《Just Another Phase》则是一首类似Oasis风格的摇滚乐(这首歌的歌名是否也证实了The Moffatts在音乐发展中正在创造的另一种阶段呢?)。最令人吃惊的还要属张唱片的结尾曲《Spy》。The Moffatts大胆尝试了具有实验性的Progressive- Rock!不同于他们以往所尝试的任何音乐风格。他们在作曲,风格及声音上的多样化也开创了一个新的领域,足见这几个少年在音乐创作上的进步和新专辑的可听性。 敏锐激进的电吉他,繁华的英式摇滚,丰富变化的节奏,有时加些柔情,有时狂暴……它完全毁了你对这支乐队预先设想好的一切,作为乐队本身一次大胆的变革,《Submodalities》确实让人震惊,"它会震撼所有人。"这就是重量级制作人Bob Rock对The Moffatts新专辑的评价。 四个十六、七岁的年轻人,已经不再是小孩了,他们已经发展成一支完全不一样的乐队,他们不再是你需要的那种男孩乐队,而是真正的摇滚音乐人。

□ 永远的MOFFATTS

■■ 2001年8月份演出日程结束后The Moffatts传来一个让人意想不到的消息:Dave由于想去澳大利亚,所以The Moffatts面临解散危机!一时间这个消息便在各个媒体和全世界歌迷中引起轩然大波,虽然没有人愿意相信这是真的,但事实已经摆在眼前,在Nashville一直由Darlana(也已再婚,并生活得很幸福)管理的The Moffatts国际歌迷俱乐部关闭后,他们的官方网站也于2001年12月1日关闭了,与此同时他们发行了名为《Closing Of Chapter 1》的Video作为留给歌迷的纪念。其实对于THE MOFFATTS的解散各有说法,但有一点可以肯定,他们并没有因此而放弃从小一直喜欢的音乐,他们仍继续创作音乐。CLINT和BOB和另二位朋友组了一支名叫HIDELL的乐队,于2003年6月发行了首张专辑《UP&COMING》,首支单曲《going down in flame》也进入了加拿大单曲排行榜。SCOTT则和另二位朋友组了一支名为THE BOSTON POST的乐队,也发行了一张单曲碟,其中收录了六首歌。作为他们的乐迷,我希望他们在今后的音乐道路上一路走好,创作出更多、更棒的音乐。

http://crazyemusic.com/ReadNews.asp?NewsID=331&page=1。

他们的几个网站:

http://www.moffatts.de/。

(德国的,都是德语,哈哈)

http://lyrics.duble.com/M/moffattslyrics/moffattslyrics.htm。

(歌词滴~~)

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran 。

I know this will come to you as a surprise because you do not know me. I am John Alison; I work in Central Bank of Nigeria, packaging and courier department.I got your contact among others from a search on the internet and i was inspired to seek your co-operation, I want you to help me clear this consignment that is already in the Europe which I shipped through our CBN accredited courier agent. The content of the package is $20,000,000.00 all in $100 bills, but the courier company does not know that the consignment contains money. All I want you to do for me now is to give me your mailing address, your private phone and fax number, and I believe that at the end of the day you will have 30% and 70% will be for me. My identity must not be revealed to anybody. If this arrangement is okay by you, you can call (+234) 7056066730 or email me back, for security reasons other modalities will be discussed as soon as you get back to me indicating that you are ready to partake in this tran。

原文地址:http://qianchusai.com/modalities-130.html

怎么复制微博帖子的链接,怎么复制微博链接完成粘贴

怎么复制微博帖子的链接,怎么复制微博链接完成粘贴

xiaoxue/25757

xiaoxue/25757

5054开通丹拿模式-50

5054开通丹拿模式-50

n1刷openwrt进不去管理界面,n1刷openwrt后检测不到wifi

n1刷openwrt进不去管理界面,n1刷openwrt后检测不到wifi

issues,issues和problem的区别

issues,issues和problem的区别

isca-90

isca-90

circuit-80

circuit-80

2020年六年级下册英语电子书,2020年六年级下册英语电子书单词表

2020年六年级下册英语电子书,2020年六年级下册英语电子书单词表

飞机驾驶舱仪表介绍,飞机驾驶舱仪表介绍视频

飞机驾驶舱仪表介绍,飞机驾驶舱仪表介绍视频

cc/论文语句转换软件,把论文改成自己的语言机器

cc/论文语句转换软件,把论文改成自己的语言机器