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翻译一段cet-6的文章，不要机器

指前配偶在离婚以后根据法院指令或离婚协议而支付给对方配偶的用于保证正常物质生活需要的费用。一般情况下，除非是在婚姻存续较长时间（10年或10年以上）或对方配偶患有疾病的情况下，否则赡养费的支付仅维持一段固定的期限，通常是接受赡养费一方配偶生活能够自立时。

指法院解除婚姻关系的程序，被宣告无效的婚姻即认定为自始不存在。自实行无过错离婚之后，宣告婚姻无效的情况便很少发生，但在大多数州，仍可以下列理由而宣告婚姻无效：歪曲事实或欺诈、隐瞒事实、无法达成共识、拒绝或无能力履行婚姻义务等。

指抗辩人对原诉人在起诉书中所作陈述作出的书面回应。答辩书通常是抗辩人对原诉人在起诉书中的所作陈述的部分或全部有异议，从而提出的抗辩。一般情况下，抗辩人在接收到送达的传票和起诉书后，有30天的时间向法院和原诉人提交答辩书。

指对于子女监护权的判决，法院将依据“子女最大利益”原则来确定由离婚父母一方享有对子女的监护权，由另一方享有探视权。一般来说，法院在确定子女最大利益时考虑的因素包括：

86、Witness

事实婚姻是美国某些州认可的一种婚姻形式，它是指没有结婚的男女未进行结婚登记或遵行其它结婚程序而以夫妻名义、并以结婚为目的而公开同居生活一定时间，从而法律认定该婚姻关系合法的婚姻形式。因此，如果男女双方仅仅是长期的同居关系，但根本不具有结婚的目的，那么也不能认定为是事实婚姻。

起诉书是指由原诉人向法庭书记员提交的用于陈述诉讼理由（Causes of Action）并提起诉讼程序的文件。在有些州的一些类型的法定诉讼中，如离婚，起诉书又称为“申请书”（Petitions），而提交申请书的一方当事人称为“申请人”（Petitioner）。但原诉人或申请人要提起诉讼，还须向应诉人或答辩人送达起诉书或申请书以及法庭传票，然后应诉人或答辩人可在特定期间内向法庭提交答辩书或应诉书。实际上，目前已很少由律师或当事人自己来制作起诉书了，美国许多州均已开始适用事先准备好的在本州通用的法定表格。

藐视法庭是一种严重的罪行，可以被判处罚款或监禁。藐视法庭包括违背法庭指令、拒绝回答法庭正当询问、不按时向法庭提交文件、或妨碍司法公正等行为。

子女监护权是指监护人父（母）对其子女所享有的、对有关子女权益的问题进行决策（法定监护权）以及对子女生活进行照料（生活监护权）的法定权限。在父母离婚或分居的情况下，双方需对子女监护问题达成协议或由法庭根据子女最大利益原则进行判决，通常的安排是由父母一方获取对子女的监护权（包括法定监护权和生活监护权），由另一方父母获取对子女的适当的探视权；但也有可能是父母双方均获取对子女的法定监护权，由其中一方获取生活监护权；在极少数情况下，法庭也可能判令父母双方共同享有对子女的法定监护权和生活监护权。

缺席判决是指法官在应诉人（被告）对案件未提出任何异议或回应的情况下而作出的准予原诉人（原告）请求的法庭判决。

被告是指提起法庭诉讼一方的对方当事人，在有些州的特定类型的案件中，被告又称为“答辩人”（Respondent），分别与原告（Plaintiff）和申请人（Petitioner）相对应。

养老金固定受益计划是雇主支持的养老金计划，员工退休、或丧失就业能力后可按工龄、职位等因素，确定一个固定的（可按通货膨胀率调整）退休津贴数额，通常按月发放直至受益人去世。这类养老金计划对员工无需支付罚款提取资金的时间及形式有限制。

一种养老金计划，每个员工有独立的退休账户，雇主和员工单独或共同向该账户以确定方式按期缴款，同时，账户基金通过适当投资方式保值增值。退休后个人受益均从该账户提取，提完为止。因此，这类养老金计划的退休金额和员工的工龄、职位没有直接关系，而取决于退休账户的余款额，但该养老金计划对员工无需支付罚款提取资金的时间及形式有限制。

遗弃配偶是指夫妻一方未经对方配偶认可而故意将其抛弃的行为，通常情况下，当夫妻一方离家特定期间后即可认定为是遗弃配偶。在实行过错离婚制的州，遗弃配偶是提请离婚的法定理由。

离婚是指婚姻关系的法定终止。在美国，所有州都要求夫妻一方或双方在向法院提请离婚时均需明确说明其要求离婚的法定理由。

离婚协议书是指即将解除婚姻关系的夫妻双方所签署的、关于财产分割、子女监护与探视、配偶赡养费以及子女抚养费等的书面协议。离婚协议书必须为书面形式，由夫妻双方当事人签字，并经法庭认可，才可成为离婚判决的一部分具有其法定效力。离婚协议书又可称为“Marital Settlement Agreement”、“Marital Termination Agreement”或“Settlement Agreement”。

公允市价是指将物品出售给陌生人可以获得的金钱估算价值。

家事法庭是一种独立的法庭，或者是州初审法院的一个独立部门，一般来说，家事法庭审理的案件仅限于离婚、子女监护与抚养、领养、以及其它与家庭关系相关的事项，如家庭暴力案件中的禁止令的下达。

过错离婚是指夫妻一方提请离婚时，必须能够提供适当的证据证明对方配偶存在过错，从而才可获取法庭离婚判决。目前，美国仍有35个州许可过错离婚，一般情况下，可以作为离婚理由的过错为通奸、残酷、遗弃配偶、被监禁、性无能以及无法治愈的精神疾病等。

申请费是指国家公务人员（Public Official）为接收当事人提交的文件以开始某项程序而收取的费用。例如，提请离婚一方当事人必须向法院书记员或行政人员提交申请离婚所需文件以及离婚申请费才可开始离婚程序。

欺诈是指行为人故意欺罔他人并使被欺诈人遭受某种损失的行为。

离婚理由是指当事人请求离婚的法定事由。在美国，无论是实行过错离婚制的州，还是无过错离婚制的州，都要求提请离婚一方配偶说明离婚理由。

听证会/聆讯是指初审法院的法官在对案件进行公开审讯前进行的各项中途聆听与讼各方的申请或陈述、审核相关证据的法定程序。通常只有在当事人一方要求法官裁决某些特定事项时，法官才会在公开审讯前举行听证会/聆讯，如当事人一方要求法官下达临时禁止令或要求授予临时性子女监护权或抚养费等。

无法协调的差异是指夫妻双方之间存在严重的差异以致无法继续共同生活。在美国的许多州，无法协调的差异被认定为是无过错离婚的法定理由，而实际上，法庭很少会去调查当事人夫妻双方之间所存在的差异程度，一般来说，只要要求离婚一方当事人声称夫妻双方存在无法协调的差异，那么法庭就会准予其离婚。

婚姻完全破裂是指婚姻关系中所发生的夫妻一方或双方无法与对方继续共同生活且无和好可能的状况。在美国的许多州，婚姻完全破裂被认定为是无过错离婚的法定理由，而实际上，法庭很少会去调查当事人夫妻双方的感情是否却已破裂，一般来说，只要要求离婚一方当事人声称夫妻关系完全破裂，那么法庭就会准予其离婚。

共同监护权是指离婚或分居的父母双方共同抚育其未成年子女的一种子女抚养形式。通常情况下，共同监护权可以是共同法定监护权（Joint Legal Custody），即父母双方共同享有对有关子女问题的决策权的子女抚养形式；也可以是共同生活监护权（Joint Physical Custody），即子女与父母双方分别共同居住大致相同时间的子女抚养形式；也可能是两者兼具的子女抚养形式，但这种情况极少。共同监护权又可称为“Shared custody”。

联合均有是指两个或两个以上的人平均共有不动产或其它财产的财产所有形式，在这种产权所有形式下，当财产所有人一方死亡时，另一方所有人将自动获取其财产份额，而无需具备遗嘱等法定文件予以说明。

判决是法官为解决其审理的案件所涉及的关键性问题以及对立的当事人之间的权利义务关系而作出的最终法庭裁决。例如，在审理一起交通肇事事故后，法庭必将下达判决来裁定哪一方当事人存在过错并应确定该过错方应支付的赔偿数额。

管辖权是指法院对案件进行审理和裁判的权力或权限。法院要对案件具有管辖权，必须同时满足两个条件：即法院对所涉案件具有“主题管辖权”（Subject Matter Jurisdiction），即法院具有审理该类型的案件的权力，同时，法院还需对案件当事人具有“个人管辖权”（Personal Jurisdiction），即法院具有对诉讼中涉及的当事人作出影响其权利义务的裁决的权力。

婚姻财产是指夫妻任意一方或双方共同在婚姻存续期间积聚所得的大部分财产，在有些州又称为夫妻共有财产（Community Property）。但是，美国各州对于婚姻财产的范畴设定却存在差异，有些州包含了婚姻存续期间的积聚所得的所有财产和收入，而有些州则不包含赠与和继承所得。

婚姻是一定社会制度所确认的男女两性结合的一种社会形式。一旦婚姻关系成立，当事人双方相互间关于财产和赡养的权利义务关系也便根据其所居住州的法律规定而随之确定。另外，双方当事人结婚后，只有在法庭判令其离婚或婚姻无效的情况下才可终止其婚姻关系。

调解是由处于中立地位的第三方当事人（即调解员“Mediator”）协助发生争议的双方当事人和平合理地处理争议问题并依法自愿达成协议的一种纠纷解决机制。在调解机制中，当事人无需参加法庭诉讼，同时，不同于法官及仲裁人员的是调解员的调解不具有强制执行的权力，也不存在正式的证据或程序规则调控调解，通常均由调解员和双方当事人自行达成其非正式的调解程序。

在美国大多数州，未成年人是指年龄未满18岁的自然人。所有未成年人必须在具有完全行为能力的成人（父母或监护人）的监护下生活，除非该未成年人已“脱离”家庭——在军队服役、结婚或根据法庭许可而独立生活。一般来说，除非未成年人的监护人还须对未成年人的财产进行监护，即对其特有的财产的管理、使用、收益以及为管理上所必要的处分权，直至该未成年人达到其所在州法律规定的成年年龄。

无过错离婚是指要求离婚的一方配偶无需证明对方配偶存有过错，而只需简单说明夫妻双方无法继续共同生活便可获取法庭的离婚判决。1969年，美国加州（California）成为美国（乃至西方世界）第一个适用无过错离婚的州，在此之前，获取离婚的唯一方式是证明对方配偶存有过错或因对方配偶的不当行为而导致婚姻完全破裂。一般情况下，准予无过错离婚的理由通常为：无法相处（Incompatibility）、无法协调的差异（Irreconcilable Differences）、或婚姻完全破裂（Irremediable Breakdown Of The Marriage），另外，有些州也将无法治愈的精神疾病（Incurable Insanity）作为准予无过错离婚的一个法定理由。

公证人是指经政府执行机构认可并授权，而执行确认、宣誓或保证、见证签名、或核准文件等特定职能的公职人员。

法庭指令是指法庭下达的决定，法庭指令可以是一个简单的命令，如命令证人如实回答法庭的适当询问；同时，法庭指令也可以是法庭举行听证会后作出的复杂但合理的决定，明确指定当事人可以做什么，不可以做什么，如在离婚程序中，法庭可能会根据当事人要求而下达临时禁止令。但法庭指令通常并非法庭所审理案件的最终决定，即法庭判决。

陈述理由指令是指法官下达的要求一方当事人出庭向法官证明其反驳对方当事人或法官自己的提议、以及法官不应准予该提议的理由的法庭命令。例如，在离婚程序中，一方父母向法官要求对子女的单独生活监护权，那么法官将根据该请求而下达指令要求另一方父母在特定日期的特定时间出庭，并要求其向法官陈述不应将子女的单独生活监护权授予请求一方父母的理由。虽然被要求向法官陈述理由一方当事人可能处于诉讼的不利地位，即承担了向法官举证的责任，但双方当事人通常会具有均等的要求自己的权利的机会。

动产是指可以被移动的财产，即除土地以及其它附着于土地上的建筑物等财产以外的其它所有财产，如汽车、银行账户、工资、有价证券、小型公司、家具、保险单、珠宝、专利权、宠物等，动产也可用英语表述为Personal Effects、Movable Property、Goods And Chattel、Personalty等。与动产相对应的是不动产（Real Estate）。

申请书是指当事人向法庭提交的、要求法庭下达指令或对特定事项作出裁决的正式的书面请求。例如，如果你要和配偶离婚，那么你就必须向法庭提交离婚申请书。

申请人是指提起诉讼的一方当事人，也可称为原告（Plaintiff）。申请人（Petitioner）通常适用于某些州的特定案件中，如离婚以及其它家庭法案件。

生活监护是指父母一方所享有及承担的与其子女共同生活的权利和义务。

原告是指提起法庭诉讼的自然人、法人或其它法定实体。在某些州的特定案件中，也可用Petitioner来代替使用。

诉答书是指以人们普遍接受的法定语言和形式而制作的原诉人的起诉书或答辩人的答辩书。但目前，美国的许多州已经为各类案件预先制定了各类正式的表格文件，因此，当事人已不再需要自己制作起诉书或答辩书等法定文件，只需在法院网站下载或直接到法院的书记员处领取所需表格，然后填写相关内容即可。

婚前协议是指将要结婚的男女双方为结婚而签订的、于婚后生效的具有法定约束力的书面协议。制定婚前协议的主要目的是对双方各自的财产和债务范围以及权利归属等问题实现作出约定，以免将来离婚或一方死亡是产生争议。婚前协议又称为“prenuptial agreement”。

适格家庭关系证明书是指在夫妻双方离婚时，因配偶赡养费、子女抚养费或婚姻财产分割的需要，而由法庭根据当事人请求下达的用于对退休养老金进行分割的指令。同时，法庭必须根据规制退休养老金支付的联邦法下达适格家庭关系证明书。

准共有财产是已婚夫妻所有财产的一种形式，即当一对夫妻从一个实行非共有财产制的州迁移至一个实行夫妻共有财产制的州时，那么，他（她）们在非共有财产制的州共同获取的财产即可认定为是准共有财产。通常情况下，在夫妻一方死亡或双方离婚的情况下，准共有财产可被当作夫妻共有财产进行处分。

不动产是指土地以及其它永久附着于土地上的财产，如建筑物、房屋、固定式活动房屋、树木等。不动产也可称作“Real Property”，另外，与不动产相对应的为“动产”（Personal Property）。

在美国某些州，答辩人（Respondent）是用来代替抗辩人（Defendant）或被告（Appellee）的，特别是在离婚以及其它的家庭法案件中，答辩人即是指被起诉并需对申请人的申诉作出回应的一方当事人。

禁止令是法庭下达的禁止当事人实施某种行为的指令，如禁止当事人与另一方当事人联系、禁止其出入家庭住所、禁止其将子女带离本州。禁止令通常在家庭暴力、子女虐待等类型的案件中下达，主要用来确保受害人的人身安全，同时，禁止令也可用来禁止邻居间的恶劣纠纷。

个人财产是指在夫妻共有财产制州，完全属于夫妻一方所有和控制的财产。在夫妻双方离婚时，个人财产将仍然属于该所有人一方配偶所有，而无需根据当事人所在州的相关财产分割法律进行分割。通常情况下，个人财产包括夫妻一方在婚前取得的所有财产、通过继承或赠与的方式获取的财产，同时个人财产还包括附属于这些财产而产生的收益。与个人财产向对应的是夫妻共有财产（Community Property）。

分居是指夫妻双方在继续维持其夫妻关系的情况下，停止共同生活，并各自建立属于自己的生活方式的状况。通常情况下，即使夫妻双方仍然同住于一个屋檐下，但只要彼此已分房，各不相干，那么在法律上即可认定为夫妻分居。在法定分居情况下，双方当事人可通过自愿协商或法庭判决的方式对财产分割、配偶赡养费、子女抚养费等问题作出安排。

单独监护权是指在父母双方分居或离婚的情况下，仅由一方父母享有对子女的生活和法定监护权，而另一方父母享有对子女的探视权（Visitation Rights）的子女抚养安排。

分割监护权是指当分居或离婚的父母双方拥有两个或两个以上子女时，将每个子女的单独监护权分别授予父母双方的子女抚养安排，比如，一对父母拥有一个儿子和一个女儿，那么在该夫妻离婚时，由女方获取对女儿的单独监护权，而由男方获取对儿子的单独监护权，这种子女抚养安排就是分割监护权。但是，法官在一般情况下不会采取这种子女抚养安排，因为这种方式会使子女与其兄弟姐妹分开，可能会违背子女的最大理由原则。

简易离婚是指无需通过法庭的听证审理即可获取离婚判决的法定程序。因此，与普通离婚（Regular Dissolution）比较起来，简易离婚比较简捷、经济，但是并非所有的当事人都可以选择简易离婚程序来解除婚姻关系，因为简易离婚程序不仅存在严格的适用条件，同时该程序也存在诸多的限制之处，如简易离婚程序对当事人婚姻存续期间、子女、以及夫妻双方的个人财产和婚姻财产都具有严格的限制，同时，选择建议程序解除婚姻关系的当事人必须放弃获取配偶赡养费以及其它法庭指令的权利。

法庭传票是指由原诉人（Plaintiff）准备、由法庭下达的用来通知答辩人（Defendant）其被起诉信息的法定文件。通常情况下，法庭传票要求答辩人在指定期限内向法庭提交文件作出回应，或在小额钱债法庭中，该答辩人可以仅在法庭传票中指定的特定日期到庭参加法庭听证审理，同时答辩人也可选择对法庭传票不作任何回应，即任由法庭下达缺席判决，但其需要承担输掉该诉讼的风险。

生存配偶即是指寡妇或鳏夫。

有形动产是指可以感觉或触摸的、并且可以移动的财产，如家具、汽车、珠宝以及艺术品等，但是现金和经常账户并非有形动产，但对于电脑数据是否有形动产，法律并没有作出明确规定。

共同所有财产是一种仅适用于已婚夫妻的联合所有财产形式，这种财产所有制形式与联合共有（Joint Tenancy）非常相似，同样包含有生存配偶的继承权，也就是说，当夫妻一方死亡时，另一方生存配偶将取得该项财产的所有权，但这种财产所有形式在美国仅有半数州适用。

按份共有是指两个或两个以上的人可以共同拥有某项财产的产权所有形式，在按份共有下，当财产所有人一方死亡时，属于该方当事人的财产份额可根据其自身意愿进行继承。在美国某些州，除非当事人作出书面约定，否则，将法定地认为其财产所有形式为按份共有。

非争议性离婚，又可称为协议离婚，是指非提请离婚一方配偶在接收到对方配偶送达的法庭传票和离婚申请书后，并没有针对该离婚申请向法庭提交任何正式的答辩书提出异议，法庭因而自动准予提请离婚一方配偶的离婚申请的法定离婚程序。通常情况下，当夫妻双方就与离婚相关的所有事项达成协议时，便可适用该无争议离婚程序解除婚姻关系，因此，有时，当事人双方根本无需均到庭参加诉讼。

探视权是指法庭授予无生活监护权的父母一方的、对其子女进行经常性看望的权利。通常情况下，只有在法庭审理案件后认为进行探视会严重危害子女的身体、精神、道德或感情的健康时，才会拒绝授予无生活监护的父母一方探视权。

6、Common law marriage。

7、Complaint

8、Contempt of court。

9、Custodian

11、Default

13、Defendant

14、Defined benefit plan。

15、Defined contribution plan。

16、Desertion

17、Dissolution

A term used instead of divorce in some states. 。

18、District court。

19、Divorce

20、Divorce agreement。

21、Family allowance。

22、Family court。

23、Fault divorce。

22、Felony

23、File

24、Filing fee

25、Foreign divorce。

26、Fraud

Intentionally deceiving another person and causing her to suffer a loss. Fraud includes lies and half-truths, such as selling a lemon and claiming "she runs like a dream."。

27、Gift taxes

Federal taxes assessed on any gift, or combination of gifts, from one person to another that exceeds $11,000 in one year. Several kinds of gifts are exempt form this tax: gifts to tax-exempt charities, gifts to your spouse (limited to $110,000 annually if the recipient isn't a U.S. citizen) and gifts made for tuition or medical bills. In addition to the $11,000 annual gift tax exclusion, there is a $1 million cumulative tax exemption for gifts. In other words, you can give away a total of $1 million during your lifetime -- over and above the gifts you give using the annual exclusion -- without paying gift taxes.。

28、Grounds for divorce。

29、Group life or group health insurance。

30、Hearing

31、Homestead

32、Irreconcilable differences。

33、Irremediable or irretrievable breakdown。

34、Joint custody。

35、Joint tenancy。

36、Judgment

37、Jurisdiction。

38、Marital property。

39、Marital settlement agreement/Marital termination agreement。

40、Marriage

41、Marriage certificate。

42、Marriage license。

43、Martial misconduct。

See fault divorce。

44、Mediation

45、Mediator

See mediation

46、Minor

47、Misdemeanor

48、Motion

49、No-fault divorce。

50、Notary public。

A licensed public officer who administers oaths, certifies documents and performs other specified functions. A notary public's signature and seal is required to authenticate the signatures on many legal documents.。

51、Oath

An attestation that one will tell the truth, or a promise to fulfill a pledge, often calling upon God as a witness. The best known oath is probably the witness’ pledge “to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth” during a legal proceeding. In another context, a public official usually takes an “oath of office” before assuming her position, in which she declares that she will faithfully perform her duties.。

52、order

53、Order to show cause。

54、Pension

A retirement fund for employees paid for or contributed to by some employers as part of a package of compensation for the employees' work. Pensions became widespread during the Second World War, when they were commonly used as lures because there were more jobs than workers.。

55、Personal property。

56、Petition

57、Petitioner

58、Physical custody。

59、Plaintiff

60、Pleading

61、Premarital agreement / Prenuptial agreement。

62、Qualified domestic relations order(QDRO)。

63、Quasi-community property。

64、Quitclaim deed。

65、Real estate 。

66、Real property。

67、Respondent

68、Restraining order。

69、Retirement benefits。

70、Right of survivorship。

71、Separate property。

72、Separation

73、Shared custody。

74、Sole custody。

75、Split custody。

76、Spousal support。

See alimony

77、Summary judgment。

77、Summons

78、Superior court。

79、Supreme court。

79、Surviving spouse。

A widow or widower。

80、Tangible personal property。

81、Temporary restraining order(TRO)。

82、Tenancy by the entirety。

83、Tenancy in common /Tenants in common。

84、Uncontested divorce。

85、Visitation rights。

所有子女都有权向其父母领取合理必要的生活资助，直至其达到法定年龄或结婚、服兵役、或生活可以自立，许多州在子女仍是全日制学生的情况下，会将该时间界限上再延续一年或两年。在父母分居或离婚的情况下，父母双方仍然必须抚养其子女。通常情况下，享有子女监护权一方父母通过照顾子女日常生活的方式来履行其抚养义务，而另一方父母则必须通过向该监护父母支付一定抚养费的方式来履行其抚养义务，抚养费一般是现金形式，但也可能是其它形式；但当父母双方对子女的监护方式为共同生活监护时，法院也可能命令具有较高收入的一方父母向另一方较低收入的父母支付一定数额的抚养费。

请帮忙找一篇新温布利大球场Wimbley Stadium的英文简介,谢谢~

每一句都给你拆开翻译了，不求百分百准确，但求达其意！！！！

This looks like the year that hard-pressed tenants in California will get relief-not just in the marketplace, where rents 。

have eased, but from the state capital Sacramento.。

似乎今年在加利福尼亚州房屋出租市场捉襟见肘的租户将得到救济，不过仅限于房租有所缓解的的地区，除却加州首府萨克拉门托。

Two significant tenant reforms stand a good chance of passage. One bill, which will give more time to tenants being 。

evicted (逐出)，will soon be heading to the governor’s desk. The other, protecting security deposits, faces a vote in 。

the Senate on Monday.两个显著的租户改革方案拥有一个很好的通过机会。一项法案规定给租户被驱逐更加宽缓的时限，并将很快呈上管。

理者的桌面。另外一个用于保护保证金的法案面临着周一在参议院的投票表决。

For more than a century, landlords in California have been able to force tenants out with only 30 days’ notice. That 。

will now double under SB 1403, which got through the Assembly recently The new protection will apply to renters who have 。

been in an apartment for at least a year.。

一个多世纪以来，加州的房东拥有提前30天提醒租户交租并在其无法交租的情况下强制驱逐租户出门的权力。而如今这个时限根据最近在。

大会上讨论通过的SB1403的规定将变成双倍时间。新的保护措施将针对那些租用某房屋的时间至少有一年以上的租户。

Even 60 days in a tight housing market won’t be long enough for some families to find at apartment near where their 。

kids go to school, But it will be an improvement in cities like San Jose where renters rights groups charge that 。

unscrupulous (不择手段的) landlords have kicked ou tenants on short notice to put up rents.。

尽管60天在一个住房紧张的市场之中对于有些家庭要就近找到房子租用以方便孩子上学也是不够长的时限，但是这一举措将是像San Jose。

等城市租户权益保护团体曾指控不择手段的房东在很短时限之内直接将租户扫地出门以提高租金的一大进步。

The California Landlords Association argued that landlords shouldn’t have to wait 60 days to get rid of problem 。

tenants. But the bill gained support when a Japanese real estate investor sent ou 30-day eviction notices to 550 families 。

renting homes in Sacramento and Santa Rosa. The land lords lobby eventually dropped its opposition and instead its forces 。

against AB 2330, regarding security deposits.加州业主协会也认为房东们没有必要紧守这种规定用60天来摆脱问题租户。但是当一个。

日本的房地产投资商向在萨克拉门托和圣罗莎市的550个家庭发出30天的驱逐令以后，这项法令得到了强有力的支持。房东联盟最终放弃了。

对关于保证金的AB 2330法案的反对意见。

Sponsored by Assemblywoman Carole Migden of San Francisco, the bill would establish; procedure and a timetable for 。

tenants to get back security deposits.旧金山Assemblywoman Carole Migden主办的法令将被建立；按照程序走，提出一个能使租户拿。

回保证金的时间表。

Some landlords view security deposits as a free month’s rent, theirs for the taking. In mos cases, though, there are 。

honest disputes over damages-what constitutes ordinary wear and tear. 一些房东把保证金看作是一个免费月的租金，这是属于他。

们的并且有权保留不退还给租户。不过，在大多数情况下，现实中总存在有超过普通的磨损的诚实纠纷事件。

AB 2330 would give a tenant the right to request a walk-through with the landlord and to make the repairs before moving 。

out; reputable landlords already do this. It would increase the penalty for failing to return a deposit.。

AB 2330号法令会提供每一个租户与房东协商解决问题以及在搬出去之前修补房屋破损的权力；某些信誉良好的业主一向是如此处理此类问。

题的。法令规定将对拒不退还租户房屋保证金的房东增加惩罚。

The original bill would have required the landlord to pay interest in the deposit. The landlords lobby protested that it 。

would involve too much paperwork over too little money-less than $10 a year on a $1,000 deposit, at current rates. On 。

Wednesday, the sponsor dropped the interest section to increase the chance of passage.。

原来的条例草案要求对业主收取的保证金部分增加利息。业主联盟提出抗议，这种规定在当前比率之下涉及太多的文书工作，相对于每年。

1000美元的保证金收取低于10美元显得太少了。 （即没有必要进行增加利息的讨论）星期三，主办者放弃了利息讨论这个环节以便促成整。

个法案的通过。

Even in its amended form, AB 2330 is , like SB 1403 , vitally important for tenants and should be made state law.。

即使法案AB 2330和SB 1403正经修订，对租户来说仍然是至关重要的，应该被编入州法。

英国伦敦德威学校校史

Wembley Stadium is a football stadium in Wembley, London, England. With 90,000 seats the stadium has the second largest capacity in Europe. By area it is the largest roof-covered football stadium in the world,[citation needed] and stands opposite Wembley Arena. It is often refered to as "New Wembley" to distinguish it from the original stadium at the same site.。

The previous Wembley Stadium (originally known as the Empire Stadium) was one of the world's most famous football stadiums, being England's national stadium for football, and because of the geographical origins of the game was often referred to as "The Home of Football". It hosted the European Cup (now the UEFA Champions League) final a record five times, and is one of seventeen stadia to have held a FIFA World Cup final. In 2003, the original structure was demolished and construction began on the new stadium, originally intended to open in 2006. This was later delayed until early 2007. The final completion date of the stadium came on 9 March 2007, when the keys to the stadium were handed over to The Football Association.。

The first match staged at the new stadium was an under-21 international between England and Italy on March 24 2007. The match finished 3-3. The official attendance was 55,700 (although all of the 60,000 tickets that were made available were sold in advance). This now stands as the record for the largest under-21 attendance ever. The first person to score at the new Wembley Stadium was Mark Bright, during a charity match on the Community Day on March 17. The first footballer to score in a FIFA sanctioned match was Italian striker Giampaolo Pazzini after 28 seconds of the first game between England U21 and Italy U21. Pazzini went on to score twice more in the second half of the match making him the first person to score a hat-trick at Wembley Stadium since Paul Scholes for England in 1999. This gives Pazzini two other records, the fastest goal scored at Wembley (old or new stadium) and the first person to score a hat-trick at the new Wembley. The first English player to score in a full-scale match was David Bentley with a free kick in the same game. Kidderminster Harriers striker James Constable was the first player to score a goal in a final at the new Wembley in the FA Trophy Final against Stevenage Borough on May 12 2007. Stevenage were the first team to win a final at the new Wembley beating Kidderminster 3-2 in the FA Trophy Final. Chelsea's Didier Drogba scored the first FA Cup goal at Wembley on 19 May 2007, against Premiership rivals Manchester United.。

Wembley is also to be the venue for the first NFL match hosted outside America, between the Miami Dolphins and the New York Giants, on 28 October. The first 40,000 tickets sold out in just 90 minutes.。

电影《天涯明月刀》及导演楚原的介绍及评论

很古老的一个学院，以下是记述：

History

[edit] 1619: Foundation: The College of God's Gift at Dulwich。

Founder's Day at Dulwich College is celebrated at the end of the Summer Term to commemorate the signing of the letters patent by James I on 21 June 1619 authorising Edward Alleyn to establish a college in Dulwich to be called 'the College of God's Gift, in Dulwich in Surrey'. [1] The term Dulwich College was used colloquially from that date, such as in 1675 when John Evelyn described his visit to Dulwich College in his diary[2]. However, for at least 263 years this colloquialism was incorrect as the school was part of the overall charitable Foundation. [3] Edward Alleyn, as well as being a famous Elizabethan actor, was also a man of great property and wealth, derived mainly from places of entertainment including theatres, bear-gardens[4] and brothels[5]. All of these ventures were legitimate at the time and rumours that Alleyn turned his attention towards charitable pursuits out of fear for his moral well-being have been traced to the journalist George Sala and discredited.[4] Since 1605, Alleyn had owned the manorial estate of Dulwich, and it may have been around this time that he first had the idea of establishing a college or hospital for poor people and the education of poor boys. [1] The building on Dulwich Green of a chapel, a schoolhouse and twelve almshouses, began in 1613 and was completed in the autumn of 1616. On September 1, 1616 the chapel was consecrated by the Archbishop of Canterbury who became the official Visitor. However, Edward Alleyn faced objections from Francis Bacon, the Lord Chancellor, in getting the patent of incorporation that was necessary to secure the Foundation's status as a college. It was Alleyn's persistence that led to the foundation being endowed by James I’s signing of the letters patent. [1]。

The charity originally consisted of a Master, Warden, four fellows, six poor brothers, six poor sisters and twelve poor scholars who became the joint legal owners of Alleyn’s endowment of the manor and lands of Dulwich, collectively known as the Members of the College.[1] The poor brothers and sisters and scholars were to be drawn from the four parishes which were most closely tied to Alleyn (being St Botolph's Bishopsgate where he was born, St Giles, Middlesex where he had built his Fortune Theatre, St Saviour's Southwark where he had the Paris Bear Garden, and St Giles Camberwell where the College was founded)[6]. The business of the charity was conducted in the name of these thirty members by the Master, Warden and four Fellows (Chaplain, Schoolmaster, Usher and Organist). [3]。

Alleyn drew upon the experience of other similar establishments in order to formulate the statutes and ordinances of the College (including borrowing the statutes of the already ancient Winchester College and visiting the more contemporary establishments of Sutton's Hospital (now Charterhouse School) and Croydon's Hospital (now Whitgift School))[7]. Amongst the many statutes and ordinances signed by Alleyn that pertained to the charitable scheme were provisions that the scholars were entitled to stay until they were eighteen. And to be taught in good and sound learning’…’that they might be prepared for university or for good and sweet trades and occupations. [8] Another stipulation was that the Master and Warden should always be unmarried and of Alleyn's blood, and surname, and if the former was impossible then at least of Alleyn’s surname.[9] Alleyn also made provision that the people of Dulwich should be able to have their men children insructed at the school for a fee as well as children from outside Dulwich for a separate fee.[9]。

The next two centuries were beset by both external difficulties such as diminshing financial fortunes and failing buildings as well as internal strife between the various Members of the College over problems both major and minor. The Official Visitor, the Archbishop of Canterbury, whose function was to see that the statutes were obeyed, was called in many times to sort out these issues.[10] The lack of a disinterested body of governors and having no official connection to the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge contributed significantly to the school not fulfilling Alleyn's vision in its first two centuries.[11] Some notable Masters did preside over the College in this time including James Allen (the first Master to drop the 'y' from his surname) who in 1741 made over to the college six houses in Kensington, the rents fo which were to be used in the establishment of two little schools in Dulwich, one for boys from the village, the other for girls to read and sew, from which James Allen's School for Girls arose.。

[edit] 1808: Dulwich College Building Act。

Having already obtained an Act in 1805 allowing them the to enclose and develop 130 acres of common land within the manor, the College was granted the power by the 1808 Dulwich College Building Act to extend the period of which leases ran from twenty-one years as laid down by Alleyn, to eighty-four years, thus attracting richer tenants and bringing in vast sums of money.[11] The additional wealth of the College eventually resulted in the Charity Commission setting up an enquiry into the advisability of widening the application of the funds to those extra beneficiaries Alleyn had specified in later amending clauses to the foundation's original statutes. Although the Master of the Rolls, Lord Langdale rejected the appeal in 1841 on the grounds that Alleyn had no right to alter the original statutes, he did express dissatisfaction with the college's provision of education.[12] Immediately following this criticism, the Dulwich College Grammar School was established in 1842 for the education of poor boys from Dulwich and Camberwell. To this school were transferred the boys of the James Allen Foundation, leaving James Allen's school to be for girls only. The Old Grammar School, as it became known, was erected in 1841 opposite the Old College, having been designed by Sir Charles Barry, the architect of the Palace of Westminster. It still exists today.[13] The foundation scholars of the College, however, continued to receive an education far short of Alleyn's vision despite further attempts at reform by the Visitor. In 1854, the College was investigated by a new Commission set up by the 1853 Charitable Trusts Act and the scheme resulting from their investigation led to the 1857 Dulwich College Act. [14]。

[edit] 1857: Alleyn's College of God's Gift。

The 'College of God's Gift' became Alleyn's College of God's Gift when, on 25 August 1857 the Dulwich College Act dissolved the existing cooperation and the charity was reconstituted with the new name. When the charity was reconstituted in 1857 it was split into two parts with a joint Board of Governors: the educational (for the college) and the eleemonsynary (for the charity). The Master, Warden, four fellows and 12 servants were pensioned off although Alleyn's wishes were, and continue to be respected, as sixteen pensioners (being the equivalent of 12 poor brothers and sisters plus four fellows) still live in flats in the Old College looked after by a Warden. As for the Master, he was to still be appointed as the head of the new school. The Master of the College in this new form was Reverend Alfred Carver (Master from April 1857 to April 1883), he was also the first Master not to share the name of the school's founder "Alleyn" (or latterly "Allen"). [14] The educational college was split into an Upper and Lower school. The Upper school was for boys between 8 and 18 to be taught a wide and detailed syllabus and continued to be colloquially referred to as Dulwich College[15]. The Lower school being for boys between 8 and 16, with lower fees and a syllabus aimed at children of the industrial and poorer classes. The Lower School was the incorporation of the boys from the grammar school established in the previous decade[14] and was referred to as Alleyn's College of God's Gift, although this was the name of the complete charitable foundation. [3] During the 1860s, when the Old College was under repair and the New College had yet to be built, both the Upper and Lower schools were housed in the building of Dulwich College Grammar School.。

[edit] 1870: The New College。

It was during the decades immediately following the reconstitution that the College started establishing its identity as one of the great public schools. Dulwich College was included in Howard Staunton's 1865 book, The Great Schools of England. who wrote of the unusually comprehensive [scheme of instruction] and by the mid 1860s such was the enhanced reputation of the school that the pressure for places led to the introduction of a competitive examination. [16] In the summer of 1869 the upper school took possession of the current site, referred to as the New College, but it was not until Founder's Day (June 21) 1870 that the new college was officially opened by the Prince and Princess of Wales.[17] The new college buildings, sited in the 60 acres of Dulwich Common, were designed by Charles Barry, Jr. (the eldest son of Sir Charles Barry). [18]The lower school alone continued to occupy the Old College in Dulwich Village from 1870 until it was moved to its new (and current) premises in 1887.[3]。

The present school colours and school magazine were established in the 1860s and 1870s, as were school societies such as Debating and Natural Science. [19]. By the time Canon Carver retired from the position of Master in 1882 Dulwich College was said to have expanded more rapidly in the previous 25 years than any other establishment[20] and to be holding its own at universities, to have won a large number of places of honour in the Indian and Home Civil Service and at the Royal Military College of Woolwich and to be well represented amongst the pulic schools medals of the Royal Geographic Society and the prizes of the Art Schools of the Royal Academy.[21]。

[edit] 1882: Dulwich College separated from Alleyn's School。

Despite its growing reputation, the College was the focus of pressure by the Charity Commissioners and other parties (including the Board of Governors and the outlying parishes named in Edward Alleyn's will) to reorganise it and divert much of its endowment to other schemes. The Master, Canon Carver, resisited these pressures for many years finally winning an appeal in 1876 at the highest possible point (the Privy Council) where Lord Selbourne ruled in his favour. In 1882, the Charity Commissioners finally issued a scheme which Canon Carver found acceptable. This passed into law by Act of Parliament and resulted in the Upper and Lower schools being officially split into separate institutions. The Upper School became Dulwich College (officially for the first time) and the Lower became Alleyn's School.[22] Both schools remained within the Alleyn's College of God's Gift charitable foundation (along with James Allen's Girls' School, St Olave's and St Saviour's Grammar School, and the three Central Foundation schools in Finsbury and Bishopsgate). Two Boards of Governors came into being. Both Dulwich College and Alleyn's School were to be managed by the College Governors who also administered the Chapel and Picture Gallery. The Estates and Almshouses were placed in the hands of the Estates Governors. It is under this arrangement that the Foundation and the College are still governed. By this scheme, the Archbishop of Canterbury's position as Visitor was also changed to that of Honorary Visitor of Alleyn's College of God's Gift, his powers being vested in the Charity Commissioners[23]. Dulwich College's income is derived from the contributions made to it by the Estates Governors, among whom the College Governors are well represented (having eight of the twenty five places)[24] Canon Carver retired at this point, being the first headmaster to be both appointed and retired by Act of Parliament.[25]。

求好看电影

楚原，原名张宝坚，一九三四年生于广州，曾在中山大学化学系读了三年。其父张活游是著名粤剧电影演员，一九五六年，楚原在父亲影响下，对电影制作发生兴趣，投身粤语电影编剧工作，笔名秦雨。一九五八年，他协助当时著名导演秦剑拍摄《紫薇园的秋天》；同年开拍《湖畔草》，自任导演。到六十年代末期，粤语电影衰落时，楚原已经导演了七十余部粤语电影，累积丰富的经验。

一九七0年，楚原在国泰公司编导他第一部国语武侠片《龙沐香》，初具浪漫、唯美风格，引人注目。《火并》(1971)是楚原加盟邵氏后的第一部作品，邵氏提供优越的拍片条件，使他打响名号。一九七二年拍摄了奇情武侠片《爱奴》，更加艳丽奇诡，风格独特，被认为是楚原最佳代表作之一，在香港和英国均获得好评。该片是描述一名弱质少女双亲遇害，自己被卖入妓院，此后就以美色和奇特武功报仇，将仇人逐一杀死，最后却因一念之仁，亦被垂死的鸨母所杀。结局是十分吻合楚原式文艺与典型，就是爱恨交错的纠缠悲剧。

一九七三年是香港粤语电影再度复兴，楚原改编战前话剧而拍成粤语喜剧片《七十二家房客》，以讽刺社会为题材，当时刷新香港票房纪录。同年，他还拍摄文艺片《舞衣》，表明楚原对文艺片与粤语片都是难以忘怀。这种文艺／浪漫气质，使他终于与古龙的新式武侠小说一拍即合。古龙的奇诡武侠小说成了楚原最佳选择。自一九七六年的《流星．蝴蝶．剑》起，楚原和古龙有了多次的合作。它为楚原电影，也为整个武侠电影打开一扇新的大门。此后楚原对自己奇情风格才较为注重，自觉地将唯美情趣与文艺气氛溶入其中，逐渐成为较瑰丽，也较统一的电影风格。同时，也发展出不同于张彻、胡金铨的武侠路线。

作品年表：（肯定不全，部分而已）

作为导演：

1. Li Xiangjun 李香君 (1990) The Legend of Lee Heung Kwan。

2. Xiao tou a xing 小偷阿星 (1990) Sleazy Dizzy。

3. Daai jeung foo yat gei 大丈夫日记 (1988) Big Husband's Diary (literal English title)。

4. Ou ran 偶然 (1986) Last Song in Paris。

5. Daai hap sam sing yi 大侠沈胜衣 (1983) Big Hero Sink Able to Wear Clothes (literal English title)。

6. Feng kuang ba san 疯狂八三 (1983) Mad Mad 83。

7. The Enchantress 妖魂 (1983)。

8. Huan hua xi jian 浣花洗剑 (1982) The Spirit of the Sword。

9. Ri jie 日劫 (1982) Descendant of the SUN。

10. Liu xiao feng zhi jue zhan qian hou 陆小凤之决战前后 (1981) Duel of the Century (International: English title)。

11. Shu Jian en chou lu 书剑恩仇录 (1981) The Emperor and His Brother。

12. Ying xiong wei lei 英雄无泪 (1981) Heroes Shed No Tears (International: English title)。

13. Cha chi nan fei 插翅难飞 (1980) Iron Chain Assassin。

14. Die xian 碟仙 (1980) Haunted Tales。

15. Mo jian xia qing 魔剑侠情 (1980) Return of the Sentimental Swordsman。

16. Wu yi bian fu 无翼蝙蝠 (1980) Bat Without Wing。

17. Kong que wang chao 孔雀王朝 (1979) Murder Plot。

18. Xiao lou can meng 小楼残梦 (1979) The Forbidden Past。

19. Bian fu chuan qi 蝙蝠传奇 (1978) Legend of the Bat。

20. Xiao shi yi lang 萧十一郎 (1978) Swordsman and Enchantress。

21. Xiu hua da dao 绣花大盗 (1978) Clan of the Amazons (International: English title)。

22. Yi tian tu long ji 倚天屠龙记 (1978) Heaven Sword and Dragon Sabre。

23. Chu liu xiang 楚留香 (1977) Clans of Intrigue (International: English title)。

24. Pai yu lao hu 白玉老虎 (1977) Jade Tiger。

25. San shao ye de jian 三少爷的剑 (1977) Death Duel。

26. To ching chien ko wu ching chien 多情剑客无情剑 (1977)。

27. Liu xing hu die jian 流星蝴蝶剑 (1976) Killer Clans。

28. Tien ya, ming yueh tao 天涯明月刀 (1976) The Magic Blade。

29. Wu du tian luo 五毒天罗 (1976) The Web of Death。

30. Da jie an 大劫案 (1975) The Big Holdup。

31. Xin ti xiao yin yuan 新啼笑因缘 (1975) Lover's Destiny。

32. Wu yi 舞衣 (1974) Sex, Love, and Hate。

33. Xianggang qi shi san 香港73 (1974) Hong Kong 73。

34. Zhu men yuan 朱门怨 (1974) Sorrow of the Gentry。

35. Qi shi er jia fang ke 七十二家房客 (1973) The House of 72 Tenants。

36. Xiao za zhong 小杂种 (1973) The Bastard。

37. Ya yu xia yang 烟雨斜阳 (1973) Haze in the Sunset。

38. Ai nu 爱奴 (1972) Intimate Confessions of a Chinese Courtesan。

39. Bi hu 壁虎 (1972) The Lizard。

40. Da sha shou 大杀手 (1972) Sacred Knives of Vengeance (USA)。

作为编剧：

1. Ou ran 偶然 (1986) Last Song in Paris。

2. Pai yu lao hu 白玉老虎 (1977) Jade Tiger。

3. San shao ye de jian 三少爷的剑 (1977) Death Duel。

4. Xin ti xiao yin yuan 新啼笑因缘 (1975) Lover's Destiny。

5. Wu yi 舞衣 (1974) Sex, Love, and Hate。

6. Xianggang qi shi san 香港73 (1974) Hong Kong 73。

7. Zhu men yuan 朱门怨 (1974) Sorrow of the Gentry。

8. Qi shi er jia fang ke 七十二家房客 (1973) The House of 72 Tenants。

9. Bi hu 壁虎 (1972) The Lizard。

作为演员：

1. Yuk lui tim ding 玉女添丁 (2001) Dummy Mommy, Without a Baby (International: English title)。

2. Jing zhuang nan xiong nan di 精装难兄难弟 (1997) Cho Wood Yau。

3. Heung gong fa yuet ye 香江花月夜 (1995) Small LeeFragrant River Flower Moon Night (literal English title)。

4. Pi li huo 霹雳火 (1995)。

5. Xin nan xiong nan di 新难兄难弟 (1993)。

6. Qian mian tian wang 千面天王 (1992)。

7. Shuang long hui 双龙会 (1992)。

8. Haomen yeyan 豪门夜宴 (1991)。

9. Kei bing 奇兵 (1990)。

10.Lie xue feng yun 烈血风云 (1990) A Bloody Fight。

11.Meng gui hu li jing 猛鬼狐狸精 (1989) Return of the Evil Fox。

12.Qiji 奇迹 (1989) Black Dragon，Miracle。

13.Xiao xiao xiao jing cha 小小小警察 (1989) Little Cop。

14.Ging chaat goo si juk jaap 警察故事续集 (1988) Jackie Chan's Police Story。

15.Lan du ying xiong 烂赌英雄 (1987) Born to Gamble。

16.Yuan Zhen-Xia yu Wei Si-Li 原振侠与卫斯理 (1986) Dr. Yuen and Wisely。

17.Ging chaat goo si 警察故事 (1985) Jackie Chan's Police Force。

18.Xue er 雪儿 (1984)Cher, Last Victory。

武侠人生：楚原、古龙和狄龙的铁三角传奇。

楚原在华语电影界的地位，相比于邵氏时期的其他大导演，如同一年代的胡金铨、李翰祥和张彻，名号显然不如前三者响亮，这其中主要的原因，大概是来自其电影高峰所在的特定时期以及个人的作品风格所造成的。

楚原的第一个电影高峰期在粤语片时代，可以说是香港上世纪60年代粤语电影最重要的衣钵传人，至60年代末期粤语电影衰落，他共执导过70多部作品，虽然其中不乏《可怜天下父母心》这样的经典之作，但如果从整个粤语电影历史来看，地位就显得不够举足轻重了。而从1969年他加入国泰转拍国语片，到1971年加入邵氏的武侠时期，虽然自创新派武侠风格，但作品的成就只是在商业套路的拓展上，并没有像胡金铨那样以武侠之名达艺术禅学电影的高度；也不似张彻开创出阳刚一派，使男星制影响整个香港电影拍摄规则的深远。

因此楚原电影的观赏乐趣，确切来说，是一种以最灵巧、全面的电影技法来将最通俗的类型拍出惊喜的新意，展示个人独特的电影美学，例如其早期粤语片对香港现实的控诉以及对下层人民的同情；而后期的商业时代，更是以奇情诡异题材，拓展香港武侠电影前所未有的空白。如果胡金铨和李翰祥的电影是壮阔的大山大水的话，那么楚原的作品仿佛是蚀化的石林，有种怪异另类的奇观式美感。楚原片中经常出现诸如残阳冷月、小桥流水、红枫白絮这些与其作品风格具有相通意境的画面，以其独具一格的特色创新了武侠片的新路线，为刀剑武侠片在华语电影历史中的发展延长了生命。

楚原改编了二十几部古龙小说，在银幕上构成了“古龙、楚原、狄龙”三位一体的铁三角。

楚原电影根据其创作的时间历程和类型，很容易就可以看出一个泾渭分明的两个时期，第一时期就是粤语片时期的现实剧，另一个就是国语片时期的新派武侠片，至于两个时期哪一段成就更高，则很难下结论了。

正剧：香港新现实主义

楚原的成名作，应该就是1960年的《可怜天下父母心》，而更难得的是，这只是他独立执导的第二部作品，该片曾入选1999年香港评选的“十大香港电影经典”之一。

楚原的父亲是香港粤语片明星张活游，他进入片场，并不像当时的许多导演是从片场弟子一样一步步从底层做起，而是以大学生的身份直接参与电影的制作，因此早期作品更具文艺青年的味道，注重电影的文艺性和技巧美学，也更注重电影的现实意义和社会主题，从《可怜天下父母心》开始，楚原电影的一贯主题就奠定了基调，就是对社会的批判意识以及人在群体社会中的责任感。

在这部影片中，楚原以极其朴实的笔触描写了一个本来温暖祥和的家庭，因为父亲的失业，被饥饿和病痛所困陷入绝境的悲剧故事，楚原将这个悲剧的责任归咎于社会的不合理，并将其放大于银幕之上，在手法上反映现实但不完全写实，增加了电影的观赏性。这个主题，在后来的《含泪的玫瑰》、《春蚕化未落》以及《七十二家房客》等作品中也有相应的体现，甚至在1993年由陈可辛执导的《新难兄难弟》中，也以“我为人人，人人为我”的台词向楚原的粤语片致敬。在20世纪60年代末期，粤语电影渐渐跟不上时代脚步，楚原的社会剧也慢慢减产，失去了创作激情，后期的《香港73》、《新啼笑因缘》等作品皆属失败之作，而《黑玫瑰》等游戏式的商业片却大受欢迎，于是楚原开始转入纯粹的国语商业片的创作，迎来了他的另一个电影高峰。

邪典：新派奇诡武侠

楚原的第一部武侠片是1970年的《龙沐春》，虽然是牛刀小试，但曲折的剧情与流畅清爽的技法拍出了与主流电影完全不同的趣味，令人刮目相看。其后，以《爱奴》一片，震撼了当时的整个影坛，无论是题材（加入了当时少见的同性恋元素），还是气氛与节奏的营造（影片开场以黑白片方式表现，雪花从天井飘落至尸体上，随后官差进入，整个段落寒意逼人，拍出了神秘莫测的韵味），在当时的港产电影中几乎是前所未见的。这种对武侠题材的探索式发挥，使楚原成为与胡金铨、张彻鼎立的武侠电影作者。

后来的《流星蝴蝶剑》、和《天涯明月刀》，楚原式的奇情、诡异以及文艺气氛，终于因古龙小说而找到最契合的载体，武侠电影再不是从前那种以武功高下决定江湖地位的老套路，“斗智”与“斗志”成为其中最引人入胜的元素，浓厚的悬疑色彩和变幻莫测的电影技法变成制胜法宝。

例如以他改编得最为出色的《天涯明月刀》来说，原著并非十分出色，古龙曾说这是他一生最受挫折时期写下的作品，主角傅红雪的悲剧宿命，他真正的敌人，其实是他自己的命运，如果按原著来拍，影片会非常压抑，或者导演可以将其拍摄得相当“艺术”，但观赏性也会大打折扣，经过楚原的再创作，主演狄龙一身赛尔吉奥·莱昂内电影中的“独行侠”装扮（披风），摇身一变成了东方的伊斯特伍德，结合武侠迷们所熟知的古龙是十足莱昂内影迷的趣事，楚原将东方的武侠与西方的西部电影进行了港式融合，开了一个令影迷无比痛快的玩笑，据说这令古龙都相当叹服，而片中漂亮但不泛滥的动作设计和环环紧扣贯穿始终的悬念阴谋，也令人欲罢不能。此后，楚原一口气拍摄了二十几部古龙小说改编的电影，加上永远是古龙侠客第一主角的狄龙（除傅红雪之外，狄龙还饰演了楚留香、小李飞刀、萧十一郎等人物），正式成为“古龙、楚原、狄龙”三位一体的铁三角，虽然后来有些作品因陷入公式化而称不上佳作，但楚原绝对可以称得上拍摄古龙奇情武侠题材的第一导演，创造出华语影史的一段佳话。

《天涯明月刀》(Tien ya, ming yueh tao)IMDB编号：0075329。

评分：

类型：动作 / 剧情

发行年代：1976

导演：楚原

编剧：倪匡 / 古龙

其他影片别名：The Magic Blade。

演员表： 罗烈

谷峰

元彪

元华 .... (uncredited)。

狄龙

片长：86

国家/地区：香港

对白语言：粤语

混音：Mono

级别：Australia:M

上映日期：香港：1976-10-07。

剧情梗概：

天下“第一快刀”傅红雪(狄龙)击败燕南飞(罗烈)，成为武林第一。其后，两人被杀手追杀。名妓(恬妮)介入再掀起一场风波。傅、燕两人加入到对天下七大武器之首的“孔雀翎”的争夺之中。燕南飞被杀，傅红雪追查真相，一番苦斗后，傅红雪撕下对方人皮面具……

原文地址：http://qianchusai.com/tenants-60.html